Pediatric health最新文献

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Nutritional rickets: still a problem for the pediatric population 营养性软骨病：仍是儿科人群的一个问题

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2010-01-25 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.68

A. Bereket

Rickets is a mineralization disorder of the growing bone. Nutritional rickets is still prevalent in many parts of the developing world and is re-emerging in developed countries. Although vitamin D deficiency plays a central role in the pathogenesis of this disease, calcium deficiency and genetic factors may also cause or contribute to the development of rickets. This review will focus on the classical form of nutritional rickets, in other words, vitamin D-deficiency rickets. The epidemiology, ethiopathogenesis, risk factors, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of nutritional rickets are reviewed.

佝偻病是生长中的骨骼矿化失调。营养性佝偻病在发展中国家的许多地区仍然普遍存在，并在发达国家重新出现。虽然维生素D缺乏在佝偻病的发病机制中起着核心作用，但钙缺乏和遗传因素也可能导致或促进佝偻病的发展。这篇综述将集中在营养佝偻病的经典形式，换句话说，维生素d缺乏性佝偻病。综述了营养佝偻病的流行病学、发病机制、危险因素、临床表现、诊断、治疗和预防。

引用次数: 6

Management of Brugada syndrome in children 儿童Brugada综合征的治疗

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2010-01-25 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.63

G. Gross

Despite low prevalence in most populations, the Brugada syndrome has attracted considerable attention in recent years because of its propensity to cause sudden cardiac death in otherwise healthy young individuals, and because of pathophysiologic underpinnings that link it to other ‘ion channelopathies’ such as the congenital long-QT syndromes. The natural history of Brugada syndrome poses unique challenges to the management of children and adolescents diagnosed with the disorder, particularly among the substantial majority of pediatric patients who are entirely asymptomatic at presentation. This review will explore the current state of understanding of Brugada syndrome as it relates specifically to children and adolescents, and will provide an approach to management based on limited available data and existing consensus recommendations, which refer primarily to adult patients.

尽管Brugada综合征在大多数人群中的患病率较低，但近年来由于其在其他健康年轻人中引起心源性猝死的倾向，以及将其与其他“离子通道病变”(如先天性长qt综合征)联系起来的病理生理基础，引起了相当大的关注。Brugada综合征的自然病史对诊断为该疾病的儿童和青少年的管理提出了独特的挑战，特别是在绝大多数儿科患者中，他们在就诊时完全没有症状。这篇综述将探讨目前对Brugada综合征的理解状况，因为它与儿童和青少年特别相关，并将根据有限的可用数据和现有的共识建议提供一种管理方法，这些建议主要涉及成人患者。

引用次数: 1

Update on acute sinusitis in children 儿童急性鼻窦炎的最新进展

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2010-01-25 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.67

G. DeMuri, E. Wald

Sinusitis is one of the most common diseases presented to the primary care practioner. In this setting it is key to distinguish those children who have uncomplicated viral upper respiratory tract infection from those who have acute bacterial sinusitis. Sinusitis may be diagnosed based on the presence of persistent or severe respiratory symptoms or when a respiratory illness has a biphasic presentation. Radiographs or computed tomography scans are not usually needed to diagnose sinusitis in children. Well-designed randomized, controlled trials demonstrated the benefit of antibiotics compared to placebo. Antimicrobial therapy should be targeted against the three major pathogens responsible for sinusitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate are the antibiotics of choice for children with acute bacterial sinusitis.

鼻窦炎是向初级保健医生提出的最常见的疾病之一。在这种情况下，区分那些患有单纯病毒性上呼吸道感染的儿童与患有急性细菌性鼻窦炎的儿童是关键。鼻窦炎可根据持续或严重的呼吸道症状的存在或当呼吸道疾病有两期表现时诊断。诊断儿童鼻窦炎通常不需要x光片或计算机断层扫描。精心设计的随机对照试验证明了抗生素与安慰剂相比的益处。抗菌治疗应针对导致鼻窦炎的三种主要病原体:肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和卡他莫拉菌。阿莫西林或阿莫西林/克拉维酸是儿童急性细菌性鼻窦炎的首选抗生素。

引用次数: 0

Adolescent brain development and behavior 青少年大脑发育和行为

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2010-01-25 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.66

C. Barr, P. Sandor

The symposium on ‘The Adolescent Brain Development and Behaviour’ was organized in honor of the 40th anniversary of Youthdale Treatment Clinics in Toronto. The idea for a symposium dedicated to the adolescent brain was conceived over a year ago and was stimulated by recent rapid progress in neurobiological research focused on this developmental period. Puberty is a time of dramatic physiological, cognitive and emotional changes associated with increased risk for psychiatric disorders as well as increased risk-taking behavior. The increase in risk for psychiatric disorders may be a function of biological changes in gonadal hormones, or may result from increased emotional stress, or an interaction of these factors. Brain structures show dramatic changes in myelination, synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning from late childhood to early adolescence. Learning and experience probably interact with the biologically programmed developmental influences modifying synaptic connections and region-specific structure and...

“青少年脑部发育及行为”研讨会是为纪念多伦多青年谷治疗诊所成立四十周年而举办。举办青少年大脑专题讨论会的想法是在一年前提出的，最近神经生物学研究在这一发育时期取得了快速进展，这一想法受到了刺激。青春期是生理、认知和情绪发生剧烈变化的时期，与精神疾病风险增加以及冒险行为增加有关。精神疾病风险的增加可能是性腺激素生物学变化的一个功能，也可能是情绪压力增加的结果，或者是这些因素的相互作用。从童年晚期到青春期早期，大脑结构在髓鞘形成、突触发生和突触修剪方面发生了巨大的变化。学习和经验可能与生物编程的发展影响相互作用，改变突触连接和区域特异性结构。

引用次数: 1

Oxygen for cyanotic neonates: friend or foe? 紫绀型新生儿的氧气治疗:是敌是友?

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2010-01-25 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.70

K. McMann, R. Schelonka

引用次数: 1

Role of β-blocker therapy in pediatric heart failure. β受体阻滞剂治疗在儿童心力衰竭中的作用。

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2010-01-01 DOI: 10.2217/phe.09.65

Akash R Patel, Robert E Shaddy

Heart failure is becoming an increasingly common and significant problem in the field of pediatric cardiology. The numerous types of cardiomyopathies, and more recently, long-term survival of patients with congenital heart disease, have added to a growing patient population. Over the last several decades, our knowledge base regarding mechanisms of disease and therapeutic intervention in adult patients with heart failure has drastically changed. The most recent and important breakthrough in the pharmacologic treatment of heart failure has been the particular role of β-blocker therapy. This medication has led to significant improvements in survival and symptoms in adults, with less convincing findings in limited studies in pediatrics. The ability to study the benefits of this therapy in patients has been challenging owing to the heterogeneity of the patient population and lack of large sample sizes. However, as we investigate the mechanisms behind the disease process, the differences that exist between disease conditions and ages, and the significant alterations that may exist at the molecular and genetic level, our understanding of β-blocker therapy in pediatric heart failure will improve, and ultimately may lead to patient-specific therapy.

心衰已成为儿科心脏病学领域日益普遍和重要的问题。多种类型的心肌病，以及最近先天性心脏病患者的长期生存，增加了不断增长的患者人口。在过去的几十年里，我们关于成年心力衰竭患者的疾病机制和治疗干预的知识基础发生了巨大的变化。在心力衰竭的药理学治疗中，最近最重要的突破是β受体阻滞剂治疗的特殊作用。这种药物显著改善了成人的生存和症状，但在儿科的有限研究中发现的结果不太令人信服。由于患者群体的异质性和缺乏大样本量，研究这种治疗对患者的益处的能力一直具有挑战性。然而，随着我们研究疾病过程背后的机制，疾病状况和年龄之间存在的差异，以及可能存在于分子和遗传水平上的重大改变，我们对β受体阻滞剂治疗儿童心力衰竭的理解将会提高，并最终可能导致患者特异性治疗。

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引用次数: 15

Adolescent attitudes towards tanning: does age matter? 青少年对晒黑的态度：年龄重要吗？

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2009-12-01 DOI: 10.2217/phe.09.55

Leslie K Dennis, Vijaya Kancherla, Linda G Snetselaar

Adolescents seem to be obsessed with tanning. One third of both adolescents and adults report sunbathing. On average, about 20% of adolescents report ever-using of artificial UV tanning devices with 15% currently using them. Tanning attitudes appear similar for adolescents and adults. The top three reasons for tanning included beliefs that a tan makes them more comfortable socializing with friends, looks better and is attractive. The top reason for using artificial UV tanning devices is also aesthetics, followed by relaxation. Other reasons for using artificial UV tanning devices include vacation preparation and to gain a protective base. Attitudes related to appearance that result in more frequent tanning may be difficult to change.

青少年似乎迷恋日光浴。三分之一的青少年和成年人都说自己做过日光浴。平均约有 20% 的青少年表示曾经使用过人工紫外线晒黑设备，其中 15%目前正在使用。青少年和成年人对晒黑的态度似乎相似。晒黑的前三个原因包括认为晒黑后与朋友交往更自在、看起来更好看和更有吸引力。使用人工紫外线美黑设备的首要原因也是为了美观，其次是为了放松。使用人工紫外线美黑设备的其他原因包括为度假做准备和获得保护性基础。与外貌有关的态度导致更频繁地晒黑可能很难改变。

引用次数: 0

Pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma: Past, present and future 儿童霍奇金淋巴瘤:过去，现在和未来

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2009-11-20 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.60

A. Weiss, M. Neier, R. Drachtman

The history of treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma in children and young adults has been one of increasing success, with the focus shifting in recent years from cure, regardless of the cost, to an increasing concern regarding late effects and other consequences of treatment. Ongoing protocols continue to explore the use of risk-based therapy, further delineating the ability to individualize therapy in an effort to decrease morbidity and mortality, while preserving excellent cure rates.

儿童和年轻人霍奇金淋巴瘤的治疗历史越来越成功，近年来，人们的关注点从不计成本的治愈转向越来越关注治疗的晚期效应和其他后果。正在进行的方案继续探索使用基于风险的治疗，进一步描绘个性化治疗的能力，以努力降低发病率和死亡率，同时保持良好的治愈率。

引用次数: 1

Reducing global mortality from childhood diarrhea: future directions 降低全球儿童腹泻死亡率：未来方向

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2009-11-20 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.53

M. Salam

引用次数: 1

Optimizing neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants and children following prenatal SSRI exposure 优化产前SSRI暴露后婴儿和儿童的神经发育结局

Pediatric health

Pub Date : 2009-11-20 DOI: 10.2217/PHE.09.56

T. Oberlander

引用次数: 0

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