Pub Date : 2009-09-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335300
Kathleen J. Abendroth, Jack S. Damico
Abstract This investigation presents analysis of the catastrophic reactions of a child with pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Upon analysis, these catastrophic reactions are effectively described as social phenomena. That is, although maladaptive coping patterns in children with autism spectrum disorders often lead to catastrophic reactions including tantrums, self-injury, and aggression, these behaviors are often oriented to social interactions. The authors discuss three themes that permeate such social interaction: collaboration, negotiation, and control. By recognizing these themes, in this participant, the data suggest that it is possible that at least some catastrophic reactions by children are not totally irrational, but rather social in nature. Clinical implications include the consideration of the importance of family centered intervention for children with developmental disorders. Clinicians are encouraged to identify patterns of interaction with the child's social partners to best meet the communicative needs of the client.
{"title":"Catastrophic Reactions of a Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Social Phenomenon","authors":"Kathleen J. Abendroth, Jack S. Damico","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335300","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This investigation presents analysis of the catastrophic reactions of a child with pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Upon analysis, these catastrophic reactions are effectively described as social phenomena. That is, although maladaptive coping patterns in children with autism spectrum disorders often lead to catastrophic reactions including tantrums, self-injury, and aggression, these behaviors are often oriented to social interactions. The authors discuss three themes that permeate such social interaction: collaboration, negotiation, and control. By recognizing these themes, in this participant, the data suggest that it is possible that at least some catastrophic reactions by children are not totally irrational, but rather social in nature. Clinical implications include the consideration of the importance of family centered intervention for children with developmental disorders. Clinicians are encouraged to identify patterns of interaction with the child's social partners to best meet the communicative needs of the client.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"21 9 1","pages":"263 - 273"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89605584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335436
Monika M Połczyńska
Abstract The purpose of the study is to present the characteristics of first (L1, Polish) and second (L2, English) language dysarthria in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) after prolonged coma. The study is based on acoustic analysis of speech of six patients who knew English to various degrees before trauma. The results suggest that TBI patients use linguistic processes that appear in children's developmental speech. However, there are considerable differences in the use of these processes: unlike children, post-coma individuals have a fully established phonology and they use processes as phonetic strategies based on organic speech problems to compensate for insufficient control and/or primary motor deficits (e.g., muscle paresis, spasticity, ataxia) of their articulatory musculature. Thus, their processes are more regular and easier to predict. Although dysarthria is an organic disorder, processes used in L1 differ to some extent from those used in L2, because language proficiency in L2 is only moderate due to the fact that L2 learning began at puberty.
{"title":"Dysarthric Processes in First and Second Language Used by Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury","authors":"Monika M Połczyńska","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335436","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of the study is to present the characteristics of first (L1, Polish) and second (L2, English) language dysarthria in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) after prolonged coma. The study is based on acoustic analysis of speech of six patients who knew English to various degrees before trauma. The results suggest that TBI patients use linguistic processes that appear in children's developmental speech. However, there are considerable differences in the use of these processes: unlike children, post-coma individuals have a fully established phonology and they use processes as phonetic strategies based on organic speech problems to compensate for insufficient control and/or primary motor deficits (e.g., muscle paresis, spasticity, ataxia) of their articulatory musculature. Thus, their processes are more regular and easier to predict. Although dysarthria is an organic disorder, processes used in L1 differ to some extent from those used in L2, because language proficiency in L2 is only moderate due to the fact that L2 learning began at puberty.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"56 1","pages":"137 - 155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73114438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335364
Shira Zivan
Abstract The present case study includes an examination of the speech output of a girl with a phonetic speech impairment consisting of both familiar functional as well as idiosyncratic processes related to larger fine motor problems. The speech samples were collected at two different developmental periods (2;6 and 4;6–5) and in a variety of elicitation tasks. The author and the girl live on the same kibbutz (agricultural village) which allowed for a close examination of the girl in different social interactions with a wide range of interlocutors (e.g., her peers, caregivers, and friends). The data are analyzed according to the task performed as well as the social context in which the task took place. The results are described and explained according to: (1) the definition of language as a symbolic tool whose structure is shaped both by its communicative function and the characteristics of its users and (2) the principle that language represents a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication with minimal effort associated with the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (Diver, 1979; Tobin, 1997).
{"title":"Speech Disorders at Different Stages of Development and in Diverse Social Contexts (A Case Study)","authors":"Shira Zivan","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335364","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present case study includes an examination of the speech output of a girl with a phonetic speech impairment consisting of both familiar functional as well as idiosyncratic processes related to larger fine motor problems. The speech samples were collected at two different developmental periods (2;6 and 4;6–5) and in a variety of elicitation tasks. The author and the girl live on the same kibbutz (agricultural village) which allowed for a close examination of the girl in different social interactions with a wide range of interlocutors (e.g., her peers, caregivers, and friends). The data are analyzed according to the task performed as well as the social context in which the task took place. The results are described and explained according to: (1) the definition of language as a symbolic tool whose structure is shaped both by its communicative function and the characteristics of its users and (2) the principle that language represents a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication with minimal effort associated with the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (Diver, 1979; Tobin, 1997).","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"23 1","pages":"103 - 116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90474635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335418
Orit Fuks
Abstract The purpose of the current study is to examine whether “movement” is a significant aspect in describing the structure of the signed word in Israeli Sign Language (ISL). Linguists who focused on creating a Phonological Model for the signed word disagree regarding the “phonemic” status of movement as a central phonological category in sign language. Quantitative content analysis performed in this study examined the distribution of the various movements in 560 sample signs. The results show that movement is a significant morphophonemic component in the structure of the signed word in ISL. Phonologically, it was found that there are movements which, in order to describe them, we need to use an array of articulation features, some of which create meaningful contrasts between the signed words. Semiotically, this research shows that the distribution of the movements in the lexicon of ISL is not random but motivated by a basic meaning attached to each one of the articulatory features.
{"title":"The Status of “Movement” in the Semiotic Phonology of Israeli Sign Language","authors":"Orit Fuks","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335418","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of the current study is to examine whether “movement” is a significant aspect in describing the structure of the signed word in Israeli Sign Language (ISL). Linguists who focused on creating a Phonological Model for the signed word disagree regarding the “phonemic” status of movement as a central phonological category in sign language. Quantitative content analysis performed in this study examined the distribution of the various movements in 560 sample signs. The results show that movement is a significant morphophonemic component in the structure of the signed word in ISL. Phonologically, it was found that there are movements which, in order to describe them, we need to use an array of articulation features, some of which create meaningful contrasts between the signed words. Semiotically, this research shows that the distribution of the movements in the lexicon of ISL is not random but motivated by a basic meaning attached to each one of the articulatory features.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"233 1","pages":"201 - 211"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77490918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335382
Leah R. Paltiel-Gedalyovich
Abstract This paper describes a model for clinical decision-making based on the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB). This model can be used to guide decisions about commencing therapy as well as decisions about prioritizing therapy goals. The model stresses the role of communication in determining the definition of therapeutic benefit. The therapeutic process is seen as a scale, where communicative gain and effort expended are to be balanced. The client is seen as the ultimate judge of the value of the communication improvement gained from intervention as compared with the effort to be expended. The effort which is related to the actual change in behavior is analyzed for difficulty in the context of PHB. Applications of the model to disorders of phonology/articulation, voice, fluency, grammar, lexicon, and pragmatics are illustrated with brief case descriptions.
{"title":"A Client-Centered Decision-Making Model Based on Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB)","authors":"Leah R. Paltiel-Gedalyovich","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335382","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper describes a model for clinical decision-making based on the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB). This model can be used to guide decisions about commencing therapy as well as decisions about prioritizing therapy goals. The model stresses the role of communication in determining the definition of therapeutic benefit. The therapeutic process is seen as a scale, where communicative gain and effort expended are to be balanced. The client is seen as the ultimate judge of the value of the communication improvement gained from intervention as compared with the effort to be expended. The effort which is related to the actual change in behavior is analyzed for difficulty in the context of PHB. Applications of the model to disorders of phonology/articulation, voice, fluency, grammar, lexicon, and pragmatics are illustrated with brief case descriptions.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"356 1","pages":"117 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74840696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335427
Hila Green
Abstract Atypical prosody has been identified as a core feature of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Even when other aspects of language improve, prosodic deficits tend to be persistent. Deficits in prosody may limit the social acceptance of children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA) mainstreamed into the larger community. Prosody in ASD is an underresearched and criticized area in general and there has been little research on the prosody of Israeli Hebrew (IH) and even fewer studies comparing the prosody of typical and atypical Hebrewspeaking children in particular. Our study compares and contrasts the intonation units (IU), simple pitch accents (PA), and edge tones (ET) of five children between 9 and 12 years of age diagnosed with HFA and five children without developmental disorders (WDD) in reading aloud and spontaneous speech elicitation tasks. The subjects were matched for age, year of school, and academic achievements and all were male monolingual speakers of IH. The data were transcribed using the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) theory of intonation with the IH ToBI (Tones and Break Indices) system being developed for this study with the computerized PRAAT system. The results were analyzed and explained according to: (1) the defintion that language is a symbolic tool whose structure is shaped both by its communication function and by the characteristics of its users and (2) the principle that language represents a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication through minimal effort associated with the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB). The children with HFA produced more IU and PA than the WDD children. The HFA children acquired a limited repertoire of prosodic-edgetone patterns within the norm of the language. These patterns were repeatedly used both in spontaneous speech and in the reading tasks. In contrast, the WWD control group used a greater number of prosodic patterns showing a larger degree of variation for the same speech and language tasks. This study has become the basis for further ongoing research which has shown clear parallels in the extralinguistic, paralinguistic (prosody), and linguistic (lexical repetition) behavior of HFA children.
{"title":"Intonation in Hebrew-Speaking Children with High Functioning Autism","authors":"Hila Green","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335427","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Atypical prosody has been identified as a core feature of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Even when other aspects of language improve, prosodic deficits tend to be persistent. Deficits in prosody may limit the social acceptance of children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA) mainstreamed into the larger community. Prosody in ASD is an underresearched and criticized area in general and there has been little research on the prosody of Israeli Hebrew (IH) and even fewer studies comparing the prosody of typical and atypical Hebrewspeaking children in particular. Our study compares and contrasts the intonation units (IU), simple pitch accents (PA), and edge tones (ET) of five children between 9 and 12 years of age diagnosed with HFA and five children without developmental disorders (WDD) in reading aloud and spontaneous speech elicitation tasks. The subjects were matched for age, year of school, and academic achievements and all were male monolingual speakers of IH. The data were transcribed using the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) theory of intonation with the IH ToBI (Tones and Break Indices) system being developed for this study with the computerized PRAAT system. The results were analyzed and explained according to: (1) the defintion that language is a symbolic tool whose structure is shaped both by its communication function and by the characteristics of its users and (2) the principle that language represents a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication through minimal effort associated with the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB). The children with HFA produced more IU and PA than the WDD children. The HFA children acquired a limited repertoire of prosodic-edgetone patterns within the norm of the language. These patterns were repeatedly used both in spontaneous speech and in the reading tasks. In contrast, the WWD control group used a greater number of prosodic patterns showing a larger degree of variation for the same speech and language tasks. This study has become the basis for further ongoing research which has shown clear parallels in the extralinguistic, paralinguistic (prosody), and linguistic (lexical repetition) behavior of HFA children.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"83 8 1","pages":"187 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83226019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335355
Claudia Enbe
Abstract This study examines the prosody of Buenos Aires Spanish in speakers with typical and atypical speech (stuttering, dysarthria, acquired hearing impairment, developmental speech disorder, and dysphonia) in three age groups equally divided for gender (5–8, 18–50, and 51–78). The corpus contained simple declarative sentences, wh-questions, and exclamatory sentences using a repetition task. The data were transcribed using the Autosegmental- Metrical theory (AM) and the ToBI system adapted for Argentine Spanish. The results show an inverse proportion between the difficulty of the sentence and the range of prosodic variation between the typical and atypical speakers: in the simple declarative sentences, the differences were the greatest, followed by the more difficult marked exclamatory sentences, whereas in the most difficult wh-questions the differences appear to be neutralized. The results were explained according to the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior that views language as a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication with minimal effort.
{"title":"The Prosody of Typical and Atypical Speech of Buenos Aires Spanish","authors":"Claudia Enbe","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335355","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines the prosody of Buenos Aires Spanish in speakers with typical and atypical speech (stuttering, dysarthria, acquired hearing impairment, developmental speech disorder, and dysphonia) in three age groups equally divided for gender (5–8, 18–50, and 51–78). The corpus contained simple declarative sentences, wh-questions, and exclamatory sentences using a repetition task. The data were transcribed using the Autosegmental- Metrical theory (AM) and the ToBI system adapted for Argentine Spanish. The results show an inverse proportion between the difficulty of the sentence and the range of prosodic variation between the typical and atypical speakers: in the simple declarative sentences, the differences were the greatest, followed by the more difficult marked exclamatory sentences, whereas in the most difficult wh-questions the differences appear to be neutralized. The results were explained according to the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior that views language as a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication with minimal effort.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"75 1","pages":"173 - 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86257636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335409
Y. Tobin
Abstract This paper introduces the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB); summarizes the basic theoretical and methodological tenets of the theory; and shows how it has been used to analyze the combinatory phonology of various languages from diverse language families in general and developmental and clinical phonology in particular. The theory of PHB, developed by William Diver and his students of the Columbia School, combines aspects of the “communication factor” inherent in Prague School phonology with aspects of the “human factor” inherent in André Martinet's functional diachronic phonology. The major parameters of the theory are presented according to the Saussurean-based semiotic definition of language as a sign system used by human beings to communicate. The fundamental axiom underlying the theory is that language represents a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication through minimal effort. The major contribution of the theory is that it provides a motivation to explain the nonrandom distribution of phonemes within the speech signal in language in general and in typical and atypical speech in particular.
{"title":"Phonology as Human Behavior: Applying Theory to the Clinic","authors":"Y. Tobin","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335409","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper introduces the theory of Phonology as Human Behavior (PHB); summarizes the basic theoretical and methodological tenets of the theory; and shows how it has been used to analyze the combinatory phonology of various languages from diverse language families in general and developmental and clinical phonology in particular. The theory of PHB, developed by William Diver and his students of the Columbia School, combines aspects of the “communication factor” inherent in Prague School phonology with aspects of the “human factor” inherent in André Martinet's functional diachronic phonology. The major parameters of the theory are presented according to the Saussurean-based semiotic definition of language as a sign system used by human beings to communicate. The fundamental axiom underlying the theory is that language represents a compromise in the struggle to achieve maximum communication through minimal effort. The major contribution of the theory is that it provides a motivation to explain the nonrandom distribution of phonemes within the speech signal in language in general and in typical and atypical speech in particular.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"5 1","pages":"100 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82011286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-06-01DOI: 10.1179/136132809805335445
Orit Fuks, Y. Tobin
Abstract The phonology of Israeli Sign Language (ISL), unlike the phonology of spoken Israeli Hebrew, is a semiotic phonology. The signed word is built on meaningful basic “building blocks” that function as morphophonemic units in the language. As a result, in the Semiotic Phonology of ISL the basic preference of the human factor to expend minimal physical effort (ease of performance) may conflict with the desire to reach minimal mental effort (transparency/economy). In the present study, we analyze various phenomena such as: frequency of occurrence of the base units in the lexicon, the possibility to omit disfavored articulators, and the number of sets of muscles that are activated at the time of signing. All these phenomena indicate that the iconic factor is extremely dominant in explaining processes that influence the phonology of ISL. The findings of this study raise interesting theoretical questions regarding the indices by which one should determine the marked and the unmarked units of signed language.
{"title":"Struggle and Compromise Between the Striving for Transparency and the Tendency for Ease of Performance in the Semiotic Phonology of Israeli Sign Language","authors":"Orit Fuks, Y. Tobin","doi":"10.1179/136132809805335445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1179/136132809805335445","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The phonology of Israeli Sign Language (ISL), unlike the phonology of spoken Israeli Hebrew, is a semiotic phonology. The signed word is built on meaningful basic “building blocks” that function as morphophonemic units in the language. As a result, in the Semiotic Phonology of ISL the basic preference of the human factor to expend minimal physical effort (ease of performance) may conflict with the desire to reach minimal mental effort (transparency/economy). In the present study, we analyze various phenomena such as: frequency of occurrence of the base units in the lexicon, the possibility to omit disfavored articulators, and the number of sets of muscles that are activated at the time of signing. All these phenomena indicate that the iconic factor is extremely dominant in explaining processes that influence the phonology of ISL. The findings of this study raise interesting theoretical questions regarding the indices by which one should determine the marked and the unmarked units of signed language.","PeriodicalId":88385,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific journal of speech, language, and hearing","volume":"54 4","pages":"213 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1179/136132809805335445","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72405820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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