Accumulating evidence indicates that disruption of the circadian clock contributes to the development of lifestyle-related diseases. We have previously shown that exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, can strongly affect the molecular clocks in the peripheral tissues. This study aimed to investigate the effects of its dosing time and the central nervous system-specific GLP-1 receptor knockdown (GLP1RKD) on the hepatic clock in mice treated with exenatide. Male C57BL/6J and GLP1RKD mice were housed under a 12-h/12-h light/dark cycle, and feeding was restricted to either the light period (L-TRF) or the first 4 h in the dark period (D-TRF). In parallel, exenatide was administered 4–5 times, once daily either at the beginning of the dark (ZT 12) or light period (ZT 0), and we assessed the mRNA expression rhythms of clock genes in the liver thereafter. Exenatide administration at ZT 12 counteracted the phase shift effect of the L-TRF on the hepatic clock of wild-type mice, whereas the dosing at ZT 0 enhanced its effect. However, exenatide did not influence the phase of the hepatic clock under D-TRF regardless of the dosing time. The effect of exenatide in wild-type mice weakened in GLP1RKD mice. These results showed that exenatide dosing time-dependently affects the hepatic circadian clock through the central GLP-1 system. Exenatide administration at the beginning of the active period (i.e., in the morning for humans) might prevent disruption of the peripheral clocks caused by irregular eating habits.
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