Pub Date : 2009-11-24eCollection Date: 2009-01-01DOI: 10.3389/neuro.18.004.2009
Benjamin C Campbell, Justin R Garcia
The Decade of the Mind is a proposal for a research initiative focused on four areas of neuroscience, including mental health, high-level cognitive function, education, and computational applications. Organizing efforts to date have primarily included cognitive scientists, computer scientists, and engineers, as well as physicians. At the same time anthropologists have started to explore the implications of neuroscience for understanding culture. Here we suggest that evolutionary neuroscience can be used to bridge knowledge obtained by social scientists with that obtained in the neurosciences for a more complete appreciation of the mind. We consider such a perspective as neuroanthropology. We use embodiment, an anthropological concept that has been substantiated by recent findings in neuroscience, to illustrate an integrative biocultural approach within neuroanthropology and suggest future possible directions for research.
{"title":"Neuroanthropology: evolution and emotional embodiment.","authors":"Benjamin C Campbell, Justin R Garcia","doi":"10.3389/neuro.18.004.2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.18.004.2009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Decade of the Mind is a proposal for a research initiative focused on four areas of neuroscience, including mental health, high-level cognitive function, education, and computational applications. Organizing efforts to date have primarily included cognitive scientists, computer scientists, and engineers, as well as physicians. At the same time anthropologists have started to explore the implications of neuroscience for understanding culture. Here we suggest that evolutionary neuroscience can be used to bridge knowledge obtained by social scientists with that obtained in the neurosciences for a more complete appreciation of the mind. We consider such a perspective as neuroanthropology. We use embodiment, an anthropological concept that has been substantiated by recent findings in neuroscience, to illustrate an integrative biocultural approach within neuroanthropology and suggest future possible directions for research.</p>","PeriodicalId":88241,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in evolutionary neuroscience","volume":"1 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/neuro.18.004.2009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28846717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-05-04eCollection Date: 2009-01-01DOI: 10.3389/neuro.18.003.2009
Dean Falk
In order to glean information about hominin (or other) brains that no longer exist, details of external neuroanatomy that are reproduced on endocranial casts (endocasts) from fossilized braincases may be described and interpreted. Despite being, of necessity, speculative, such studies can be very informative when conducted in light of the literature on comparative neuroanatomy, paleontology, and functional imaging studies. Albert Einstein's brain no longer exists in an intact state, but there are photographs of it in various views. Applying techniques developed from paleoanthropology, previously unrecognized details of external neuroanatomy are identified on these photographs. This information should be of interest to paleoneurologists, comparative neuroanatomists, historians of science, and cognitive neuroscientists. The new identifications of cortical features should also be archived for future scholars who will have access to additional information from improved functional imaging technology. Meanwhile, to the extent possible, Einstein's cerebral cortex is investigated in light of available data about variation in human sulcal patterns. Although much of his cortical surface was unremarkable, regions in and near Einstein's primary somatosensory and motor cortices were unusual. It is possible that these atypical aspects of Einstein's cerebral cortex were related to the difficulty with which he acquired language, his preference for thinking in sensory impressions including visual images rather than words, and his early training on the violin.
{"title":"New Information about Albert Einstein's Brain.","authors":"Dean Falk","doi":"10.3389/neuro.18.003.2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.18.003.2009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to glean information about hominin (or other) brains that no longer exist, details of external neuroanatomy that are reproduced on endocranial casts (endocasts) from fossilized braincases may be described and interpreted. Despite being, of necessity, speculative, such studies can be very informative when conducted in light of the literature on comparative neuroanatomy, paleontology, and functional imaging studies. Albert Einstein's brain no longer exists in an intact state, but there are photographs of it in various views. Applying techniques developed from paleoanthropology, previously unrecognized details of external neuroanatomy are identified on these photographs. This information should be of interest to paleoneurologists, comparative neuroanatomists, historians of science, and cognitive neuroscientists. The new identifications of cortical features should also be archived for future scholars who will have access to additional information from improved functional imaging technology. Meanwhile, to the extent possible, Einstein's cerebral cortex is investigated in light of available data about variation in human sulcal patterns. Although much of his cortical surface was unremarkable, regions in and near Einstein's primary somatosensory and motor cortices were unusual. It is possible that these atypical aspects of Einstein's cerebral cortex were related to the difficulty with which he acquired language, his preference for thinking in sensory impressions including visual images rather than words, and his early training on the violin.</p>","PeriodicalId":88241,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in evolutionary neuroscience","volume":"1 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/neuro.18.003.2009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28304364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-04-13eCollection Date: 2009-01-01DOI: 10.3389/neuro.18.001.2009
Austen Krill, Steven M Platek
FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING WAS EMPLOYED TO EXAMINE SENSITIVITY TO SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THREE CONDITIONS: same-race, other-race, and self-resembling faces. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), specifically the dorsal ACC, has been targeted as a key substrate in the physical and social pain matrix and was hypothesized to regulate activation response to various facial conditions. We show that participants demonstrated greatest ACC activation when being excluded by self-resembling and same-race faces, relative to other-race faces. Additionally, participants expressed greater distress and showed increased ACC activation as a result of exclusion in the same-race condition relative to the other-race condition. A positive correlation between implicit racial bias and activation in the amygdala was also evident. Implicit attitude about other-race faces partly explains levels of concern about exclusion by out-group individuals. These findings suggest that individuals are more distressed and their brain (i.e. neural alarm system) responds with greater activation when being excluded by individuals whom they are more likely to share group membership with.
{"title":"In-group and out-group membership mediates anterior cingulate activation to social exclusion.","authors":"Austen Krill, Steven M Platek","doi":"10.3389/neuro.18.001.2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.18.001.2009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING WAS EMPLOYED TO EXAMINE SENSITIVITY TO SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THREE CONDITIONS: same-race, other-race, and self-resembling faces. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), specifically the dorsal ACC, has been targeted as a key substrate in the physical and social pain matrix and was hypothesized to regulate activation response to various facial conditions. We show that participants demonstrated greatest ACC activation when being excluded by self-resembling and same-race faces, relative to other-race faces. Additionally, participants expressed greater distress and showed increased ACC activation as a result of exclusion in the same-race condition relative to the other-race condition. A positive correlation between implicit racial bias and activation in the amygdala was also evident. Implicit attitude about other-race faces partly explains levels of concern about exclusion by out-group individuals. These findings suggest that individuals are more distressed and their brain (i.e. neural alarm system) responds with greater activation when being excluded by individuals whom they are more likely to share group membership with.</p>","PeriodicalId":88241,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in evolutionary neuroscience","volume":"1 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/neuro.18.001.2009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28304304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-03-23eCollection Date: 2009-01-01DOI: 10.3389/neuro.18.002.2009
Jan Havlicek, S Craig Roberts
The significance of odor in mediating affective state in humans has become increasingly recognized in recent years (Weber and Heuberger, 2008). In particular, human body odor or its constituent compounds influence general mood (e.g., Chen and Haviland-Jones, 1999), attentional state (Jacob et al., 2001) or proclivity toward other individuals, such as in a mate searching context (Saxton et al., 2008). Such effects are usually sex-specific, and women in particular appear more sensitive to, and cognizant of, olfactory cues (e.g., Havlicek et al., 2008). In a recent paper, Lundstrom and Jones-Gotman (2009) used women's odor perception of male body odor as a novel approach for investigating the neurobiological basis of romantic love. Their idea was that the extent to which women could identify the body odor of partners compared with those of other men might shed light on the mechanisms underlying directed attention toward partners when in love. They tested the ability of 20 coupled women to recognize individual body odor using a three-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Women were asked to identify their partner's axillary odor, or that of a male friend, from among three odors where the other two odors were of unfamiliar men. Separately, the women completed a psychometric instrument, the Passionate Love Scale, which estimates the degree to which they are in love with their partner. Women who scored highly on this scale were found to have lower success in identifying their male friends, but in contrast, there was no similar correlation for odor recognition of partners. There was also no similar correlation between their passionate love score and identification of female friends, indicating a sex-specific effect. Lundstrom and Jones-Gotman argue that this specific reduction in recognition of opposite-sex friends supports the deflection theory for the psychological mechanism of romantic love. The deflection theory proposes that love is accompanied by a decrease in attention toward opposite-sex individuals, in contrast with an alternative idea which postulates intensified attention toward the romantic partner (although, as they acknowledge, these need not be mutually exclusive). Furthermore, they suggest a testable mechanism for this effect through antagonistic effects of the neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, whereby elevated oxytocin levels, promoted by romantic love and attachment, causes a reduction in levels of bound vasopressin and an associated fall in attention toward individuals of the opposite sex. The race is now on to test this intriguing hypothesis, and to examine whether the effect holds for male responses to female stimuli. Research in this area will also benefit from using tasks that measure verbalized hedonic perception or subliminal hedonic “decisions” manifested in affective change, in addition to those addressing cognitive processes such as verbal labeling and levels of olfactory recognition. Humans do indeed
{"title":"Towards a neuroscience of love: olfaction, attention and a model of neurohypophysial hormone action.","authors":"Jan Havlicek, S Craig Roberts","doi":"10.3389/neuro.18.002.2009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.18.002.2009","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of odor in mediating affective state in humans has become increasingly recognized in recent years (Weber and Heuberger, 2008). In particular, human body odor or its constituent compounds influence general mood (e.g., Chen and Haviland-Jones, 1999), attentional state (Jacob et al., 2001) or proclivity toward other individuals, such as in a mate searching context (Saxton et al., 2008). Such effects are usually sex-specific, and women in particular appear more sensitive to, and cognizant of, olfactory cues (e.g., Havlicek et al., 2008). \u0000 \u0000In a recent paper, Lundstrom and Jones-Gotman (2009) used women's odor perception of male body odor as a novel approach for investigating the neurobiological basis of romantic love. Their idea was that the extent to which women could identify the body odor of partners compared with those of other men might shed light on the mechanisms underlying directed attention toward partners when in love. They tested the ability of 20 coupled women to recognize individual body odor using a three-alternative forced-choice paradigm. Women were asked to identify their partner's axillary odor, or that of a male friend, from among three odors where the other two odors were of unfamiliar men. Separately, the women completed a psychometric instrument, the Passionate Love Scale, which estimates the degree to which they are in love with their partner. Women who scored highly on this scale were found to have lower success in identifying their male friends, but in contrast, there was no similar correlation for odor recognition of partners. There was also no similar correlation between their passionate love score and identification of female friends, indicating a sex-specific effect. \u0000 \u0000Lundstrom and Jones-Gotman argue that this specific reduction in recognition of opposite-sex friends supports the deflection theory for the psychological mechanism of romantic love. The deflection theory proposes that love is accompanied by a decrease in attention toward opposite-sex individuals, in contrast with an alternative idea which postulates intensified attention toward the romantic partner (although, as they acknowledge, these need not be mutually exclusive). Furthermore, they suggest a testable mechanism for this effect through antagonistic effects of the neurohypophysial hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, whereby elevated oxytocin levels, promoted by romantic love and attachment, causes a reduction in levels of bound vasopressin and an associated fall in attention toward individuals of the opposite sex. \u0000 \u0000The race is now on to test this intriguing hypothesis, and to examine whether the effect holds for male responses to female stimuli. Research in this area will also benefit from using tasks that measure verbalized hedonic perception or subliminal hedonic “decisions” manifested in affective change, in addition to those addressing cognitive processes such as verbal labeling and levels of olfactory recognition. Humans do indeed ","PeriodicalId":88241,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in evolutionary neuroscience","volume":"1 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3389/neuro.18.002.2009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28304305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-09-07DOI: 10.1016/B0-12-370878-8/00108-7
J. Albert
{"title":"Phylogenetic Character Reconstruction","authors":"J. Albert","doi":"10.1016/B0-12-370878-8/00108-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-370878-8/00108-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88241,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in evolutionary neuroscience","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78364300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-804042-3.00074-9
Tristan A. Chaplin, M. Rosa, Hsin-Hao Yu
{"title":"Scaling Up the Simian Primate Cortex: A Conserved Pattern of Expansion Across Brain Sizes","authors":"Tristan A. Chaplin, M. Rosa, Hsin-Hao Yu","doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-804042-3.00074-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804042-3.00074-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88241,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in evolutionary neuroscience","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90452085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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