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Chilling or chemical induction of dormancy release in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum) buds is associated with characteristic shifts in metabolite profiles. 冷冻或化学诱导黑加仑(Ribes nigrum)花蕾的休眠释放与代谢产物谱的特征性变化有关。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20240213
Robert D Hancock, Elisa Schulz, Susan R Verrall, June Taylor, Michaël Méret, Rex M Brennan, Gerard J Bishop, Mark Else, Jerry V Cross, Andrew J Simkin

This study reveals striking differences in the content and composition of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds in blackcurrant buds (Ribes nigrum L., cv. Ben Klibreck) resulting from winter chill or chemical dormancy release following treatment with ERGER, a biostimulant used to promote uniform bud break. Buds exposed to high winter chill exhibited widespread shifts in metabolite profiles relative to buds that experience winter chill by growth under plastic. Specifically, extensive chilling resulted in significant reductions in storage lipids and phospholipids, and increases in galactolipids relative to buds that experienced lower chill. Similarly, buds exposed to greater chill exhibited higher levels of many amino acids and dipeptides, and nucleotides and nucleotide phosphates than those exposed to lower chilling hours. Low chill buds (IN) subjected to ERGER treatment exhibited shifts in metabolite profiles similar to those resembling high chill buds that were evident as soon as 3 days after treatment. We hypothesise that chilling induces a metabolic shift which primes bud outgrowth by mobilising lipophilic energy reserves, enhancing phosphate availability by switching from membrane phospholipids to galactolipids and enhancing the availability of free amino acids for de novo protein synthesis by increasing protein turnover. Our results additionally suggest that ERGER acts at least in part by priming metabolism for bud outgrowth. Finally, the metabolic differences presented highlight the potential for developing biochemical markers for dormancy status providing an alternative to time-consuming forcing experiments.

本研究揭示了黑加仑芽(Ribes nigrum L., cv. Ben Klibreck)中亲水性和亲油性化合物的含量和组成的显著差异,这是在使用 ERGER(一种用于促进均匀破蕾的生物刺激剂)处理后,因冬季寒冷或化学休眠释放而产生的结果。相对于在塑料薄膜下生长而经历冬季寒冷的花蕾而言,暴露于冬季严寒的花蕾在代谢物谱中表现出广泛的变化。具体来说,与经历低度寒冷的花蕾相比,大面积寒冷导致贮藏脂和磷脂显著减少,半乳糖脂增加。同样,与冷冻时间较短的芽相比,冷冻时间较长的芽中许多氨基酸和二肽以及核苷酸和核苷酸磷酸盐的含量更高。经 ERGER 处理的低寒冷芽(IN)表现出与高寒冷芽相似的代谢物特征变化,这种变化在处理后三天就很明显。我们推测,冷冻诱导了一种代谢转变,这种转变通过调动亲脂性能量储备、通过从膜磷脂转向半乳糖脂来提高磷酸盐的可用性,以及通过提高蛋白质周转来提高用于新蛋白质合成的游离氨基酸的可用性来促进芽的生长。我们的研究结果还表明,ERGER 至少在一定程度上为芽的生长启动了新陈代谢。最后,这些代谢差异凸显了开发休眠状态生化标记的潜力,为耗时的强制实验提供了替代方案。
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引用次数: 0
1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase as target for anti Toxoplasma gondii agents: crystal structure, biochemical characterization and biological evaluation of inhibitors. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) as target for anti Toxoplasma gondii agents: crystal structure, bihemical characterisation and biological evaluation of inhibitors.
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20240110
Flaminia Mazzone, Astrid Hoeppner, Jens Reiners, Christoph G W Gertzen, Violetta Applegate, Mona A Abdullaziz, Julia Gottstein, Daniel Degrandi, Martina Wesemann, Thomas Kurz, Sander H J Smits, Klaus Pfeffer

Toxoplasma gondii is a widely distributed apicomplexan parasite causing toxoplasmosis, a critical health issue for immunocompromised individuals and for congenitally infected foetuses. Current treatment options are limited in number and associated with severe side effects. Thus, novel anti-toxoplasma agents need to be identified and developed. 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) is considered the rate-limiting enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway for the biosynthesis of the isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate in the parasite, and has been previously investigated for its key role as a novel drug target in some species, encompassing Plasmodia, Mycobacteria and Escherichia coli. In this study, we present the first crystal structure of T. gondii DXR (TgDXR) in a tertiary complex with the inhibitor fosmidomycin and the cofactor NADPH in dimeric conformation at 2.5 Å resolution revealing the inhibitor binding mode. In addition, we biologically characterize reverse α-phenyl-β-thia and β-oxa fosmidomycin analogues and show that some derivatives are strong inhibitors of TgDXR which also, in contrast with fosmidomycin, inhibit the growth of T. gondii in vitro. Here, ((3,4-dichlorophenyl)((2-(hydroxy(methyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)thio)methyl)phosphonic acid was identified as the most potent anti T. gondii compound. These findings will enable the future design and development of more potent anti-toxoplasma DXR inhibitors.

刚地弓形虫是一种广泛分布的 apicomplexan 寄生虫,可引起弓形虫病,对免疫力低下的人和先天感染的胎儿来说是一个严重的健康问题。目前的治疗方案数量有限,并伴有严重的副作用。因此,需要确定和开发新型抗弓形虫药物。1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase(DXR)被认为是寄生虫体内异戊烯基焦磷酸酯(IPP)和二甲基烯丙基二磷酸酯(DMAPP)生物合成非甲羟戊酸途径中的限速酶。在本研究中,我们首次以 2.5 Å 的分辨率展示了淋球菌 DXR(TgDXR)与抑制剂磷霉素和辅助因子 NADPH 以二聚体构象形成的三级复合物的晶体结构,揭示了抑制剂的结合模式。此外,我们还对 α-苯基-ß-噻和-oxa 反向磷霉素类似物进行了生物学表征,结果表明一些衍生物是 TgDXR 的强抑制剂,与磷霉素相反,它们在体外也能抑制淋球菌的生长。其中,((3,4-二氯苯基)((2-(羟基(甲基)氨基)-2-氧代乙基)硫)甲基)膦酸被确定为最有效的抗淋球菌化合物。这些发现将有助于今后设计和开发更有效的抗弓形虫 DXR 抑制剂。
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引用次数: 0
Insights into the mechanisms driven by H3K4 KMTs in pancreatic cancer. 洞察胰腺癌中 H3K4 KMTs 的驱动机制。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230374
Kayla C LaRue-Nolan, Glancis Luzeena Raja Arul, Ashley N Sigafoos, Jiaqi Shi, Martin E Fernandez-Zapico

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy arising from the endocrine or exocrine compartment of this organ. Tumors from exocrine origin comprise over 90% of all pancreatic cancers diagnosed. Of these, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common histological subtype. The five-year survival rate for PDAC ranged between 5 and 9% for over four decades, and only recently saw a modest increase to ∼12-13%, making this a severe and lethal disease. Like other cancers, PDAC initiation stems from genetic changes. However, therapeutic targeting of PDAC genetic drivers has remained relatively unsuccessful, thus the focus in recent years has expanded to the non-genetic factors underlying the disease pathogenesis. Specifically, it has been proposed that dynamic changes in the epigenetic landscape promote tumor growth and metastasis. Emphasis has been given to the re-organization of enhancers, essential regulatory elements controlling oncogenic gene expression, commonly marked my histone 3 lysine 4 monomethylation (H3K4me1). H3K4me1 is typically deposited by histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs). While well characterized as oncogenes in other cancer types, recent work has expanded the role of KMTs as tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer. Here, we review the role and translational significance for PDAC development and therapeutics of KMTs.

胰腺癌是由该器官的内分泌或外分泌区引起的恶性肿瘤。在所有确诊的胰腺癌中,来自外分泌的肿瘤占 90% 以上。其中,胰腺导管腺癌(PDAC)是最常见的组织学亚型。四十多年来,PDAC 的五年存活率在 5% 到 9% 之间,直到最近才略有上升,达到 12% 到 13%,是一种严重的致命疾病。与其他癌症一样,PDAC 的发病源于基因变化。然而,针对 PDAC 遗传驱动因素的治疗相对来说仍不成功,因此近年来的研究重点已扩展到疾病发病机制的非遗传因素。具体来说,有人提出,表观遗传景观的动态变化促进了肿瘤的生长和转移。增强子是控制致癌基因表达的重要调控元件,通常以组蛋白 3 赖氨酸 4 单甲基化(H3K4me1)为标志。H3K4me1 通常由组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶(KMTs)沉积。虽然 KMTs 在其他癌症类型中具有致癌基因的特征,但最近的研究工作扩大了 KMTs 在胰腺癌中作为肿瘤抑制因子的作用。在此,我们回顾了 KMTs 在胰腺癌发展和治疗中的作用和转化意义。
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引用次数: 0
Thermoregulated transcriptomics: the molecular basis and biological significance of temperature-dependent alternative splicing. 温度调节转录组学:温度依赖性替代剪接的分子基础和生物学意义。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230410
Tom Haltenhof, Marco Preußner, Florian Heyd

Temperature-dependent alternative splicing (AS) is a crucial mechanism for organisms to adapt to varying environmental temperatures. In mammals, even slight fluctuations in body temperature are sufficient to drive significant AS changes in a concerted manner. This dynamic regulation allows organisms to finely tune gene expression and protein isoform diversity in response to temperature cues, ensuring proper cellular function and physiological adaptation. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-dependent AS thus provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between environmental stimuli and gene expression regulation. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in understanding temperature-regulated AS across various biological processes and systems. We will discuss the machinery sensing and translating temperature cues into changed AS patterns, the adaptation of the splicing regulatory machinery to extreme temperatures, the role of temperature-dependent AS in shaping the transcriptome, functional implications and the development of potential therapeutics targeting temperature-sensitive AS pathways.

温度依赖性替代剪接(AS)是生物适应不同环境温度的重要机制。在哺乳动物中,即使是体温的轻微波动也足以以协同的方式驱动AS发生重大变化。这种动态调控使生物能够根据温度线索精细调整基因表达和蛋白质同工酶的多样性,从而确保细胞的正常功能和生理适应。因此,了解温度依赖性 AS 的分子机制可为了解环境刺激与基因表达调控之间错综复杂的相互作用提供宝贵的见解。在这篇综述中,我们将概述最近在理解各种生物过程和系统的温度调控AS方面取得的进展。我们将讨论感知温度线索并将其转化为变化的 AS 模式的机制、剪接调控机制对极端温度的适应性、温度依赖性 AS 在塑造转录组方面的作用、功能影响以及针对温度敏感性 AS 通路的潜在疗法的开发。
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引用次数: 0
Regulation of Rubisco activity by interaction with chloroplast metabolites. 通过与叶绿体代谢物的相互作用调节 Rubisco 的活性。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20240209
Ana K M Lobo, Douglas J Orr, Elizabete Carmo-Silva

Rubisco activity is highly regulated and frequently limits carbon assimilation in crop plants. In the chloroplast, various metabolites can inhibit or modulate Rubisco activity by binding to its catalytic or allosteric sites, but this regulation is complex and still poorly understood. Using rice Rubisco, we characterised the impact of various chloroplast metabolites which could interact with Rubisco and modulate its activity, including photorespiratory intermediates, carbohydrates, amino acids; as well as specific sugar-phosphates known to inhibit Rubisco activity - CABP (2-carboxy-d-arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate) and CA1P (2-carboxy-d-arabinitol 1-phosphate) through in vitro enzymatic assays and molecular docking analysis. Most metabolites did not directly affect Rubisco in vitro activity under both saturating and limiting concentrations of Rubisco substrates, CO2 and RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate). As expected, Rubisco activity was strongly inhibited in the presence of CABP and CA1P. High physiologically relevant concentrations of the carboxylation product 3-PGA (3-phosphoglyceric acid) decreased Rubisco activity by up to 30%. High concentrations of the photosynthetically derived hexose phosphates fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) and glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) slightly reduced Rubisco activity under limiting CO2 and RuBP concentrations. Biochemical measurements of the apparent Vmax and Km for CO2 and RuBP (at atmospheric O2 concentration) and docking interactions analysis suggest that CABP/CA1P and 3-PGA inhibit Rubisco activity by binding tightly and loosely, respectively, to its catalytic sites (i.e. competing with the substrate RuBP). These findings will aid the design and biochemical modelling of new strategies to improve the regulation of Rubisco activity and enhance the efficiency and sustainability of carbon assimilation in rice.

Rubisco 的活性受到高度调控,经常限制作物的碳同化。在叶绿体中,各种代谢物可通过与 Rubisco 的催化位点或异生位点结合来抑制或调节 Rubisco 的活性,但这种调节非常复杂,人们对其了解甚少。我们利用水稻 Rubisco,通过体外酶促实验和分子对接分析,研究了可能与 Rubisco 发生相互作用并调节其活性的各种叶绿体代谢物的影响,包括光呼吸中间产物、碳水化合物、氨基酸,以及已知会抑制 Rubisco 活性的特定糖磷酸盐--CABP(2-羧基-D-阿拉伯糖醇 1,5-二磷酸)和 CA1P(2-羧基-D-阿拉伯糖醇 1-磷酸)。在 Rubisco 底物 CO2 和 RuBP(核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸)的饱和浓度和极限浓度下,大多数代谢物都不会直接影响 Rubisco 的体外活性。不出所料,Rubisco 的活性在 CABP 和 CA1P 的存在下受到强烈抑制。与生理相关的高浓度羧化产物 3-PGA(3-磷酸甘油酸)会使 Rubisco 活性降低达 30%。在限制 CO2 和 RuBP 浓度的条件下,高浓度的光合衍生六糖磷酸果糖(F6P)和六糖磷酸葡萄糖(G6P)会略微降低 Rubisco 的活性。对 CO2 和 RuBP(在大气氧气浓度下)的表观 Vmax 和 Km 的生化测量以及对接相互作用分析表明,CABP/CA1P 和 3-PGA 分别通过与 Rubisco 的催化位点紧密结合和松散结合(即与底物 RuBP 竞争)来抑制 Rubisco 的活性。这些发现将有助于设计新策略和建立生物化学模型,以改善 Rubisco 活性的调控,提高水稻碳同化的效率和可持续性。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution and maintenance of mtDNA gene content across eukaryotes. 真核生物中 mtDNA 基因含量的进化和保持。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230415
Shibani Veeraragavan, Maria Johansen, Iain G Johnston

Across eukaryotes, most genes required for mitochondrial function have been transferred to, or otherwise acquired by, the nucleus. Encoding genes in the nucleus has many advantages. So why do mitochondria retain any genes at all? Why does the set of mtDNA genes vary so much across different species? And how do species maintain functionality in the mtDNA genes they do retain? In this review, we will discuss some possible answers to these questions, attempting a broad perspective across eukaryotes. We hope to cover some interesting features which may be less familiar from the perspective of particular species, including the ubiquity of recombination outside bilaterian animals, encrypted chainmail-like mtDNA, single genes split over multiple mtDNA chromosomes, triparental inheritance, gene transfer by grafting, gain of mtDNA recombination factors, social networks of mitochondria, and the role of mtDNA dysfunction in feeding the world. We will discuss a unifying picture where organismal ecology and gene-specific features together influence whether organism X retains mtDNA gene Y, and where ecology and development together determine which strategies, importantly including recombination, are used to maintain the mtDNA genes that are retained.

在真核生物中,线粒体功能所需的大多数基因都转移到了细胞核中,或由细胞核以其他方式获得。在细胞核中编码基因有很多好处。那么,为什么线粒体会保留任何基因呢?为什么不同物种的 mtDNA 基因组差异如此之大?物种又是如何保持它们所保留的 mtDNA 基因的功能性的呢?在这篇综述中,我们将讨论这些问题的一些可能答案,并尝试从真核生物的广泛视角进行探讨。我们希望能涵盖一些从特定物种的角度来看可能不太熟悉的有趣特征,包括重组在两栖动物之外无处不在、加密的链锁状 mtDNA、多个 mtDNA 染色体上分裂的单基因、三亲遗传、通过嫁接进行的基因转移、mtDNA 重组因子的增益、线粒体的社会网络以及 mtDNA 功能障碍在养活世界方面的作用。我们将讨论这样一幅统一的图景:生物生态学和基因特异性特征共同影响生物体X是否保留mtDNA基因Y,生态学和发育共同决定采用哪些策略(主要包括重组)来维持保留下来的mtDNA基因。
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引用次数: 0
E3 ligases: a ubiquitous link between DNA repair, DNA replication and human disease. E3 连接酶:DNA 修复、DNA 复制和人类疾病之间无处不在的联系。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20240124
Anoop S Chauhan, Satpal S Jhujh, Grant S Stewart

Maintenance of genome stability is of paramount importance for the survival of an organism. However, genomic integrity is constantly being challenged by various endogenous and exogenous processes that damage DNA. Therefore, cells are heavily reliant on DNA repair pathways that have evolved to deal with every type of genotoxic insult that threatens to compromise genome stability. Notably, inherited mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in these protective pathways trigger the onset of disease that is driven by chromosome instability e.g. neurodevelopmental abnormalities, neurodegeneration, premature ageing, immunodeficiency and cancer development. The ability of cells to regulate the recruitment of specific DNA repair proteins to sites of DNA damage is extremely complex but is primarily mediated by protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). Ubiquitylation is one such PTM, which controls genome stability by regulating protein localisation, protein turnover, protein-protein interactions and intra-cellular signalling. Over the past two decades, numerous ubiquitin (Ub) E3 ligases have been identified to play a crucial role not only in the initiation of DNA replication and DNA damage repair but also in the efficient termination of these processes. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how different Ub E3 ligases (RNF168, TRAIP, HUWE1, TRIP12, FANCL, BRCA1, RFWD3) function to regulate DNA repair and replication and the pathological consequences arising from inheriting deleterious mutations that compromise the Ub-dependent DNA damage response.

保持基因组的稳定性对生物体的生存至关重要。然而,基因组的完整性不断受到各种损伤 DNA 的内源性和外源性过程的挑战。因此,细胞在很大程度上依赖于 DNA 修复途径,这些途径已经进化到可以应对各种可能危及基因组稳定性的基因毒性损伤。值得注意的是,编码参与这些保护途径的蛋白质的基因发生遗传突变,会引发染色体不稳定所导致的疾病,如神经发育异常、神经变性、早衰、免疫缺陷和癌症。细胞调控特定 DNA 修复蛋白招募到 DNA 损伤位点的能力极其复杂,但主要由蛋白质翻译后修饰(PTM)介导。泛素化就是这样一种 PTM,它通过调节蛋白质定位、蛋白质周转、蛋白质间相互作用和细胞内信号传导来控制基因组稳定性。在过去二十年中,已经发现了许多泛素(Ub)E3 连接酶,它们不仅在 DNA 复制和 DNA 损伤修复的启动过程中发挥着关键作用,而且在这些过程的有效终止过程中也发挥着关键作用。在这篇综述中,我们将讨论我们目前对不同 Ub E3 连接酶(RNF168、TRAIP、HUWE1、TRIP12、FANCL、BRCA1、RFWD3)如何发挥调节 DNA 修复和复制功能的理解,以及因遗传有害突变而损害 Ub 依赖性 DNA 损伤反应所产生的病理后果。
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引用次数: 0
Biophysical and structural analyses of the interaction between the SHANK1 PDZ domain and an internal SLiM. SHANK1 PDZ 域与内部 SLiM 之间相互作用的生物物理和结构分析。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20240126
Yue Li, Chi H Trinh, Amanda Acevedo-Jake, Diana Gimenez, Stuart L Warriner, Andrew J Wilson

The PDZ (Postsynaptic density protein-95[PSD-95]/Discs-large) domain, prevalent as a recognition module, has attracted significant attention given its ability to specifically recognize ligands with consensus motifs (also termed PDZ binding motifs [PBMs]). PBMs typically bear a C-terminal carboxylate as a recognition handle and have been extensively characterized, whilst internal ligands are less well known. Here we characterize a short linear motif (SLiM) - EESTSFQGP - as an internal PBM based on its strong binding affinity towards the SHANK1 PDZ domain (SHANK1656-762 hereafter referred to as SHANK1). Using the acetylated analogue Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 as a competitor for the interaction of SHANK1 with FAM-Ahx-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 or a typical fluorophore-labelled C-terminal PBM - GKAP - FITC-Ahx-EAQTRL-COOH - the internal SLiM was demonstrated to show comparable low-micromolar IC50 by competition fluorescent anisotropy. To gain further insight into the internal ligand interaction at the molecular level, we obtained the X-ray co-crystal structure of the Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2/SHANK1 complex and compared this to the Ac-EAQTRL-COOH/SHANK1 complex. The crystallographic studies reveal that the SHANK1 backbones for the two interactions overlap significantly. The main structural differences were shown to result from the flexible loops which reorganize to accommodate the two PBMs with distinct lengths and terminal groups. In addition, the two C-terminal residues Gly and Pro in Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 were shown not to participate in interaction with the target protein, implying further truncation and structural modification using peptidomimetic approaches on this sequence may be feasible. Taken together, the SLiM Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 holds potential as an internal ligand for targeting SHANK1.

PDZ(突触后密度蛋白-95[PSD-95]/Discs-large)结构域是一种识别模块,由于它能够特异性地识别具有共识基调(也称为 PDZ 结合基调 [PBM])的配体,因此备受关注。PBM 通常以 C 端羧酸盐作为识别柄,并已被广泛表征,而内部配体则鲜为人知。在这里,我们根据短线性基团(SLiM)--EESTSFQGP--与 SHANK1 PDZ 结构域(SHANK1656-762,以下简称 SHANK1)的强结合亲和力,将其表征为内部 PBM。使用乙酰化类似物 Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 作为 SHANK1 与 FAM-Ahx-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 或典型的荧光团标记的 C 端 PBM(GKAP-FITC-Ahx-EAQTRL-COOH)相互作用的竞争物,通过竞争荧光各向异性(FA)证明内部 SLiM 显示出相似的低微摩尔 IC50。为了进一步了解内部配体在分子水平上的相互作用,我们获得了 Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2/SHANK1 复合物的 X 射线共晶体结构,并将其与 Ac-EAQTRL-COOH/SHANK1 复合物进行了比较。晶体学研究显示,这两种相互作用的 SHANK1 主干有明显重叠。主要的结构差异来自于柔性环,这些柔性环重组以容纳两个具有不同长度和末端基团的 PBM。此外,Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 中的两个 C 端残基 Gly 和 Pro 未参与与目标蛋白的相互作用,这意味着使用拟肽方法对该序列进行进一步截短和结构修饰是可行的。综上所述,SLiM Ac-EESTSFQGP-CONH2 有潜力成为靶向 SHANK1 的内部配体。
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引用次数: 0
The C-terminal sequences of Bcl-2 family proteins mediate interactions that regulate cell death. Bcl-2 家族蛋白的 C 端序列介导着调节细胞死亡的相互作用。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20210352
Dang Nguyen, Elizabeth Osterlund, Justin Kale, David W Andrews

Programmed cell death via the both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways is regulated by interactions of the Bcl-2 family protein members that determine whether the cell commits to apoptosis via mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Recently the conserved C-terminal sequences (CTSs) that mediate localization of Bcl-2 family proteins to intracellular membranes, have been shown to have additional protein-protein binding functions that contribute to the functions of these proteins in regulating MOMP. Here we review the pivotal role of CTSs in Bcl-2 family interactions including: (1) homotypic interactions between the pro-apoptotic executioner proteins that cause MOMP, (2) heterotypic interactions between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins that prevent MOMP, and (3) heterotypic interactions between the pro-apoptotic executioner proteins and the pro-apoptotic direct activator proteins that promote MOMP.

细胞通过内在和外在途径的程序性死亡是由 Bcl-2 家族蛋白成员的相互作用调控的,这种相互作用决定了细胞是否通过线粒体外膜通透性(MOMP)进入凋亡。最近的研究表明,介导 Bcl-2 家族蛋白定位到细胞内膜的保守 C 端序列(CTS)具有额外的蛋白-蛋白结合功能,有助于这些蛋白发挥调节 MOMP 的功能。在此,我们回顾了 CTS 在 Bcl-2 家族相互作用中的关键作用,包括:(1)导致 MOMP 的促凋亡执行蛋白之间的同型相互作用;(2)阻止 MOMP 的促凋亡和抗凋亡蛋白之间的异型相互作用;以及(3)促进 MOMP 的促凋亡执行蛋白和促凋亡直接激活蛋白之间的异型相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Charting the importance of filamin A posttranslational modifications. 描绘丝胺 A 翻译后修饰的重要性。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20240121
Kyle D Shead, Veneta Salyahetdinova, George S Baillie

Filamin A is an essential protein in the cell cytoskeleton because of its actin binding properties and unique homodimer rod-shaped structure, which organises actin into three-dimensional orthogonal networks imperative to cell motility, spreading and adhesion. Filamin A is subject to extensive posttranslational modification (PTM) which serves to co-ordinate cellular architecture and to modulate its large protein-protein interaction network which is key to the protein's role as a cellular signalling hub. Characterised PTMs include phosphorylation, irreversible cleavage, ubiquitin mediated degradation, hydroxylation and O-GlcNAcylation, with preliminary evidence of tyrosylation, carbonylation and acetylation. Each modification and its relation to filamin A function will be described here. These modifications are often aberrantly applied in a range of diseases including, but not limited to, cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological disease and we discuss the concept of target specific PTMs with novel therapeutic modalities. In summary, our review represents a topical 'one-stop-shop' that enables understanding of filamin A function in cell homeostasis and provides insight into how a variety of modifications add an extra level of Filamin A control.

丝胶 A 是细胞细胞骨架中的一种重要蛋白质,因为它具有肌动蛋白结合特性和独特的同源二聚体杆状结构,能将肌动蛋白组织成三维正交网络,对细胞的运动、扩散和粘附至关重要。丝胶蛋白 A 受到广泛的翻译后修饰 (PTM),这有助于协调细胞结构,调节其庞大的蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络,而这正是丝胶蛋白发挥细胞信号枢纽作用的关键所在。已确定的 PTM 包括磷酸化、不可逆裂解、泛素介导的降解、羟基化和 O-GlcNAcylation,还有酪氨酸化、羰基化和乙酰化的初步证据。这里将介绍每种修饰及其与丝胺 A 功能的关系。这些修饰通常在一系列疾病中异常应用,包括但不限于癌症、心血管疾病和神经系统疾病,我们将讨论具有新型治疗模式的靶向特异性 PTMs 概念。总之,我们的综述是专题性的 "一站式服务",有助于了解丝胺 A 在细胞稳态中的功能,并深入探讨各种修饰如何增加丝胺 A 的额外控制水平。
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