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Menopause: Physiology, definitions, and symptoms 更年期:生理、定义和症状
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101855
Charlotte Gatenby (Community Sexual and Reproductive HealthcareTrainee) , Paul Simpson (Consultant Gynaecologist)

The menopause transition is usually a gradual process occurring over many years, caused by the cessation of ovarian reproductive function, resulting in the end of menstrual bleeding. In the peri-menopause, ovarian function and therefore the production of the hormones oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone can fluctuate greatly, leading to a wide variety of symptoms, affecting multiple organ systems. Menopause and the management of its associated symptoms can be very challenging for patients and clinicians alike and can negatively impact quality of life. The management options include lifestyle adjustment, talking therapies, dietary supplements as well as prescribed medications, including hormone replacement therapy. The UK’s average life expectancy for women is approximately 81 years. Therefore, women will now live up to a third of their life being either peri- or postmenopausal. Thus, understanding and treating, where possible, the symptoms of menopause is essential to reduce the burden associated with this physiological state.

更年期的过渡通常是一个渐进的过程,历经多年,由卵巢生殖功能的停止引起,导致月经出血的结束。在围绝经期,卵巢功能以及雌激素、孕激素和睾酮等激素的分泌会发生很大波动,从而导致各种症状,影响多个器官系统。治疗方法包括调整生活方式、谈话疗法、膳食补充剂以及处方药,其中包括激素替代疗法。因此,妇女一生中有多达三分之一的时间是在绝经期前后或绝经后。因此,在可能的情况下,了解并治疗更年期症状对于减轻这种生理状态带来的负担至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Non-oestrogen-based and complementary therapies for menopause 以非雌激素为基础的更年期辅助疗法
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101819
Bassel H. Al Wattar (Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist) , Vikram Talaulikar (Associate Specialist in Reproductive Medicine & Hon Associate Professor in Women's Health)

Women are living a significant portion of their adult lives in the post-reproductive phase, and many seek help for debilitating menopausal symptoms. Every individual’s experience of menopausal transition is unique. Adopting a holistic approach to managing the menopause using a combination of lifestyle, hormonal, and non-hormonal interventions is key to maximise the quality of life of affected women. However, many opt to use non hormonal options or have contraindications to using hormonal therapy. Studies have shown that several pharmacological non-hormonal medications such as SSRIs, SSRI/SNRIs, Gabapentin, and Pregabalin are effective for managing vasomotor symptoms as well as other menopausal symptoms. Their main side effects are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, reduced libido, and loss of appetite. Clonidine is the only non-hormonal drug which is licenced for control of vasomotor symptoms in the UK, but has several side effects including dizziness and sleep disturbance. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is recommended as a treatment for anxiety, sleep problems and vasomotor symptoms related to menopausal transition. Evidence for clinical efficacy and safety of herbal remedies and alternative therapies remains weak. Studies with neurokinin receptor 3 antagonists on women with hot flushes have shown improvement in vasomotor symptoms and results of large-scale studies are awaited.

女性成年后的大部分时间都生活在生育后阶段,许多人都会因衰弱的更年期症状而寻求帮助。每个人的更年期经历都是独一无二的。采用生活方式、激素和非激素干预相结合的综合方法来管理更年期,是最大限度地提高更年期妇女生活质量的关键。然而,许多人选择使用非激素疗法,或者有使用激素疗法的禁忌症。研究表明,一些药理非激素药物,如 SSRIs、SSRI/SNRIs、加巴喷丁和普瑞巴林,对控制血管运动症状和其他更年期症状非常有效。它们的主要副作用是口干、恶心、便秘、性欲减退和食欲不振。氯硝西泮是英国唯一获准用于控制血管运动症状的非激素类药物,但有多种副作用,包括头晕和睡眠障碍。建议采用认知行为疗法来治疗与绝经过渡期有关的焦虑、睡眠问题和血管运动症状。草药疗法和替代疗法的临床疗效和安全性证据仍然薄弱。对潮热妇女使用神经激肽受体 3 拮抗剂进行的研究显示,血管运动症状有所改善,但大规模研究的结果仍在等待中。
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引用次数: 0
New advances in menopause symptom management 更年期症状管理的新进展
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101774
Kanyada Koysombat MBBS BSc (Specialist Registrar in Endocrinology and Diabetes / NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow) , Patrick McGown MBBS BSc (Specialist Registrar in Endocrinology and Diabetes) , Sandhi Nyunt MBBS MSc (Specialist Registrar in Endocrinology and Diabetes) , Ali Abbara MBBS BSc PhD (Clinical Senior Lecturer / Honorary Consultant in Endocrinology / NIHR Clinician Scientist) , Waljit S. Dhillo MBBS BSc PhD (Professor in Endocrinology and Metabolism / Consultant Endocrinologist / NIHR Senior Investigator, Dean of the NIHR Academy, Head of Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, ICHT Divisional Director of Research for the Division of Medicine & Integrated Care)

Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are characteristic of menopause experienced by over 75% of postmenopausal women with significant health and socioeconomic implications. Although the average duration of symptoms is seven years, 10% of women experience symptoms for more than a decade. Although menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) remains an efficacious and cost-effective treatment, its use may not be suitable in all women, such as those at an increased risk of breast cancer or gynaecological malignancy. The neurokinin B (NKB) signaling pathway, together with its intricate connection to the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), has been postulated to provide integrated reproductive and thermoregulatory responses, with a central role in mediating postmenopausal VMS. This review describes the physiological hypothalamo-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, and subsequently the neuroendocrine changes that occur with menopause using evidence derived from animal and human studies. Finally, data from the latest clinical trials using novel therapeutic agents that antagonise NKB signaling are reviewed.

血管运动症状(VMS)是 75% 以上绝经后妇女的更年期特征,对健康和社会经济有重大影响。虽然症状的平均持续时间为 7 年,但有 10% 的妇女症状持续时间超过 10 年。尽管绝经激素疗法(MHT)仍然是一种有效且经济的治疗方法,但并非所有妇女都适合使用这种疗法,例如那些罹患乳腺癌或妇科恶性肿瘤风险较高的妇女。据推测,神经激肽 B(NKB)信号通路及其与视前中核(MnPO)的复杂联系可提供综合的生殖和体温调节反应,并在介导绝经后 VMS 方面发挥核心作用。这篇综述介绍了下丘脑-垂体-卵巢(HPO)轴的生理结构,并随后利用动物和人体研究中获得的证据,介绍了随着绝经而发生的神经内分泌变化。最后,还回顾了使用拮抗 NKB 信号传导的新型治疗药物进行的最新临床试验数据。
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引用次数: 0
Premenstrual disorders and PMDD - a review 心理问题和激素疗法
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101858
Emily Cary (Honorary Senior Lecturer) , Paul Simpson (Consultant Gynaecologist)

Defining, diagnosing and managing premenstrual disorders (PMDs) remains a challenge both for general practitioners and specialists. Yet these disorders are common and can have an enormous impact on women. PMDD (premenstrual dysphoric disorder), one severe form of PMD, has a functional impact similar to major depression yet remains under-recognised and poorly treated. The aim of this chapter is to give some clarity to this area, provide a framework for non-specialists to work towards, and to stress the importance of MDT care for severe PMDs, including PMDD.

对于全科医生和专科医生来说,经前期紊乱症(PMD)的定义、诊断和管理仍然是一项挑战。然而,这些疾病很常见,而且会对女性产生巨大影响。PMDD(经前期情感障碍)是 PMD 的一种严重形式,其功能性影响类似于重度抑郁症,但仍未得到充分认识和治疗。本章旨在澄清这一领域,为非专科医生提供一个工作框架,并强调多学科小组护理对包括 PMDD 在内的严重 PMD 的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Oestrogen-based therapies for menopausal symptoms 治疗更年期症状的雌激素疗法
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101789
Abbie Laing, Tim Hillard

Purpose

To summarise the dosing options, regimens, pharmacokinetics, risks and benefits of oestrogen-based therapies for the treatment of menopausal symptoms.

Methods

A review of the literature was undertaken using multiple databases. Randomised trials, observational studies, meta-analyses and review papers were included.

Results

Multiple systemic preparations of oestrogen exist and all appear comparable in terms of efficacy. They differ by pharmacokinetics and those preparations that avoid hepatic metabolism have a lower risk profile in general although their use can be limited by skin barriers or patient acceptability. All vaginal oestrogen treatments are comparable in efficacy and have not been associated with any health risks. Side-effects between all preparations differ.

Conclusions

With regards to oestrogen treatments there is not a one size fits all. Multiple treatments are available and a clinician’s role is to guide and help women make evidence based, unbiased and informed choices.

目的 总结治疗更年期症状的雌激素疗法的剂量选择、疗程、药代动力学、风险和益处。结果目前存在多种雌激素全身制剂,就疗效而言,它们似乎都具有可比性。它们的药代动力学各不相同,避免肝脏代谢的制剂一般风险较低,但其使用可能受到皮肤屏障或患者接受度的限制。所有阴道雌激素疗法的疗效都相当,而且没有任何健康风险。所有制剂的副作用各不相同。有多种治疗方法可供选择,临床医生的职责是指导和帮助妇女做出基于证据、公正和知情的选择。
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引用次数: 0
Bone health and menopause: Osteoporosis prevention and treatment 骨骼健康与更年期骨质疏松症的预防和治疗
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101782
Tobie J. de Villiers MBChB, MMED (O&), FCOG (SA), FRCOG (Consultant Gynaecologist)

A continuous process of bone turnover is central to bone health and strength. If bone resorption exceeds bone formation, bone strength deteriorates with resultant fractures. Osteoporosis is defined by a fracture or bone mineral density. The lack of ovarian estrogen after menopause causes a significant loss in bone strength, placing women at higher risk of osteoporosis. The probability of future fractures can be calculated by identifying risk factors in all menopausal women. Preventive action starts with a bone-friendly lifestyle. The need for and type of interventive medication can best be determined by classifying fracture risk as low, high, or very high using a combination of fracture history, bone mineral density, 10-year fracture probability or country-specific values. As osteoporosis is an incurable disease, treatment should be seen as a lifelong strategy consisting of the correct sequencing of available bone-specific drugs and appropriate drug-free periods when applicable.

持续的骨转换过程是骨骼健康和强度的核心。如果骨吸收超过骨形成,骨强度就会下降,从而导致骨折。骨质疏松症的定义是骨折或骨矿物质密度。绝经后卵巢雌激素的缺乏会导致骨强度显著下降,使女性患骨质疏松症的风险更高。通过识别所有更年期女性的风险因素,可以计算出未来发生骨折的概率。预防措施从对骨骼有益的生活方式开始。根据骨折史、骨质密度、10 年骨折概率或特定国家的数值,将骨折风险分为低、高或极高,从而确定是否需要干预性药物以及干预性药物的类型。由于骨质疏松症是一种无法治愈的疾病,因此应将治疗视为一种终身策略,包括正确安排现有骨质特异性药物的使用顺序,并在适当的情况下安排适当的无药期。
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引用次数: 0
Post cancer care in women with an increased risk of malignancy or previous malignancy: The use of hormone replacement therapy and alternative treatments 恶性肿瘤风险增加或曾患恶性肿瘤妇女的癌症后护理:激素替代疗法和替代疗法的使用。
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101854
Jenifer Sassarini (Consultant in Gynaecology and Obstetrics) , Mary Ann Lumsden (Hon Prof of Gynaecology and Medical Education)
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引用次数: 0
Androgen-based therapies in women 妇女的雄激素疗法
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101783
Kath Whitton (Obstetrician, Gynaecologist, Fertility Specialist) , Rodney Baber (Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology)

Androgens play a key biological role in libido and sexual arousal in women, and knowledge about their complex role in other systems remains ambiguous and incomplete. This narrative review examines the role of endogenous androgens in women’s health throughout the life span before focusing on evidence surrounding the use of androgen-based therapies to treat postmenopausal women. The role of testosterone as a therapeutic agent in women continues to attract controversy as approved preparations are rare, and use of off-label and compounded formulations is widespread. Despite this androgen therapy has been used for decades in oral, injectable, and transdermal formulations. Responses to androgen therapy have been demonstrated to improve aspects of female sexual dysfunction, notably hypoactive sexual desire disorder, in a dose related manner. Substantial research has also been conducted into the role of androgens in treating aspects of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). Evidence for benefits beyond these is mixed and more research is required regarding long-term safety. However, It remains biologically plausible that androgens will be effective in treating hypoestrogenic symptoms related to menopause, either through direct physiological effects or following aromatization to estradiol throughout the body.

雄激素在女性的性欲和性唤起中发挥着关键的生物学作用,而关于雄激素在其他系统中的复杂作用的知识仍然模糊不清、不完整。这篇叙述性综述探讨了内源性雄激素在女性一生中的健康中所起的作用,然后重点介绍了使用雄激素疗法治疗绝经后妇女的相关证据。睾酮作为一种治疗药物在女性中的作用一直备受争议,因为获得批准的制剂很少,而标签外制剂和复方制剂的使用非常普遍。尽管如此,口服、注射和透皮制剂的雄激素疗法已使用了几十年。事实证明,雄激素疗法可以改善女性性功能障碍,尤其是性欲减退,而且与剂量有关。此外,还对雄激素在治疗更年期泌尿生殖系统综合征(GSM)方面的作用进行了大量研究。除此以外,其他益处的证据不一,还需要对长期安全性进行更多研究。不过,从生物学角度看,雄激素通过直接的生理作用或在体内芳香化为雌二醇后,仍可有效治疗与更年期有关的雌激素过低症状。
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引用次数: 0
Sexual health and contraception in the menopause journey 更年期之旅中的性健康和避孕。
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101822
Laura Cucinella (Gynecologist, Research Assistant in Obstetrics & Gynecology) , Lara Tiranini (Gynecologist, Research Assistant in Obstetrics & Gynecology) , Rossella E. Nappi (Gynecologist and Endocrinologist, Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology)

Women may experience changes in sexuality across menopause, because at this step in life hormone deficiency interacts with several determinants in a bio-psycho-social perspective. Healthcare providers should inform women about menopause impact on sexuality and be proactive during consultation in disclosing sexual concerns that would require a targeted assessment. Sexual symptoms become more frequent as women age, but they do not always translate into sexual dysfunction diagnosis, for which distress is required. It is important to recognize conditions that may increase the risk of dysfunctional response to menopause challenges in order to promote sexual longevity through counselling and specific management. In this review, we report key elements for a comprehensive assessment of sexual health around menopause, with a focus on genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), representing well identified clinical conditions affecting sexuality at midlife and beyond. We also address the issue of contraception across the menopausal transition, highlighting risks and benefits, and possible implications on sexual function.

女性可能会在整个更年期经历性行为的变化,因为在生命的这一步,激素缺乏与生物-心理-社会角度的几个决定因素相互作用。医疗保健提供者应告知女性更年期对性行为的影响,并在咨询期间积极主动地披露需要进行有针对性评估的性问题。随着女性年龄的增长,性症状变得越来越频繁,但它们并不总是转化为性功能障碍的诊断,这需要痛苦。重要的是要认识到可能增加对更年期挑战反应失调风险的情况,以便通过咨询和具体管理来促进性寿命。在这篇综述中,我们报告了全面评估更年期性健康的关键因素,重点是更年期泌尿生殖系统综合征(GSM)和低活动性性欲障碍(HSDD),它们代表了影响中年及以后性行为的公认临床条件。我们还讨论了整个更年期过渡期的避孕问题,强调了风险和益处,以及对性功能的可能影响。
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引用次数: 0
Progestogens for endometrial protection in combined menopausal hormone therapy: A systematic review 更年期激素联合疗法中用于保护子宫内膜的孕激素:系统综述
IF 7.4 1区 医学 Q1 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101815
Petra Stute (Deputy Head Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine) , Linus Josef Walker (Medical Doctoral Student) , Astrid Eicher (Medical Doctoral Student) , Elena Pavicic (Medical Doctoral Student) , Argyrios Kolokythas (Gynecologic Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Fellow) , Susanne Theis (Senior Physician Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine) , Marc von Gernler (Information Specialist) , Michael von Wolff (Head Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine) , Sabrina Vollrath (Senior Physician Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine)

Menopausal women with an intact uterus choosing estrogens for menopausal symptom relief require a progestogen for endometrial protection. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the risks of endometrial hyperplasia resp. malignancy with different progestogens used in combined MHT. Overall, 84 RCTs were included. We found that 1) most studies were done with NETA, followed by MPA, MP and DYD and LNG, 2) most progestogens were only available as oral formulations, 3) the most frequently studied progestogens (oral MP, DYD, MPA, oral and transdermal NETA, transdermal LNG) were assessed in continuously as well as in sequentially combined MHT regimens, 4) FDA endometrial safety criteria were only fulfilled for some progestogen formulations, 5) most studies demonstrated endometrial protection for the progestogen dose and time period examined. However, 6) study quality varied which should be taken into account, when choosing a combined MHT, especially if off-label-use is chosen.

子宫完整的更年期妇女在选择雌激素缓解更年期症状时,需要使用孕激素来保护子宫内膜。本系统综述旨在评估在联合 MHT 中使用不同孕激素导致子宫内膜增生和恶性肿瘤的风险。共纳入了 84 项 RCT 研究。我们发现:1)大多数研究都是针对 NETA 进行的,其次是 MPA、MP、DYD 和 LNG;2)大多数孕激素只有口服制剂;3)最常研究的孕激素(口服 MP、DYD、MPA、口服和透皮 NETA、透皮 LNG、MP、DYD 和 LNG)都是评估子宫内膜增生和恶性肿瘤风险的药物、4)只有部分孕激素制剂符合美国食品及药物管理局的子宫内膜安全性标准,5)大多数研究表明,在所研究的孕激素剂量和时间段内,对子宫内膜有保护作用。然而,6)研究质量参差不齐,在选择联合 MHT 时应加以考虑,尤其是在标签外使用的情况下。
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