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Loss of the methylarginine reader function of SND1 confers resistance to hepatocellular carcinoma. SND1甲基精氨酸读写器功能的丧失赋予了对肝细胞癌的耐药性。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230384
Tanner Wright, Yalong Wang, Sabrina A Stratton, Manu Sebastian, Bin Liu, David G Johnson, Mark T Bedford

Staphylococcal nuclease Tudor domain containing 1 (SND1) protein is an oncogene that 'reads' methylarginine marks through its Tudor domain. Specifically, it recognizes methylation marks deposited by protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5), which is also known to promote tumorigenesis. Although SND1 can drive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), it is unclear whether the SND1 Tudor domain is needed to promote HCC. We sought to identify the biological role of the SND1 Tudor domain in normal and tumorigenic settings by developing two genetically engineered SND1 mouse models, an Snd1 knockout (Snd1 KO) and an Snd1 Tudor domain-mutated (Snd1 KI) mouse, whose mutant SND1 can no longer recognize PRMT5-catalyzed methylarginine marks. Quantitative PCR analysis of normal, KO, and KI liver samples revealed a role for the SND1 Tudor domain in regulating the expression of genes encoding major acute phase proteins, which could provide mechanistic insight into SND1 function in a tumor setting. Prior studies indicated that ectopic overexpression of SND1 in the mouse liver dramatically accelerates the development of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. Thus, we tested the combined effects of DEN and SND1 loss or mutation on the development of HCC. We found that both Snd1 KO and Snd1 KI mice were partially protected against malignant tumor development following exposure to DEN. These results support the development of small molecule inhibitors that target the SND1 Tudor domain or the use of upstream PRMT5 inhibitors, as novel treatments for HCC.

含有1(SND1)蛋白的葡萄球菌核酸酶都铎结构域是一种通过其都铎结构区“读取”甲基精氨酸标记的致癌基因。具体来说,它识别精氨酸甲基转移酶5(PRMT5)蛋白沉积的甲基化标记,众所周知,PRMT5蛋白也能促进肿瘤发生。尽管SND1可以驱动肝细胞癌(HCC),但尚不清楚是否需要SND1都铎结构域来促进HCC。我们试图通过开发两种基因工程SND1小鼠模型,即SND1敲除(SND1 KO)和SND1都铎结构域突变(SND1 KI)小鼠来确定SND1都铎结构区在正常和致瘤环境中的生物学作用,其突变体SND1不再能识别PRMT5催化的甲基精氨酸标记。对正常、KO和KI肝脏样本的定量PCR分析揭示了SND1都铎结构域在调节编码主要急性期蛋白的基因表达中的作用,这可以为SND1在肿瘤环境中的功能提供机制见解。先前的研究表明,小鼠肝脏中SND1的异位过表达显著加速了二乙基亚硝胺(DEN)诱导的HCC的发展。因此,我们测试了DEN和SND1缺失或突变对HCC发展的联合作用。我们发现,暴露于DEN后,Snd1 KO和Snd1 KI小鼠对恶性肿瘤的发展都有部分保护作用。这些结果支持开发靶向SND1都铎结构域的小分子抑制剂或使用上游PRMT5抑制剂作为HCC的新治疗方法。
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引用次数: 0
Plant adaptation to climate change. 植物对气候变化的适应。
IF 4.1 3区 生物学 Q2 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2023-11-29 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20220580
Christine H Foyer, Ilse Kranner

Plants are vital to human health and well-being, as well as helping to protect the environment against the negative impacts of climate change. They are an essential part of the 'One Health' strategy that seeks to balance and optimize the health of people, animals and the environment. Crucially, plants are central to nature-based solutions to climate mitigation, not least because soil carbon storage is an attractive strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and the associated climate change. Agriculture depends on genetically pure, high-quality seeds that are free from pests and pathogens and contain a required degree of genetic purity. This themed collection addresses key questions in the field encompassing the biochemical mechanisms that underlie plant responses and adaptations to a changing climate. This collection encompasses an analysis of the biochemistry and molecular mechanisms underpinning crop and forest resilience, together with considerations of plant adaptations to climate change-associated stresses, including drought, floods and heatwaves, and the increased threats posed by pathogens and pests.

植物对人类健康和福祉至关重要,并有助于保护环境免受气候变化的负面影响。它们是“同一个健康”战略的重要组成部分,旨在平衡和优化人、动物和环境的健康。至关重要的是,植物是基于自然的气候缓解解决方案的核心,尤其是因为土壤碳储存是缓解温室气体排放和相关气候变化的一项有吸引力的战略。农业依赖于基因纯净的高质量种子,这些种子没有害虫和病原体,并含有所需程度的基因纯度。这个主题集解决了该领域的关键问题,包括植物对气候变化的反应和适应的生化机制。该资料集包括对支持作物和森林恢复力的生物化学和分子机制的分析,以及对植物适应气候变化相关压力的考虑,包括干旱、洪水和热浪,以及病原体和害虫造成的日益严重的威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) does not mediate disease progression in a mouse model of liver fibrosis. 白三烯B4受体1 (BLT1)在小鼠肝纤维化模型中不介导疾病进展。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230422
Erin Coyne, Yilin Nie, Desiree Abdurrachim, Charlene Lin Zhi Ong, Yongqi Zhou, Asad Abu Bakar Ali, Stacey Meyers, Jeff Grein, Wendy Blumenschein, Brendan Gongol, Yang Liu, Cedric Lorenz Hugelshofer, Ester Carballo-Jane, Saswata Talukdar

MASH is a prevalent liver disease that can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and ultimately death, but there are no approved therapies. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent pro-inflammatory chemoattractant that drives macrophage and neutrophil chemotaxis, and genetic loss or inhibition of its high affinity receptor, leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1), results in improved insulin sensitivity and decreased hepatic steatosis. To validate the therapeutic efficacy of BLT1 inhibition in an inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mouse model of MASH and fibrosis, mice were challenged with a choline-deficient, L-amino acid defined high fat diet and treated with a BLT1 antagonist at 30 or 90 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Liver function, histology, and gene expression were evaluated at the end of the study. Treatment with the BLT1 antagonist significantly reduced plasma lipids and liver steatosis but had no impact on liver injury biomarkers or histological endpoints such as inflammation, ballooning, or fibrosis compared to control. Artificial intelligence-powered digital pathology analysis revealed a significant reduction in steatosis co-localized fibrosis in livers treated with the BLT1 antagonist. Liver RNA-seq and pathway analyses revealed significant changes in fatty acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosanoid metabolic pathways with BLT1 antagonist treatment, however, these changes were not sufficient to impact inflammation and fibrosis endpoints. Targeting this LTB4-BLT1 axis with a small molecule inhibitor in animal models of chronic liver disease should be considered with caution, and additional studies are warranted to understand the mechanistic nuances of BLT1 inhibition in the context of MASH and liver fibrosis.

MASH是一种常见的肝脏疾病,可发展为纤维化、肝硬化、肝细胞癌(HCC),并最终导致死亡,但目前尚无批准的治疗方法。白三烯B4 (LTB4)是一种有效的促炎化学引诱剂,可驱动巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞趋化,其高亲和受体白三烯B4受体1 (BLT1)的遗传缺失或抑制可改善胰岛素敏感性和减少肝脂肪变性。为了验证BLT1抑制在炎症和促纤维化小鼠MASH和纤维化模型中的治疗效果,研究人员用胆碱缺乏、l -氨基酸定义的高脂肪饮食刺激小鼠,并用BLT1拮抗剂(30或90 mg/kg)治疗8周。在研究结束时评估肝功能、组织学和基因表达。与对照组相比,BLT1拮抗剂治疗显著降低了血浆脂质和肝脏脂肪变性,但对肝损伤生物标志物或组织学终点(如炎症、水肿或纤维化)没有影响。人工智能驱动的数字病理学分析显示,使用BLT1拮抗剂治疗的肝脏脂肪变性共定位纤维化显著减少。肝脏RNA-seq和途径分析显示,BLT1拮抗剂治疗后,脂肪酸、花生四烯酸和类二十烷代谢途径发生了显著变化,然而,这些变化不足以影响炎症和纤维化终点。在慢性肝病动物模型中使用小分子抑制剂靶向LTB4-BLT1轴应该谨慎考虑,并且需要进一步的研究来了解在MASH和肝纤维化背景下BLT1抑制的机制细微差别。
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引用次数: 0
Targeting bacterial degradation machinery as an antibacterial strategy. 将细菌降解机制作为一种抗菌策略。
IF 4.1 3区 生物学 Q2 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230191
Radoslav Petkov, Amy H Camp, Rivka L Isaacson, James H Torpey

The exploitation of a cell's natural degradation machinery for therapeutic purposes is an exciting research area in its infancy with respect to bacteria. Here, we review current strategies targeting the ClpCP system, which is a proteolytic degradation complex essential in the biology of many bacterial species of scientific interest. Strategies include using natural product antibiotics or acyldepsipeptides to initiate the up- or down-regulation of ClpCP activity. We also examine exciting recent forays into BacPROTACs to trigger the degradation of specific proteins of interest through the hijacking of the ClpCP machinery. These strategies represent an important emerging avenue for combatting antimicrobial resistance.

利用细胞的自然降解机制进行治疗是细菌研究的一个令人兴奋的领域。在这里,我们回顾了目前针对ClpCP系统的策略,ClpCP是一种蛋白水解降解复合物,在许多具有科学意义的细菌物种的生物学中至关重要。策略包括使用天然产物抗生素或酰基多肽来启动ClpCP活性的上调或下调。我们还研究了最近对BacPROTAC的令人兴奋的尝试,通过劫持ClpCP机制来触发感兴趣的特定蛋白质的降解。这些策略代表了对抗抗微生物耐药性的一个重要的新兴途径。
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引用次数: 0
Biochemical investigations of polyphenol degradation enzymes in the phototrophic bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus. 凝胶状嗜光细菌Rubrivivax多酚降解酶的生化研究。
IF 4.1 3区 生物学 Q2 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230387
Mengyu Cui, Yifeng Wei, Jason Tan, Tong Li, Xinan Jiao, Yan Zhou

Phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene) is an important intermediate in the degradation of flavonoids and tannins by anaerobic bacteria. Recent studies have shed light on the enzymatic mechanism of phloroglucinol degradation in butyrate-forming anaerobic bacteria, including environmental and intestinal bacteria such as Clostridium and Flavonifractor sp. Phloroglucinol degradation gene clusters have also been identified in other metabolically diverse bacteria, although the polyphenol metabolism of these microorganisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we describe biochemical studies of polyphenol degradation enzymes found in the purple non-sulfur bacterium Rubrivivax gelatinosus IL144, an anaerobic photoheterotroph reported to utilize diverse organic compounds as carbon sources for growth. In addition to the phloroglucinol reductase and dihydrophloroglucinol cyclohydrolase that catalyze phloroglucinol degradation, we characterize a Mn2+-dependent phloretin hydrolase that catalyzes the cleavage of phloretin into phloroglucinol and phloretic acid. We also report a Mn2+-dependent decarboxylase (DeC) that catalyzes the reversible decarboxylation of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate to form phloroglucinol. A bioinformatics search led to the identification of DeC homologs in diverse soil and gut bacteria, and biochemical studies of a DeC homolog from the human gut bacterium Flavonifractor plautii demonstrated that it is also a 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase. Our study expands the range of enzymatic mechanisms for phloroglucinol formation, and provides further biochemical insight into polyphenol metabolism in the anaerobic biosphere.

间苯三酚(1,3,5-三羟基苯)是厌氧菌降解类黄酮和单宁的重要中间体。最近的研究揭示了间苯三酚在形成丁酸的厌氧细菌中降解的酶机制,包括环境和肠道细菌,如梭状芽孢杆菌和Flavonifractor sp.。在其他代谢多样的细菌中也发现了苯三酚降解基因簇,尽管这些微生物的多酚代谢在很大程度上仍未被探索。在这里,我们描述了在紫色非硫细菌Rubrivivax gelinanosus IL144中发现的多酚降解酶的生化研究,该细菌是一种厌氧光异养生物,据报道利用多种有机化合物作为碳源进行生长。除了催化间三酚降解的间三酚还原酶和二氢间三酚环水解酶外,我们还表征了一种Mn2+依赖性间三酚水解酶,它催化间三醇裂解为间三酚和间苯甲酸。我们还报道了一种Mn2+依赖性脱羧酶(DeC),它催化2,4,6-三羟基苯甲酸酯的可逆脱羧形成间苯三酚。通过生物信息学搜索,在不同的土壤和肠道细菌中鉴定了DeC同源物,对人类肠道细菌Flavonifractor plautii的DeC同系物的生化研究表明,它也是一种2,4,6-三羟基苯甲酸脱羧酶。我们的研究扩大了间苯三酚形成的酶机制的范围,并为厌氧生物圈中多酚代谢提供了进一步的生化见解。
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引用次数: 0
Interactions of mitochondrial and skeletal muscle biology in mitochondrial myopathy. 线粒体肌病中线粒体和骨骼肌生物学的相互作用。
IF 4.1 3区 生物学 Q2 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20220233
Valeria Di Leo, Tiago M Bernardino Gomes, Amy E Vincent

Mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle fibres occurs with both healthy aging and a range of neuromuscular diseases. The impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle and the way muscle fibres adapt to this dysfunction is important to understand disease mechanisms and to develop therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, interactions between mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle biology, in mitochondrial myopathy, likely have important implications for normal muscle function and physiology. In this review, we will try to give an overview of what is known to date about these interactions including metabolic remodelling, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial turnover, cellular processes and muscle cell structure and function. Each of these topics is at a different stage of understanding, with some being well researched and understood, and others in their infancy. Furthermore, some of what we know comes from disease models. Whilst some findings are confirmed in humans, where this is not yet the case, we must be cautious in interpreting findings in the context of human muscle and disease. Here, our goal is to discuss what is known, highlight what is unknown and give a perspective on the future direction of research in this area.

骨骼肌纤维线粒体功能障碍发生在健康衰老和一系列神经肌肉疾病中。骨骼肌线粒体功能障碍的影响以及肌纤维适应这种功能障碍的方式对于了解疾病机制和开发治疗干预措施非常重要。此外,在线粒体肌病中,线粒体功能障碍和骨骼肌生物学之间的相互作用可能对正常肌肉功能和生理有重要影响。在这篇综述中,我们将试图概述迄今为止已知的这些相互作用,包括代谢重塑、线粒体形态、线粒体周转、细胞过程和肌肉细胞结构和功能。这些主题中的每一个都处于不同的理解阶段,其中一些已经得到了很好的研究和理解,而另一些则处于起步阶段。此外,我们所知道的一些知识来自疾病模型。虽然有些发现在人类身上得到了证实,但在人类肌肉和疾病的背景下,我们必须谨慎地解释这些发现。在这里,我们的目标是讨论已知的,突出未知的,并对该领域的未来研究方向提出展望。
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引用次数: 0
Activating mutations drive human MEK1 kinase using a gear-shifting mechanism. 激活突变利用变速机制驱动人类MEK1激酶。
IF 4.1 3区 生物学 Q2 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230281
Keshav Patil, Yiming Wang, Zhangtao Chen, Krishna Suresh, Ravi Radhakrishnan

There is an unmet need to classify cancer-promoting kinase mutations in a mechanistically cognizant way. The challenge is to understand how mutations stabilize different kinase configurations to alter function, and how this influences pathogenic potential of the kinase and its responses to therapeutic inhibitors. This goal is made more challenging by the complexity of the mutational landscape of diseases, and is further compounded by the conformational plasticity of each variant where multiple conformations coexist. We focus here on the human MEK1 kinase, a vital component of the RAS/MAPK pathway in which mutations cause cancers and developmental disorders called RASopathies. We sought to explore how these mutations alter the human MEK1 kinase at atomic resolution by utilizing enhanced sampling simulations and free energy calculations. We computationally mapped the different conformational stabilities of individual mutated systems by delineating the free energy landscapes, and showed how this relates directly to experimentally quantified developmental transformation potentials of the mutations. We conclude that mutations leverage variations in the hydrogen bonding network associated with the conformational plasticity to progressively stabilize the active-like conformational state of the kinase while destabilizing the inactive-like state. The mutations alter residue-level internal molecular correlations by differentially prioritizing different conformational states, delineating the various modes of MEK1 activation reminiscent of a gear-shifting mechanism. We define the molecular basis of conversion of this kinase from its inactive to its active state, connecting structure, dynamics, and function by delineating the energy landscape and conformational plasticity, thus augmenting our understanding of MEK1 regulation.

以机械识别的方式对致癌激酶突变进行分类的需求尚未得到满足。挑战在于了解突变稳定不同的激酶结构以改变功能,以及这如何影响激酶的致病潜力及其对治疗抑制剂的反应。疾病突变景观的复杂性使这一目标变得更具挑战性,并且由于多种构象共存的每个变体的构象可塑性,这一目标更加复杂。我们在这里关注的是人类MEK1激酶,这是RAS/MAPK通路的一个重要组成部分,在该通路中,突变会导致癌症和被称为RAS疾病的发育障碍。我们试图通过利用增强的采样模拟和自由能计算,探索这些突变如何在原子分辨率下改变人类MEK1激酶。我们通过描绘自由能景观,计算绘制了单个突变系统的不同构象稳定性,并展示了这与实验量化的突变发育转化潜力之间的直接关系。我们得出的结论是,突变利用与构象可塑性相关的氢键网络的变化,逐步稳定激酶的活性样构象状态,同时使非活性样状态不稳定。这些突变通过不同的构象状态来改变残基水平的内部分子相关性,描绘了MEK1激活的各种模式,让人想起换挡机制。我们通过描绘能量景观和构象可塑性,定义了该激酶从非活性状态转化为活性状态的分子基础,连接了结构、动力学和功能,从而增强了我们对MEK1调节的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Fluorescent biosensors illuminate the spatial regulation of cell signaling across scales. 荧光生物传感器阐明了跨尺度细胞信号的空间调节。
IF 4.1 3区 生物学 Q2 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20220223
Anne C Lyons, Sohum Mehta, Jin Zhang

As cell signaling research has advanced, it has become clearer that signal transduction has complex spatiotemporal regulation that goes beyond foundational linear transduction models. Several technologies have enabled these discoveries, including fluorescent biosensors designed to report live biochemical signaling events. As genetically encoded and live-cell compatible tools, fluorescent biosensors are well suited to address diverse cell signaling questions across different spatial scales of regulation. In this review, methods of examining spatial signaling regulation and the design of fluorescent biosensors are introduced. Then, recent biosensor developments that illuminate the importance of spatial regulation in cell signaling are highlighted at several scales, including membranes and organelles, molecular assemblies, and cell/tissue heterogeneity. In closing, perspectives on how fluorescent biosensors will continue enhancing cell signaling research are discussed.

随着细胞信号传导研究的进展,信号转导具有复杂的时空调控,这一点已经越来越清楚,超出了基本的线性转导模型。一些技术使这些发现成为可能,包括设计用于报告活体生物化学信号事件的荧光生物传感器。作为基因编码和活细胞兼容的工具,荧光生物传感器非常适合解决不同调控空间尺度上的不同细胞信号问题。在这篇综述中,介绍了检测空间信号调节的方法和荧光生物传感器的设计。然后,阐明空间调控在细胞信号传导中重要性的生物传感器的最新发展在几个尺度上得到了强调,包括膜和细胞器、分子组装和细胞/组织异质性。最后,讨论了荧光生物传感器如何继续增强细胞信号研究的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Microrchidia 2/histone deacetylase 1 complex regulates E-cadherin gene expression and function. 小隐睾2/组蛋白脱乙酰酶1复合物调节E-钙粘蛋白基因的表达和功能。
IF 4.1 3区 生物学 Q2 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230304
Liz Thomas, Namita Chutani, Krishna R, Asha S Nair, Nanda Kumar Yellapu, Prashanthi Karyala, Suresh B Pakala

Although Microrchidia 2 (MORC2) is widely overexpressed in human malignancies and linked to cancer cell proliferation, metabolism, and metastasis, the mechanism of action of MORC2 in cancer cell migration and invasion is yet undeciphered. Here, we identified for the first time that MORC2, a chromatin remodeler, regulates E-cadherin expression and, subsequently regulates breast cancer cell migration and invasion. We observed a negative correlation between the expression levels of MORC2 and E-cadherin in breast cancer. Furthermore, the overexpression of MORC2 resulted in decreased expression levels of E-cadherin. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MORC2 interacts with HDAC1 and gets recruited onto the E-cadherin promoter to inhibit its transcription, thereby suppress its expression. Consequently, knockdown of HDAC1 in MORC2-overexpressing cells led to reduced cancer cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, we noticed that MORC2-regulated glucose metabolism via c-Myc, and LDHA, also modulates the expression of E-cadherin. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time a mechanistic role for MORC2 as an upstream regulator of E-cadherin expression and its associated functions in breast cancer.

尽管微小rchidia 2(MORC2)在人类恶性肿瘤中广泛过表达,并与癌症细胞增殖、代谢和转移有关,但MORC2在癌症细胞迁移和侵袭中的作用机制尚不清楚。在这里,我们首次确定MORC2,一种染色质重塑因子,调节E-钙粘蛋白的表达,随后调节乳腺癌症细胞的迁移和侵袭。我们观察到MORC2和E-钙粘蛋白在乳腺癌症中的表达水平呈负相关。此外,MORC2的过表达导致E-钙粘蛋白的表达水平降低。此外,共免疫沉淀和染色质免疫沉淀分析显示,MORC2与HDAC1相互作用,并被募集到E-钙粘蛋白启动子上,以抑制其转录,从而抑制其表达。因此,在MORC2-过表达细胞中敲低HDAC1导致癌症细胞迁移和侵袭减少。有趣的是,我们注意到MORC2通过c-Myc调节葡萄糖代谢,LDHA也调节E-钙粘蛋白的表达。总之,这些结果首次证明了MORC2作为E-钙粘蛋白表达的上游调节因子及其在癌症中的相关功能的机制作用。
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引用次数: 0
Comprehensive comparative assessment of the Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2-CALMODULIN2 interaction by various in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. 通过各种体外和体内蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用测定对拟南芥MLO2-CALMODULIN2相互作用的综合比较评估。
IF 4.4 3区 生物学 Q2 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20230255
Kira von Bongartz, Björn Sabelleck, Anežka Baquero Forero, Hannah Kuhn, Franz Leissing, Ralph Panstruga

Mildew resistance locus o (MLO) proteins are heptahelical integral membrane proteins of which some isoforms act as susceptibility factors for the powdery mildew pathogen. In many angiosperm plant species, loss-of-function mlo mutants confer durable broad-spectrum resistance against the fungal disease. Barley Mlo is known to interact via a cytosolic carboxyl-terminal domain with the intracellular calcium sensor calmodulin (CAM) in a calcium-dependent manner. Site-directed mutagenesis has revealed key amino acid residues in the barley Mlo calmodulin-binding domain (CAMBD) that, when mutated, affect the MLO-CAM association. We here tested the respective interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana MLO2 and CAM2 using seven different types of in vitro and in vivo protein-protein interaction assays. In each assay, we deployed a wild-type version of either the MLO2 carboxyl terminus (MLO2CT), harboring the CAMBD, or the MLO2 full-length protein and corresponding mutant variants in which two key residues within the CAMBD were substituted by non-functional amino acids. We focused in particular on the substitution of two hydrophobic amino acids (LW/RR mutant) and found in most protein-protein interaction experiments reduced binding of CAM2 to the corresponding MLO2/MLO2CT-LW/RR mutant variants in comparison with the respective wild-type versions. However, the Ura3-based yeast split-ubiquitin system and in planta bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays failed to indicate reduced CAM2 binding to the mutated CAMBD. Our data shed further light on the interaction of MLO and CAM proteins and provide a comprehensive comparative assessment of different types of protein-protein interaction assays with wild-type and mutant versions of an integral membrane protein.

Mildew resistance locus o(MLO)蛋白是一种七螺旋整合膜蛋白,其某些亚型作为对白粉菌病原体的易感性因子。在许多被子植物物种中,功能缺失的mlo突变体赋予了对真菌疾病的持久广谱抗性。已知大麦Mlo通过胞浆羧基末端结构域与细胞内钙传感器钙调蛋白(CAM)以钙依赖性方式相互作用。定点突变揭示了大麦Mlo钙调蛋白结合结构域(CAMBD)中的关键氨基酸残基,当突变时,这些残基会影响Mlo-CAM的结合。我们在这里使用七种不同类型的体外和体内蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用测定来测试拟南芥MLO2和CAM2之间各自的相互作用。在每种测定中,我们都部署了携带CAMBD的MLO2羧基末端(MLO2CT)的野生型版本,或MLO2全长蛋白和相应的突变变体,其中CAMBD内的两个关键残基被非功能性氨基酸取代。我们特别关注两种疏水性氨基酸(LW/RR突变体)的取代,并发现在大多数蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用实验中,与各自的野生型版本相比,CAM2与相应的MLO2/MLO2CT LW/RR突变变体的结合减少。然而,基于Ura3的酵母分裂泛素系统和植物内双分子荧光互补(BiFC)分析未能表明CAM2与突变CAMBD的结合减少。我们的数据进一步阐明了MLO和CAM蛋白的相互作用,并对不同类型的蛋白-蛋白相互作用测定与完整膜蛋白的野生型和突变型进行了全面的比较评估。
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引用次数: 0
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