Pub Date : 2007-08-22DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.4.419
J. Richard, K. Cosman, A. Porsteinsson
Donepezil hydrochloride is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In 2006, the US FDA approved donepezil for the treatment of severe AD. Consequently, donepezil became the first drug approved for the treatment of all three stages (mild, moderate and severe) of AD. Numerous clinical trials attest not only to the safety and tolerability of donepezil, but also to it’s ability to significantly provide benefits in memory, cognition and activities of daily living for people suffering from severe AD. Side effects associated with donepezil use are generally regarded as mild and transient, and are often associated with the cholinergic properties of the drug. Such side effects consist mainly of gastrointestinal complaints that are sometimes alleviated by slowing down the titration schedule while aiming to reach a target dose. Although donepezil is regarded as an efficacious treatment capable of slowing the progression of symptoms associated with AD, the scient...
{"title":"Donepezil in the treatment of severe Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"J. Richard, K. Cosman, A. Porsteinsson","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.4.419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.419","url":null,"abstract":"Donepezil hydrochloride is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In 2006, the US FDA approved donepezil for the treatment of severe AD. Consequently, donepezil became the first drug approved for the treatment of all three stages (mild, moderate and severe) of AD. Numerous clinical trials attest not only to the safety and tolerability of donepezil, but also to it’s ability to significantly provide benefits in memory, cognition and activities of daily living for people suffering from severe AD. Side effects associated with donepezil use are generally regarded as mild and transient, and are often associated with the cholinergic properties of the drug. Such side effects consist mainly of gastrointestinal complaints that are sometimes alleviated by slowing down the titration schedule while aiming to reach a target dose. Although donepezil is regarded as an efficacious treatment capable of slowing the progression of symptoms associated with AD, the scient...","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"419-435"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.419","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68186984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-08-22DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.4.471
R. Pfeiffer
The long-term management of Parkinson’s disease is compromised by the development of treatment-related complications that can severely limit the effectiveness of levodopa. Growing evidence implicates intermittent, or pulsatile, stimulation of dopamine receptors as one potential mechanism in their genesis. Continuous administration of medication via the transdermal route offers a potential avenue to circumvent pulsatile drug delivery and, thus, possibly deflect development of dyskinesia and motor fluctuations. The development of an effective transdermal drug preparation for Parkinson’s disease has had a long gestation, but the recent emergence of rotigotine as an effective transdermal therapy provides hope and encouragement that additional advances may also be forthcoming and that our ability to effectively treat this devastating disease will continue to grow.
{"title":"Transdermal drug delivery in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"R. Pfeiffer","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.4.471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.471","url":null,"abstract":"The long-term management of Parkinson’s disease is compromised by the development of treatment-related complications that can severely limit the effectiveness of levodopa. Growing evidence implicates intermittent, or pulsatile, stimulation of dopamine receptors as one potential mechanism in their genesis. Continuous administration of medication via the transdermal route offers a potential avenue to circumvent pulsatile drug delivery and, thus, possibly deflect development of dyskinesia and motor fluctuations. The development of an effective transdermal drug preparation for Parkinson’s disease has had a long gestation, but the recent emergence of rotigotine as an effective transdermal therapy provides hope and encouragement that additional advances may also be forthcoming and that our ability to effectively treat this devastating disease will continue to grow.","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"471-482"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.471","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-08-22DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.4.509
K. Werhahn
Contrary to former views, the incidence rate of epilepsy after the age of 65 years is higher than in childhood and adolescence, and epileptic seizures are one of the most common neurological problems in the elderly. Given that the incidence of epilepsy increases with advancing age and is not accompanied by an increase in mortality and given that elderly people now live longer, the prevalence of epilepsy is increasing with older age. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the primary treatment for epilepsy, although they are prescribed for other conditions too. Among nursing home residents the prevalence of seizures or epilepsy is between 5 and 8%, while AEDs are taken by approximately 5–10%. It is unclear why AED use is inversely related to age in nursing home residents. AEDs may be of considerable risk for the elderly due to falls, cognitive side effects, other adverse events and drug interactions. In addition, inappropriate use of all medication (up to 40% of prescriptions) has a significant impact on public-he...
{"title":"Antiepileptic drug use in nursing homes","authors":"K. Werhahn","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.4.509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.509","url":null,"abstract":"Contrary to former views, the incidence rate of epilepsy after the age of 65 years is higher than in childhood and adolescence, and epileptic seizures are one of the most common neurological problems in the elderly. Given that the incidence of epilepsy increases with advancing age and is not accompanied by an increase in mortality and given that elderly people now live longer, the prevalence of epilepsy is increasing with older age. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the primary treatment for epilepsy, although they are prescribed for other conditions too. Among nursing home residents the prevalence of seizures or epilepsy is between 5 and 8%, while AEDs are taken by approximately 5–10%. It is unclear why AED use is inversely related to age in nursing home residents. AEDs may be of considerable risk for the elderly due to falls, cognitive side effects, other adverse events and drug interactions. In addition, inappropriate use of all medication (up to 40% of prescriptions) has a significant impact on public-he...","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"8 1","pages":"509-516"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.509","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-08-22DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.4.543
M. Cutolo, M. Cimmino
Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory syndrome affecting older people and its prevalence has increased in recent years. The suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and aging may contribute to the pathogenesis of polymyalgia rheumatica. Chronic stress (i.e., interpersonal stress, chronic infections and so on) in elderly people may represent a risk factor for the development of polymyalgia rheumatica. In fact, the elderly represent per se a condition of endocrine senescence including adrenal hypofuction. In addition, chronic stress represents a further harmful stimulus to seriously compromise endogenous glucocorticoid production. Synovitis and vasculitis characterize most patients. Serum cytokine and steroidal hormone patterns suggest that patients with polymyalgia rheumatica have an intensive inflammatory reaction. As a matter of fact, glucocorticoids represent the most useful temporary replacement treatment during the active phase of polymyalgia rheumatica. The use of slow-release gluco...
{"title":"Treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica: a physiopathologic approach","authors":"M. Cutolo, M. Cimmino","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.4.543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.543","url":null,"abstract":"Polymyalgia rheumatica is an inflammatory syndrome affecting older people and its prevalence has increased in recent years. The suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and aging may contribute to the pathogenesis of polymyalgia rheumatica. Chronic stress (i.e., interpersonal stress, chronic infections and so on) in elderly people may represent a risk factor for the development of polymyalgia rheumatica. In fact, the elderly represent per se a condition of endocrine senescence including adrenal hypofuction. In addition, chronic stress represents a further harmful stimulus to seriously compromise endogenous glucocorticoid production. Synovitis and vasculitis characterize most patients. Serum cytokine and steroidal hormone patterns suggest that patients with polymyalgia rheumatica have an intensive inflammatory reaction. As a matter of fact, glucocorticoids represent the most useful temporary replacement treatment during the active phase of polymyalgia rheumatica. The use of slow-release gluco...","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"543-549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.4.543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-11DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.3.351
Laurie L. Lavery
The purpose of this review is to present the evidence supporting an association between two common medical conditions in older adults, congestive heart failure and cognitive impairment. Potential mechanisms of this interaction include hypoperfusion, cerebral emboli and electrolyte imbalances. Successful management of heart failure often involves complex medication and dietary regimens and lifestyle adjustments. Cognitive impairment can negatively impact on this management, leading to a progressive cycle of worsening heart failure, further cognitive impairment, disability and increased mortality. Interventions to identify heart failure patients with impaired cognition may improve these clinical outcomes.
{"title":"Complex association between congestive heart failure and cognitive dysfunction","authors":"Laurie L. Lavery","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.3.351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.351","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this review is to present the evidence supporting an association between two common medical conditions in older adults, congestive heart failure and cognitive impairment. Potential mechanisms of this interaction include hypoperfusion, cerebral emboli and electrolyte imbalances. Successful management of heart failure often involves complex medication and dietary regimens and lifestyle adjustments. Cognitive impairment can negatively impact on this management, leading to a progressive cycle of worsening heart failure, further cognitive impairment, disability and increased mortality. Interventions to identify heart failure patients with impaired cognition may improve these clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"351-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.351","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68186892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-11DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.3.383
I. Vahia, Azziza Bankole, Pia Reyes, Shilpa Diwan, Nikhil Palekar, M. Sapra, P. Ramirez, C. Cohen
This review provides a comprehensive overview of schizophrenia in older adults. We review the epidemiology, classification and psychopathology of schizophrenia in later life and summarize recent research findings on depression, cognitive functioning, medical illness, adaptive functioning, quality of life, caregiver issues, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological management. We discuss the implications of these findings for clinical care, public policy and future research.
{"title":"Schizophrenia in later life","authors":"I. Vahia, Azziza Bankole, Pia Reyes, Shilpa Diwan, Nikhil Palekar, M. Sapra, P. Ramirez, C. Cohen","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.3.383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.383","url":null,"abstract":"This review provides a comprehensive overview of schizophrenia in older adults. We review the epidemiology, classification and psychopathology of schizophrenia in later life and summarize recent research findings on depression, cognitive functioning, medical illness, adaptive functioning, quality of life, caregiver issues, and pharmacological and nonpharmacological management. We discuss the implications of these findings for clinical care, public policy and future research.","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"383-396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.383","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-11DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.3.325
J. J. Tovar, R. Angel, K. Eschbach, D. Espino, K. Markides
The aim of this report is to present key findings from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly. This unique study began in 1993–1994 with 3050 Mexican–Americans aged 65 years or older who lived in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas (USA). The subsequent four waves of data collection span 11 years and interviews will be conducted again in the Spring of 2007. Although this population has been observed to have lower than expected mortality rates, they continue to suffer from chronic health problems and disability to the same extent as other racial and ethnic groups. In addition, they are at higher risk for inappropriate medication use and inadequate health insurance coverage. The implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.
{"title":"Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly: Selected longitudinal findings","authors":"J. J. Tovar, R. Angel, K. Eschbach, D. Espino, K. Markides","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.3.325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.325","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this report is to present key findings from the Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiological Studies of the Elderly. This unique study began in 1993–1994 with 3050 Mexican–Americans aged 65 years or older who lived in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Texas (USA). The subsequent four waves of data collection span 11 years and interviews will be conducted again in the Spring of 2007. Although this population has been observed to have lower than expected mortality rates, they continue to suffer from chronic health problems and disability to the same extent as other racial and ethnic groups. In addition, they are at higher risk for inappropriate medication use and inadequate health insurance coverage. The implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"388 1","pages":"325-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-11DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.3.343
R. Andel, D. Johnson
Exercise has been promoted as an essential component of a healthy lifestyle during aging. However, benefits of exercise may be partially offset by increased oxidative stress associated with higher oxygen consumption during physical activity. In this review, we discuss the significance of exercise-induced oxidative stress in the aging process. Evidence supports the free radical theory, which posits that the extent of oxidative damage (caused by oxygen metabolism) predicts biological aging. Although oxidative stress tends to increase during exercise, a mild increase appears to upregulate antioxidant defenses and, hence, provide health benefits. A similar phenomenon has been depicted by the hormesis theory. However, intense or prolonged bouts of exercise may overwhelm antioxidant capacity and accelerate the aging process, particularly in an older adult. The risk of exercise-induced oxidative damage may also increase when the exercise regimen is irregular or interrupted for several weeks. Practical implicatio...
{"title":"Exercise-induced oxidative stress: theory and practical implications for older adults","authors":"R. Andel, D. Johnson","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.3.343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.343","url":null,"abstract":"Exercise has been promoted as an essential component of a healthy lifestyle during aging. However, benefits of exercise may be partially offset by increased oxidative stress associated with higher oxygen consumption during physical activity. In this review, we discuss the significance of exercise-induced oxidative stress in the aging process. Evidence supports the free radical theory, which posits that the extent of oxidative damage (caused by oxygen metabolism) predicts biological aging. Although oxidative stress tends to increase during exercise, a mild increase appears to upregulate antioxidant defenses and, hence, provide health benefits. A similar phenomenon has been depicted by the hormesis theory. However, intense or prolonged bouts of exercise may overwhelm antioxidant capacity and accelerate the aging process, particularly in an older adult. The risk of exercise-induced oxidative damage may also increase when the exercise regimen is irregular or interrupted for several weeks. Practical implicatio...","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"343-348"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-11DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.3.279
W. Lukiw
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is characterized by a progressive disruption of memory, cognition, functional ability, mood and behavior. At the 100th anniversary of Alois Alzheimer’s (1864–1915) first description of AD, a tremendous amount of scientific insight into this devastating neurological affliction has been obtained; however, many gaps in our knowledge still remain. Our increased life expectancy and the demographics of our aging population cast significant healthcare concerns over the future management of AD. There are currently no curative or preventive treatments for this leading cause of cognitive failure, and pharmacological strategies directed at AD symptoms, and specifically targeted at the progressive and inflammatory nature of this brain degeneration, have met with disappointing results. In the second century of AD research, further objective studies, alternative pharmacological strategies, and the development of more efficacious drugs are clearly required to better address this complex and expanding healthcare problem. Alois Alzheimer first described the clinical and neuropathological findings of a novel neuropsychiatric disorder in a female patient who died of a progressive, atypical, senile psychosis, in 1906 at a meeting of European psychiatrists in Tubingen, Germany [1]. By the time he died, 9 years later, Alzheimer had become the first clinician–neuropathologist to correlate senile plaque (‘miliary foci’) and neurofibrillary tangle (‘fibrillar pathology’) densities with the degree of age-related senile dementia he observed in several AD patients. It is not as well known that Alzheimer also associated a peculiar cerebral vascular vessel involvement (‘focal lesions in the endothelium’) and angiogenesis (‘new vessel formation’) with the ‘steadily progressive disease process’ that now bears his name [1–5]. Over 100 years have passed since these original descriptions of AD; however, it was only in the last 40–50 years that several fundamental discoveries on the basic neuropathology and molecular neurobiology of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and cerebrovascular changes have revolutionized our understanding of AD [2–34]. In part due to the concerns of the healthcare of our aging population, this complex neurological disorder now stands at the forefront of contemporary medical research. The ‘amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide cascade hypothesis’, that is, that Aβ peptide generation, speciation and aggregation, and Aβ peptide’s role as a trigger for brain-specific oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, lies at the very heart of the AD process, has advanced to the extent that the neurobiology of β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP), and βAPP-derived peptides such as Aβ42, now represent one of the most thoroughly studied aspects of all of brain research [2–10]. However, despite these massive investigative efforts, the defining role of βAPP and Aβ42 peptides in the initiation and progression of AD r
{"title":"100 years of Alzheimer’s disease research: are we any closer to a cure?","authors":"W. Lukiw","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.3.279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.279","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of senile dementia, is characterized by a progressive disruption of memory, cognition, functional ability, mood and behavior. At the 100th anniversary of Alois Alzheimer’s (1864–1915) first description of AD, a tremendous amount of scientific insight into this devastating neurological affliction has been obtained; however, many gaps in our knowledge still remain. Our increased life expectancy and the demographics of our aging population cast significant healthcare concerns over the future management of AD. There are currently no curative or preventive treatments for this leading cause of cognitive failure, and pharmacological strategies directed at AD symptoms, and specifically targeted at the progressive and inflammatory nature of this brain degeneration, have met with disappointing results. In the second century of AD research, further objective studies, alternative pharmacological strategies, and the development of more efficacious drugs are clearly required to better address this complex and expanding healthcare problem. Alois Alzheimer first described the clinical and neuropathological findings of a novel neuropsychiatric disorder in a female patient who died of a progressive, atypical, senile psychosis, in 1906 at a meeting of European psychiatrists in Tubingen, Germany [1]. By the time he died, 9 years later, Alzheimer had become the first clinician–neuropathologist to correlate senile plaque (‘miliary foci’) and neurofibrillary tangle (‘fibrillar pathology’) densities with the degree of age-related senile dementia he observed in several AD patients. It is not as well known that Alzheimer also associated a peculiar cerebral vascular vessel involvement (‘focal lesions in the endothelium’) and angiogenesis (‘new vessel formation’) with the ‘steadily progressive disease process’ that now bears his name [1–5]. Over 100 years have passed since these original descriptions of AD; however, it was only in the last 40–50 years that several fundamental discoveries on the basic neuropathology and molecular neurobiology of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and cerebrovascular changes have revolutionized our understanding of AD [2–34]. In part due to the concerns of the healthcare of our aging population, this complex neurological disorder now stands at the forefront of contemporary medical research. The ‘amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide cascade hypothesis’, that is, that Aβ peptide generation, speciation and aggregation, and Aβ peptide’s role as a trigger for brain-specific oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, lies at the very heart of the AD process, has advanced to the extent that the neurobiology of β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP), and βAPP-derived peptides such as Aβ42, now represent one of the most thoroughly studied aspects of all of brain research [2–10]. However, despite these massive investigative efforts, the defining role of βAPP and Aβ42 peptides in the initiation and progression of AD r","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"279-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.279","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-11DOI: 10.2217/1745509X.3.3.375
M. Rothman, M. Wierman
The role of testosterone levels as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease has long been debated. Historically, higher testosterone levels in men have been thought to contribute to the gender discrepancies seen in cardiovascular disease risk. Data are emerging that, in fact, low testosterone may be associated with both adverse lipid profile, increased risk of metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in men. Whether this reflects a direct effect of androgen deficiency or the concomitant estrogen deficiency is unclear. This article will review the potential risks and protective effects of testosterone on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, and possible mechanisms.
{"title":"Testosterone and cardiovascular disease in men","authors":"M. Rothman, M. Wierman","doi":"10.2217/1745509X.3.3.375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.375","url":null,"abstract":"The role of testosterone levels as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease has long been debated. Historically, higher testosterone levels in men have been thought to contribute to the gender discrepancies seen in cardiovascular disease risk. Data are emerging that, in fact, low testosterone may be associated with both adverse lipid profile, increased risk of metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in men. Whether this reflects a direct effect of androgen deficiency or the concomitant estrogen deficiency is unclear. This article will review the potential risks and protective effects of testosterone on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, and possible mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":88353,"journal":{"name":"Aging health","volume":"3 1","pages":"375-381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/1745509X.3.3.375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68187208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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