Despite extensive research, strategies to effectively combat breast cancer stemness and achieve a definitive cure remains elusive. CD44, a well-defined cancer stem cell marker is reported to promote breast cancer tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. However, mechanisms leading to its enhanced expression and function is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that USP10 positively regulates CD44 protein levels and its downstream actions. While USP10 depletion prominently downregulates CD44 protein levels and functions, its overexpression significantly enhances CD44 protein levels, leading to enhanced cluster tumor cell formation, stemness, and metastasis in breast cancer cells both in vitro and ex vivo in primary human breast tumor cells. USP10 interacts with CD44 and stabilizes it through deubiquitination both in breast cancer cell lines and human breast cancer-derived primary tumor cells. Stabilized CD44 shows enhanced interaction with cytoskeleton proteins Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin and potently activates PDGFRβ/STAT3 signalling which are involved in promoting CSC traits. Using USP10 stably expressing 4T1 cells, we further demonstrate that the USP10-CD44 axis potently promotes tumorigenicity in vivo in mice, while simultaneous depletion of CD44 in these cells renders them ineffective. In line with these findings, we further showed that inhibition of USP10 either through RNAi or the pharmacological inhibitor Spautin-1 significantly mitigated CD44 levels and its downstream function ex vivo in primary breast tumor cells. Finally, we demonstrated that primary breast tumor cells are more susceptible to chemotherapy when co-treated with USP10 inhibitor indicating that the USP10-CD44 axis could be an attractive therapeutic target in combination with chemotherapy in CD44 expressing breast cancers.
{"title":"USP10 deubiquitinates and stabilizes CD44 leading to enhanced breast cancer cell proliferation, stemness and metastasis.","authors":"Arppita Sethi, Shivkant Mishra, Vishal Upadhyay, Parul Dubey, Shumaila Siddiqui, Anil Kumar Singh, Sangita Chaowdhury, Swati Srivastava, Pragya Srivasatava, Prasannajit Sahoo, Madan Lal Brahma Bhatt, Anand Mishra, Arun Kumar Trivedi","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20240611","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite extensive research, strategies to effectively combat breast cancer stemness and achieve a definitive cure remains elusive. CD44, a well-defined cancer stem cell marker is reported to promote breast cancer tumorigenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. However, mechanisms leading to its enhanced expression and function is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that USP10 positively regulates CD44 protein levels and its downstream actions. While USP10 depletion prominently downregulates CD44 protein levels and functions, its overexpression significantly enhances CD44 protein levels, leading to enhanced cluster tumor cell formation, stemness, and metastasis in breast cancer cells both in vitro and ex vivo in primary human breast tumor cells. USP10 interacts with CD44 and stabilizes it through deubiquitination both in breast cancer cell lines and human breast cancer-derived primary tumor cells. Stabilized CD44 shows enhanced interaction with cytoskeleton proteins Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin and potently activates PDGFRβ/STAT3 signalling which are involved in promoting CSC traits. Using USP10 stably expressing 4T1 cells, we further demonstrate that the USP10-CD44 axis potently promotes tumorigenicity in vivo in mice, while simultaneous depletion of CD44 in these cells renders them ineffective. In line with these findings, we further showed that inhibition of USP10 either through RNAi or the pharmacological inhibitor Spautin-1 significantly mitigated CD44 levels and its downstream function ex vivo in primary breast tumor cells. Finally, we demonstrated that primary breast tumor cells are more susceptible to chemotherapy when co-treated with USP10 inhibitor indicating that the USP10-CD44 axis could be an attractive therapeutic target in combination with chemotherapy in CD44 expressing breast cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142674935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael Charles Newton-Vesty, Michael John Currie, James Sandwell Davies, Santosh Panjikar, Ashish Sethi, Andrew E Whitten, Zachary David Tillett, David Michael Wood, Joshua D Wright, Michael James Love, Timothy M Allison, Sam A Jamieson, Peter Mace, Rachel Aimee North, Renwick Cj Dobson
Bacteria evolve mechanisms to compete for limited resources and survive in new niches. Here we study the mechanism of isethionate import from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis. The catabolism of isethionate by Desulfovibrio species has been implicated in human disease, due to hydrogen sulfide production, and has potential for industrial applications. O. alaskensis employs a tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter (OaIsePQM) to import isethionate, which relies on the substrate-binding protein (OaIseP) to scavenge isethionate and deliver it to the membrane transporter component (OaIseQM) for import into the cell. We determined the binding affinity of isethionate to OaIseP by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), KD = 0.95 µM (68% CI = 0.6-1.4 µM), which is weaker compared to other TRAP substrate-binding proteins. The X-ray crystal structures of OaIseP in the ligand-free and isethionate-bound forms were obtained and showed that in the presence of isethionate, OaIseP adopts a closed conformation whereby two domains of the protein fold over the substrate. We serendipitously discovered two crystal forms with sulfonate-containing buffers (HEPES and MES) bound in the isethionate-binding site. However, these do not evoke domain closure, presumably because of the larger ligand size. Together, our data elucidate the molecular details of how a TRAP substrate-binding protein binds a sulfonate-containing substrate, rather than a typical carboxylate-containing substrate. These results may inform future antibiotic development to target TRAP transporters and provide insights into protein engineering of TRAP transporter substrate-binding proteins.
{"title":"On the function of TRAP substrate-binding proteins: the isethionate-specific binding protein IseP.","authors":"Michael Charles Newton-Vesty, Michael John Currie, James Sandwell Davies, Santosh Panjikar, Ashish Sethi, Andrew E Whitten, Zachary David Tillett, David Michael Wood, Joshua D Wright, Michael James Love, Timothy M Allison, Sam A Jamieson, Peter Mace, Rachel Aimee North, Renwick Cj Dobson","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240540","DOIUrl":"10.1042/BCJ20240540","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacteria evolve mechanisms to compete for limited resources and survive in new niches. Here we study the mechanism of isethionate import from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Oleidesulfovibrio alaskensis. The catabolism of isethionate by Desulfovibrio species has been implicated in human disease, due to hydrogen sulfide production, and has potential for industrial applications. O. alaskensis employs a tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic (TRAP) transporter (OaIsePQM) to import isethionate, which relies on the substrate-binding protein (OaIseP) to scavenge isethionate and deliver it to the membrane transporter component (OaIseQM) for import into the cell. We determined the binding affinity of isethionate to OaIseP by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), KD = 0.95 µM (68% CI = 0.6-1.4 µM), which is weaker compared to other TRAP substrate-binding proteins. The X-ray crystal structures of OaIseP in the ligand-free and isethionate-bound forms were obtained and showed that in the presence of isethionate, OaIseP adopts a closed conformation whereby two domains of the protein fold over the substrate. We serendipitously discovered two crystal forms with sulfonate-containing buffers (HEPES and MES) bound in the isethionate-binding site. However, these do not evoke domain closure, presumably because of the larger ligand size. Together, our data elucidate the molecular details of how a TRAP substrate-binding protein binds a sulfonate-containing substrate, rather than a typical carboxylate-containing substrate. These results may inform future antibiotic development to target TRAP transporters and provide insights into protein engineering of TRAP transporter substrate-binding proteins.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142667211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rebecca H J Bloemen, Rafael Radi, Michael J Davies, Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
The active site Cys residue in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is sensitive to oxidation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), with this resulting in enzyme inactivation. This re-routes the carbon flux from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway favoring the formation of NADPH and synthetic intermediates required for antioxidant defense and repair systems. Consequently, GAPDH inactivation serves as a redox switch for metabolic adaptation under conditions of oxidative stress. However, there is a major knowledge gap as to how GAPDH is efficiently oxidized and inactivated, when the increase in intracellular H2O2 is modest, and there is a high concentration of alternative (non-signaling) thiols and efficient peroxide removing systems. We have therefore explored whether GAPDH inactivation is enhanced by two factors of in vivo relevance: macromolecular crowding, an inherent property of biological environments, and the presence of bicarbonate, an abundant biological buffer. Bicarbonate is already known to modulate H2O2 metabolism via formation of peroxymonocarbonate. GAPDH activity was assessed in experiments with low doses of H2O2 under both dilute and crowded conditions (induced by inert high molecular mass polymers and small molecules), in both the absence and presence of 25 mM sodium bicarbonate. H2O2-induced inactivation of GAPDH was observed to be significantly enhanced under macromolecular crowding conditions, with bicarbonate having an additional effect. These data strongly suggest that these two factors are of major importance in redox switch mechanisms involving GAPDH (and possibly other thiol-dependent systems) within the cellular environment.
{"title":"Macromolecular crowding and bicarbonate enhance the hydrogen peroxide-induced inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.","authors":"Rebecca H J Bloemen, Rafael Radi, Michael J Davies, Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20240597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The active site Cys residue in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is sensitive to oxidation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), with this resulting in enzyme inactivation. This re-routes the carbon flux from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway favoring the formation of NADPH and synthetic intermediates required for antioxidant defense and repair systems. Consequently, GAPDH inactivation serves as a redox switch for metabolic adaptation under conditions of oxidative stress. However, there is a major knowledge gap as to how GAPDH is efficiently oxidized and inactivated, when the increase in intracellular H2O2 is modest, and there is a high concentration of alternative (non-signaling) thiols and efficient peroxide removing systems. We have therefore explored whether GAPDH inactivation is enhanced by two factors of in vivo relevance: macromolecular crowding, an inherent property of biological environments, and the presence of bicarbonate, an abundant biological buffer. Bicarbonate is already known to modulate H2O2 metabolism via formation of peroxymonocarbonate. GAPDH activity was assessed in experiments with low doses of H2O2 under both dilute and crowded conditions (induced by inert high molecular mass polymers and small molecules), in both the absence and presence of 25 mM sodium bicarbonate. H2O2-induced inactivation of GAPDH was observed to be significantly enhanced under macromolecular crowding conditions, with bicarbonate having an additional effect. These data strongly suggest that these two factors are of major importance in redox switch mechanisms involving GAPDH (and possibly other thiol-dependent systems) within the cellular environment.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142646879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Eduarda Sant'Ana Faria do Espírito Santo, Bárbara Filgueiras Frascino, Larissa M M Mattos, Daniele Cabral Pires, Simone S C de Oliveira, Lucas B Menezes, Bernardo Ferreira Braz, Ricardo Erthal Santelli, André Santos, Adolfo Horn Junior, Christiane Fernandes, Marcos Pereira
Glycation-induced stress (G-iS) is a physiological phenomenon that leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), triggering detrimental effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to intracellular structures, tissues, and organs. This process is particularly relevant because it has been associated with various human pathologies, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. As therapeutic alternatives, coordination compounds with antioxidant activity show promising potential due to their versatility in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation. Herein, we investigated the antioxidant-related protective potential of a series of complexes: [Cu(II)(BMPA)Cl2] (1), [Fe(III)(BMPA)Cl3] (2), and [Cl(BMPA)MnII-(μ-Cl)2-MnII(BMPA)-(μ-Cl)- MnII(BMPA)(Cl)2]•5H2O (3), all synthesized with the ligand bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (BMPA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to G-iS caused by methylglyoxal (MG). Pre- treatment with complexes 1 - 3 proved highly effective, increasing yeast tolerance to G-iS and attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. This observed phenotype appears to result from a reduction in intracellular oxidation, lipid peroxidation levels, and glycation. Additionally, an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase was observed following treatment with complexes 1 - 3. Notably, although complexes 1 - 3 provided significant protection against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and menadione, their protective role was more effective against MG-induced glycation stress. Our results indicate that these complexes possess both antiglycation and antioxidant properties, warranting further investigation as potential interventions for mitigating glycation and oxidative stress-related pathologies.
{"title":"Mitigating Methylglyoxal-Induced Glycation Stress: The Protective Role of Iron, Copper, and Manganese Coordination Compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.","authors":"Maria Eduarda Sant'Ana Faria do Espírito Santo, Bárbara Filgueiras Frascino, Larissa M M Mattos, Daniele Cabral Pires, Simone S C de Oliveira, Lucas B Menezes, Bernardo Ferreira Braz, Ricardo Erthal Santelli, André Santos, Adolfo Horn Junior, Christiane Fernandes, Marcos Pereira","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20240390","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glycation-induced stress (G-iS) is a physiological phenomenon that leads to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), triggering detrimental effects such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to intracellular structures, tissues, and organs. This process is particularly relevant because it has been associated with various human pathologies, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. As therapeutic alternatives, coordination compounds with antioxidant activity show promising potential due to their versatility in attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation. Herein, we investigated the antioxidant-related protective potential of a series of complexes: [Cu(II)(BMPA)Cl2] (1), [Fe(III)(BMPA)Cl3] (2), and [Cl(BMPA)MnII-(μ-Cl)2-MnII(BMPA)-(μ-Cl)- MnII(BMPA)(Cl)2]•5H2O (3), all synthesized with the ligand bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (BMPA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to G-iS caused by methylglyoxal (MG). Pre- treatment with complexes 1 - 3 proved highly effective, increasing yeast tolerance to G-iS and attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. This observed phenotype appears to result from a reduction in intracellular oxidation, lipid peroxidation levels, and glycation. Additionally, an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase was observed following treatment with complexes 1 - 3. Notably, although complexes 1 - 3 provided significant protection against oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and menadione, their protective role was more effective against MG-induced glycation stress. Our results indicate that these complexes possess both antiglycation and antioxidant properties, warranting further investigation as potential interventions for mitigating glycation and oxidative stress-related pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142614044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lamins form a proteinaceous meshwork as a major structural component of the nucleus. Lamins, along with their interactors, act as determinants for chromatin organization throughout the nucleus. The major dominant missense mutations responsible for autosomal dominant forms of muscular dystrophies reside in the Ig fold domain of lamin A. However, how lamin A contributes to the distribution of heterochromatin and balances euchromatin, and how it relocates epigenetic marks to shape chromatin states, remains poorly defined, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the prognosis of lamin A-mediated muscular dystrophies.In the first part of this report, we identified the in-vitro organization of full-length lamin A proteins due to two well-documented Ig LMNA mutations, R453W and W514R. We further demonstrated that both lamin A/C mutant cells predominantly expressed nucleoplasmic aggregates. Labelling specific markers of epigenetics allowed correlation of lamin A mutations with epigenetic mechanisms. In addition to manipulating epigenetic mechanisms, our proteomic studies traced diverse expressions of transcription regulators, RNA synthesis and processing proteins, protein translation components, and posttranslational modifications. These data suggest severe perturbations in targeting other proteins to the nucleus.
作为细胞核的主要结构成分,绵蛋白形成了一个蛋白网状结构。染色质蛋白及其相互作用体是整个细胞核染色质组织的决定因素。然而,层粘连蛋白 A 是如何促进异染色质的分布和平衡染色质的,又是如何重新定位表观遗传标记以形成染色质状态的,这些问题仍未得到很好的界定,因此很难就层粘连蛋白 A 介导的肌肉萎缩症的预后得出结论。在本报告的第一部分,我们确定了全长层粘连蛋白 A 的体外组织是由两种有据可查的 Ig LMNA 突变(R453W 和 W514R)引起的。我们进一步证明,这两种片层 A/C突变细胞主要表达核质聚集体。通过标记表观遗传学的特定标记物,可以将板层片 A 突变与表观遗传学机制联系起来。除了表观遗传学机制,我们的蛋白质组学研究还追踪了转录调节因子、RNA合成和加工蛋白、蛋白质翻译元件和翻译后修饰的不同表达。这些数据表明,其他蛋白质靶向细胞核的过程受到了严重干扰。
{"title":"Investigating the differential structural organization and gene expression regulatory networks of lamin A Ig fold domain mutants of muscular dystrophy.","authors":"Subarna Dutta, Vikas Kumar, Arnab Barua, Madavan Vasudevan","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20240474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lamins form a proteinaceous meshwork as a major structural component of the nucleus. Lamins, along with their interactors, act as determinants for chromatin organization throughout the nucleus. The major dominant missense mutations responsible for autosomal dominant forms of muscular dystrophies reside in the Ig fold domain of lamin A. However, how lamin A contributes to the distribution of heterochromatin and balances euchromatin, and how it relocates epigenetic marks to shape chromatin states, remains poorly defined, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the prognosis of lamin A-mediated muscular dystrophies.In the first part of this report, we identified the in-vitro organization of full-length lamin A proteins due to two well-documented Ig LMNA mutations, R453W and W514R. We further demonstrated that both lamin A/C mutant cells predominantly expressed nucleoplasmic aggregates. Labelling specific markers of epigenetics allowed correlation of lamin A mutations with epigenetic mechanisms. In addition to manipulating epigenetic mechanisms, our proteomic studies traced diverse expressions of transcription regulators, RNA synthesis and processing proteins, protein translation components, and posttranslational modifications. These data suggest severe perturbations in targeting other proteins to the nucleus.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142602290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ewa Rejnowicz, Matthew Batchelor, Eoin Leen, Mohd Syed Ahangar, Selena G Burgess, Mark W Richards, Arnout P Kalverda, Richard Bayliss
Myc proteins are transcription factors crucial for cell proliferation. They have a C-terminal domain that mediates Max and DNA binding, and an N-terminal disordered region culminating in the transactivation domain (TAD). The TAD participates in many protein-protein interactions, notably with kinases that promote stability (Aurora-A) or degradation (ERK1, GSK3) via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We probed the structure, dynamics and interactions of N-myc TAD using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy following its complete backbone assignment. Chemical shift analysis revealed that N-myc has two regions with clear helical propensity: Trp77-Glu86 and Ala122-Glu132. These regions also have more restricted ps-ns motions than the rest of the TAD, and, along with the phosphodegron, have comparatively high transverse (R2) 15N relaxation rates, indicative of slower timescale dynamics and/or chemical exchange. Collectively these features suggest differential propensities for structure and interaction, either internal or with binding partners, across the TAD. Solution studies on the interaction between N-myc and Aurora-A revealed a previously uncharacterised binding site. The specificity and kinetics of sequential phosphorylation of N-myc by ERK1 and GSK3 were characterised using NMR and resulted in no significant structural changes outside the phosphodegron. When the phosphodegron was doubly phosphorylated, N-myc formed a robust interaction with the Fbxw7-Skp1 complex, but mapping the interaction by NMR suggests a more extensive interface. Our study provides foundational insights into N-myc TAD dynamics and a backbone assignment that will underpin future work on the structure, dynamics, interactions and regulatory post-translational modifications of this key oncoprotein.
Myc 蛋白是对细胞增殖至关重要的转录因子。它们有一个介导 Max 和 DNA 结合的 C 端结构域,以及一个 N 端无序区,最终形成转录激活结构域(TAD)。TAD 参与了许多蛋白质与蛋白质之间的相互作用,特别是与通过泛素蛋白酶体系统促进稳定性(Aurora-A)或降解(ERK1、GSK3)的激酶的相互作用。我们利用核磁共振(NMR)光谱对 N-myc TAD 的结构、动力学和相互作用进行了探究,并对其骨架进行了完整的分配。化学位移分析表明,N-myc 有两个具有明显螺旋倾向的区域:Trp77-Glu86 和 Ala122-Glu132。与 TAD 的其他部分相比,这些区域的 ps-ns 运动也更受限制,而且与磷酸二聚体一起,具有相对较高的横向 (R2) 15N 松弛率,这表明时间尺度动力学和/或化学交换较慢。总之,这些特征表明整个 TAD 内部或与结合伙伴的结构和相互作用具有不同的倾向性。对 N-myc 和 Aurora-A 之间相互作用的溶液研究发现了一个以前未曾描述过的结合位点。利用核磁共振分析了 ERK1 和 GSK3 对 N-myc 顺序磷酸化的特异性和动力学特征,结果表明磷酸二聚体之外的结构没有发生显著变化。当磷酸化二聚体被双重磷酸化时,N-myc与Fbxw7-Skp1复合物形成了强有力的相互作用,但核磁共振绘制的相互作用图显示了一个更广泛的界面。我们的研究提供了有关 N-myc TAD 动力学和骨架分配的基本见解,这将为今后研究这种关键肿瘤蛋白的结构、动力学、相互作用和翻译后修饰调控提供基础。
{"title":"Exploring the dynamics and interactions of the N-myc transactivation domain through solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.","authors":"Ewa Rejnowicz, Matthew Batchelor, Eoin Leen, Mohd Syed Ahangar, Selena G Burgess, Mark W Richards, Arnout P Kalverda, Richard Bayliss","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240248","DOIUrl":"10.1042/BCJ20240248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myc proteins are transcription factors crucial for cell proliferation. They have a C-terminal domain that mediates Max and DNA binding, and an N-terminal disordered region culminating in the transactivation domain (TAD). The TAD participates in many protein-protein interactions, notably with kinases that promote stability (Aurora-A) or degradation (ERK1, GSK3) via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We probed the structure, dynamics and interactions of N-myc TAD using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy following its complete backbone assignment. Chemical shift analysis revealed that N-myc has two regions with clear helical propensity: Trp77-Glu86 and Ala122-Glu132. These regions also have more restricted ps-ns motions than the rest of the TAD, and, along with the phosphodegron, have comparatively high transverse (R2) 15N relaxation rates, indicative of slower timescale dynamics and/or chemical exchange. Collectively these features suggest differential propensities for structure and interaction, either internal or with binding partners, across the TAD. Solution studies on the interaction between N-myc and Aurora-A revealed a previously uncharacterised binding site. The specificity and kinetics of sequential phosphorylation of N-myc by ERK1 and GSK3 were characterised using NMR and resulted in no significant structural changes outside the phosphodegron. When the phosphodegron was doubly phosphorylated, N-myc formed a robust interaction with the Fbxw7-Skp1 complex, but mapping the interaction by NMR suggests a more extensive interface. Our study provides foundational insights into N-myc TAD dynamics and a backbone assignment that will underpin future work on the structure, dynamics, interactions and regulatory post-translational modifications of this key oncoprotein.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":"1535-1556"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11555651/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142380027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abby Trouth,Giovana M B Veronezi,Srinivas Ramachandran
Establishing, maintaining, and removing histone post-translational modifications associated with heterochromatin is critical for shaping genomic structure and function as a cell navigates different stages of development, activity, and disease. Dynamic regulation of the repressive chromatin landscape has been documented in several key cell states - germline cells, activated immune cells, actively replicating, and quiescent cells - with notable variations in underlying mechanisms. Here, we discuss the role of cell states of these diverse contexts in directing and maintaining observed chromatin landscapes. These investigations reveal heterochromatin architectures that are highly responsive to the functional context of a cell's existence and, in turn, their contribution to the cell's stable identity.
{"title":"The impact of cell states on heterochromatin dynamics.","authors":"Abby Trouth,Giovana M B Veronezi,Srinivas Ramachandran","doi":"10.1042/bcj20240139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bcj20240139","url":null,"abstract":"Establishing, maintaining, and removing histone post-translational modifications associated with heterochromatin is critical for shaping genomic structure and function as a cell navigates different stages of development, activity, and disease. Dynamic regulation of the repressive chromatin landscape has been documented in several key cell states - germline cells, activated immune cells, actively replicating, and quiescent cells - with notable variations in underlying mechanisms. Here, we discuss the role of cell states of these diverse contexts in directing and maintaining observed chromatin landscapes. These investigations reveal heterochromatin architectures that are highly responsive to the functional context of a cell's existence and, in turn, their contribution to the cell's stable identity.","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":"77 1","pages":"1519-1533"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yizhuo Wang, James E B Curson, Divya Ramnath, Kaustav Das Gupta, Robert C Reid, Denuja Karunakaran, David P Fairlie, Matthew J Sweet
Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is a member of the class IIa family of classical HDACs with important roles in cell development, differentiation, and activation, including in macrophages and other innate immune cells. HDAC7 and other class IIa HDACs act as transcriptional repressors in the nucleus but, in some cell types, they can also act in the cytoplasm to modify non-nuclear proteins and/or scaffold signalling complexes. In macrophages, HDAC7 is a cytoplasmic protein with both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, with the latter activity involving activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and the generation of anti-inflammatory metabolite ribulose-5-phosphate. Here, we used ectopic expression systems and biochemical approaches to investigate the mechanism by which HDAC7 promotes 6PGD enzyme activity. We reveal that HDAC7 enzyme activity is not required for its activation of 6PGD and that the N-terminal protein-protein interaction domain of HDAC7 is sufficient to initiate this response. Mechanistically, the N-terminus of HDAC7 increases the affinity of 6PGD for NADP+, promotes the generation of a shorter form of 6PGD, and enhances the formation of higher order protein complexes, implicating its scaffolding function in engagement of the PPP. This contrasts with the pro-inflammatory function of HDAC7 in macrophages, in which it promotes deacetylation of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 for inflammatory cytokine production.
{"title":"Histone deacetylase 7 activates 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase via an enzyme-independent mechanism that involves the N-terminal protein-protein interaction domain.","authors":"Yizhuo Wang, James E B Curson, Divya Ramnath, Kaustav Das Gupta, Robert C Reid, Denuja Karunakaran, David P Fairlie, Matthew J Sweet","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240380","DOIUrl":"10.1042/BCJ20240380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is a member of the class IIa family of classical HDACs with important roles in cell development, differentiation, and activation, including in macrophages and other innate immune cells. HDAC7 and other class IIa HDACs act as transcriptional repressors in the nucleus but, in some cell types, they can also act in the cytoplasm to modify non-nuclear proteins and/or scaffold signalling complexes. In macrophages, HDAC7 is a cytoplasmic protein with both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, with the latter activity involving activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) and the generation of anti-inflammatory metabolite ribulose-5-phosphate. Here, we used ectopic expression systems and biochemical approaches to investigate the mechanism by which HDAC7 promotes 6PGD enzyme activity. We reveal that HDAC7 enzyme activity is not required for its activation of 6PGD and that the N-terminal protein-protein interaction domain of HDAC7 is sufficient to initiate this response. Mechanistically, the N-terminus of HDAC7 increases the affinity of 6PGD for NADP+, promotes the generation of a shorter form of 6PGD, and enhances the formation of higher order protein complexes, implicating its scaffolding function in engagement of the PPP. This contrasts with the pro-inflammatory function of HDAC7 in macrophages, in which it promotes deacetylation of the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 for inflammatory cytokine production.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":"1569-1584"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11555707/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142380029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, significant strides in both conceptual understanding and technological capabilities have bolstered our comprehension of the factors underpinning cancer initiation and progression. While substantial insights have unraveled the molecular mechanisms driving carcinogenesis, there has been an overshadowing of the critical contribution made by epigenetic pathways, which works in concert with genetics. Mounting evidence demonstrates cancer as a complex interplay between genetics and epigenetics. Notably, epigenetic elements play a pivotal role in governing alternative pre-mRNA splicing, a primary contributor to protein diversity. In this review, we have provided detailed insights into the bidirectional communication between epigenetic modifiers and alternative splicing, providing examples of specific genes and isoforms affected. Notably, succinct discussion on targeting epigenetic regulators and the potential of the emerging field of epigenome editing to modulate splicing patterns is also presented. In summary, this review offers valuable insights into the intricate interplay between epigenetics and alternative splicing in cancer, paving the way for novel approaches to understanding and targeting this critical process.
{"title":"Epigenetics and alternative splicing in cancer: old enemies, new perspectives.","authors":"Madhura R Pandkar,Sanjeev Shukla","doi":"10.1042/bcj20240221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/bcj20240221","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, significant strides in both conceptual understanding and technological capabilities have bolstered our comprehension of the factors underpinning cancer initiation and progression. While substantial insights have unraveled the molecular mechanisms driving carcinogenesis, there has been an overshadowing of the critical contribution made by epigenetic pathways, which works in concert with genetics. Mounting evidence demonstrates cancer as a complex interplay between genetics and epigenetics. Notably, epigenetic elements play a pivotal role in governing alternative pre-mRNA splicing, a primary contributor to protein diversity. In this review, we have provided detailed insights into the bidirectional communication between epigenetic modifiers and alternative splicing, providing examples of specific genes and isoforms affected. Notably, succinct discussion on targeting epigenetic regulators and the potential of the emerging field of epigenome editing to modulate splicing patterns is also presented. In summary, this review offers valuable insights into the intricate interplay between epigenetics and alternative splicing in cancer, paving the way for novel approaches to understanding and targeting this critical process.","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":"12 1","pages":"1497-1518"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142449238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grace Q Gong, Glenn Robert Masson, Woo-Jeong Jeong Lee, James Mj Dickson, Jackie D Kendall, Manoj K Rathinaswamy, Christina M Buchanan, Martin Middleditch, Brady Owen, Julie A Spicer, Gordon W Rewcastle, William A Denny, John E Burke, Peter R Shepherd, Roger L Williams, Jack U Flanagan
PI3Kα, consisting of the p110α isoform of the catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase (encoded by PIK3CA) and the p85α regulatory subunit (encoded by PI3KR1) is activated by growth factor receptors. The identification of common oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA has driven the development of many inhibitors that bind to the ATP-binding site in the p110α subunit. Upon activation, PI3Kα undergoes conformational changes that promote its membrane interaction and catalytic activity, yet the effects of ATP-site directed inhibitors on the PI3Kα membrane interaction are unknown. Using FRET and Biolayer Interferometry assays, we show that a class of ATP-site directed inhibitors represented by GSK2126458 block the growth factor activated PI3KαWT membrane interaction, an activity dependent on the ligand forming specific ATP-site interactions. The membrane interaction for hot spot oncogenic mutations that bypass normal p85α regulatory mechanisms was insensitive to GSK2126458, while GSK2126458 could regulate mutations found outside of these hot spot regions. Our data show that the effect of GSK126458 on the membrane interaction requires the enzyme to revert from its growth factor activated state to a basal state. We find that an ATP substrate analogue can increase the wild type PI3Kα membrane interaction, uncovering a substrate based regulatory event that can be mimicked by different inhibitor chemotypes. Our findings, together with the discovery of small molecule allosteric activators of PI3Kα illustrate that PI3Kα membrane interactions can be modulated by factors related to ligand binding both within the ATP site and at allosteric sites.
PI3Kα 由 PI 3-kinase 催化亚基的 p110α 异构体(由 PIK3CA 编码)和 p85α 调节亚基(由 PI3KR1 编码)组成,由生长因子受体激活。PIK3CA 常见致癌突变的发现推动了许多与 p110α 亚基中的 ATP 结合位点结合的抑制剂的开发。激活后,PI3Kα会发生构象变化,从而促进其膜相互作用和催化活性,但ATP位点定向抑制剂对PI3Kα膜相互作用的影响尚不清楚。我们利用 FRET 和生物层干涉测量法检测表明,以 GSK2126458 为代表的一类 ATP 位点定向抑制剂会阻断生长因子激活的 PI3KαWT 膜相互作用,这种活性依赖于配体形成特定的 ATP 位点相互作用。绕过正常 p85α 调节机制的热点致癌突变的膜相互作用对 GSK2126458 不敏感,而 GSK2126458 能调节这些热点区域之外的突变。我们的数据显示,GSK126458 对膜相互作用的影响需要酶从生长因子激活状态恢复到基础状态。我们发现 ATP 底物类似物能增加野生型 PI3Kα 的膜相互作用,从而揭示了一种基于底物的调控事件,不同的抑制剂化学类型可以模拟这种调控事件。我们的发现以及 PI3Kα 的小分子异构激活剂的发现说明,PI3Kα 膜相互作用可受 ATP 位点和异构位点内配体结合相关因素的调节。
{"title":"ATP-competitive inhibitors of PI3K enzymes demonstrate an isoform selective dual action by controlling membrane binding.","authors":"Grace Q Gong, Glenn Robert Masson, Woo-Jeong Jeong Lee, James Mj Dickson, Jackie D Kendall, Manoj K Rathinaswamy, Christina M Buchanan, Martin Middleditch, Brady Owen, Julie A Spicer, Gordon W Rewcastle, William A Denny, John E Burke, Peter R Shepherd, Roger L Williams, Jack U Flanagan","doi":"10.1042/BCJ20240479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20240479","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>PI3Kα, consisting of the p110α isoform of the catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase (encoded by PIK3CA) and the p85α regulatory subunit (encoded by PI3KR1) is activated by growth factor receptors. The identification of common oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA has driven the development of many inhibitors that bind to the ATP-binding site in the p110α subunit. Upon activation, PI3Kα undergoes conformational changes that promote its membrane interaction and catalytic activity, yet the effects of ATP-site directed inhibitors on the PI3Kα membrane interaction are unknown. Using FRET and Biolayer Interferometry assays, we show that a class of ATP-site directed inhibitors represented by GSK2126458 block the growth factor activated PI3KαWT membrane interaction, an activity dependent on the ligand forming specific ATP-site interactions. The membrane interaction for hot spot oncogenic mutations that bypass normal p85α regulatory mechanisms was insensitive to GSK2126458, while GSK2126458 could regulate mutations found outside of these hot spot regions. Our data show that the effect of GSK126458 on the membrane interaction requires the enzyme to revert from its growth factor activated state to a basal state. We find that an ATP substrate analogue can increase the wild type PI3Kα membrane interaction, uncovering a substrate based regulatory event that can be mimicked by different inhibitor chemotypes. Our findings, together with the discovery of small molecule allosteric activators of PI3Kα illustrate that PI3Kα membrane interactions can be modulated by factors related to ligand binding both within the ATP site and at allosteric sites.</p>","PeriodicalId":8825,"journal":{"name":"Biochemical Journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}