Mental health in migrant children has been under-researched and undertaught. In this article, we review the issues relating to mental health in migrant children. Mental illness can take different forms, and might have different explanations and understandings in different cultures. The process of immigration can be stressful and complex, and contributes to individual risk factors. This article reviews the mental health issues and prevalence of mental health disorders in migrant children. The risk factors pertaining to the process of immigration are also reviewed. Cultural competence is becoming an essential skill to be learned by professionals in the health sector to facilitate the delivery of acceptable quality care. The cultural competence continuum, approaches to a cultural formulation, and suggestions for meeting the challenges posed by mental health issues in migrant children are described.
{"title":"Overcoming the challenges of managing mental health in migrant children","authors":"Tawfik Masaud, F. Mcnicholas, N. Skokauskas","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.69","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health in migrant children has been under-researched and undertaught. In this article, we review the issues relating to mental health in migrant children. Mental illness can take different forms, and might have different explanations and understandings in different cultures. The process of immigration can be stressful and complex, and contributes to individual risk factors. This article reviews the mental health issues and prevalence of mental health disorders in migrant children. The risk factors pertaining to the process of immigration are also reviewed. Cultural competence is becoming an essential skill to be learned by professionals in the health sector to facilitate the delivery of acceptable quality care. The cultural competence continuum, approaches to a cultural formulation, and suggestions for meeting the challenges posed by mental health issues in migrant children are described.","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"603-611"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.69","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Possible link between mothers’ high blood sugar during pregnancy and children’s reduced insulin sensitivity?","authors":"P. Chandler-Laney","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.55","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"561-563"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Future Medicine Ltd, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, Finchley Central, London, N3 1QB, UK Tel.: +44 208 371 6090; Fax: +44 208 343 2313; e.manzotti@ futuremedicine.com; www.futuremedicine.com The current economic situation has left many individuals and organizations with very difficult choices to make. Pediatric Health was launched in October 2007, with high levels of support from the pediatrics community, authors and editorial board. We have always received excellent feedback on the quality of the journal, with readers appreciating the timely topics, comprehensive reviews and excellent production standards. However, owing to the unfortunate timing of the launch of Pediatric Health, it has felt the full impact of reduced academic library budgets and, in spite of critical acclaim, we have been unable to make publication of the journal sustainable.
{"title":"Final issue of Pediatric Health","authors":"Elisa Manzotti","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.63","url":null,"abstract":"Future Medicine Ltd, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, Finchley Central, London, N3 1QB, UK Tel.: +44 208 371 6090; Fax: +44 208 343 2313; e.manzotti@ futuremedicine.com; www.futuremedicine.com The current economic situation has left many individuals and organizations with very difficult choices to make. Pediatric Health was launched in October 2007, with high levels of support from the pediatrics community, authors and editorial board. We have always received excellent feedback on the quality of the journal, with readers appreciating the timely topics, comprehensive reviews and excellent production standards. However, owing to the unfortunate timing of the launch of Pediatric Health, it has felt the full impact of reduced academic library budgets and, in spite of critical acclaim, we have been unable to make publication of the journal sustainable.","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"559-559"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.63","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Coma is a relatively common condition in the pediatric intensive care unit. Although the principles of diagnosis and management are basically the same for both children and adults, there are some age-specific aspects related to infants and children under 16 years of age that influences the pediatric intensive care practitioner’s conduct. Several aspects regarding neuroplasticity, raised intracranial pressure and epileptogenesis in the immature brain are considered in this article. Importantly, the role of new technologies employed for neurophysiologic monitoring is also reviewed. The aim of this article is to evaluate the main issues comprising the comatose state in childhood and their differences from the same condition in adulthood. Several differences in the physiology of immature brains can affect clinical and neurophysiologic expression in a disorder of consciousness and may need special proceedings for its management. Future perspectives in the field are referred in the final part of this article.
{"title":"Considerations for the pediatric coma patient: not just small adults","authors":"J. Bragatti","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.68","url":null,"abstract":"Coma is a relatively common condition in the pediatric intensive care unit. Although the principles of diagnosis and management are basically the same for both children and adults, there are some age-specific aspects related to infants and children under 16 years of age that influences the pediatric intensive care practitioner’s conduct. Several aspects regarding neuroplasticity, raised intracranial pressure and epileptogenesis in the immature brain are considered in this article. Importantly, the role of new technologies employed for neurophysiologic monitoring is also reviewed. The aim of this article is to evaluate the main issues comprising the comatose state in childhood and their differences from the same condition in adulthood. Several differences in the physiology of immature brains can affect clinical and neurophysiologic expression in a disorder of consciousness and may need special proceedings for its management. Future perspectives in the field are referred in the final part of this article.","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"581-589"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.68","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Acute liver failure (ALF) is defined as a multisystem disorder of severe impairment of liver function, with or without encephalopathy, which is associated with hepatocellular necrosis (reflected as liver synthetic failure in patients with no recognized chronic liver disease), and can lead to death. ALF can be due to hepatotoxic drugs, natural toxins, autoimmune disease, severe bacterial infection and some neoplastic processes, or ALF can be idiopathic. In the pediatric group, the most frequent cause is viral agents; hepatitis A is the most common among these. The pathophysiologic changes in ALF consist of alterations in coagulation, elevated serum ammonia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglycemia. In recent years, N-acetylcysteine has been utilized to treat this condition. Using this drug during the early stages of the disease has the potential to improve outcomes for the patient, including the avoidance liver transplantation. This article focuses on the criteria that help to identify ALF and emphasizes accessibl...
{"title":"Pediatric viral hepatitis: avoiding liver failure","authors":"N. Sotelo","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.52","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.52","url":null,"abstract":"Acute liver failure (ALF) is defined as a multisystem disorder of severe impairment of liver function, with or without encephalopathy, which is associated with hepatocellular necrosis (reflected as liver synthetic failure in patients with no recognized chronic liver disease), and can lead to death. ALF can be due to hepatotoxic drugs, natural toxins, autoimmune disease, severe bacterial infection and some neoplastic processes, or ALF can be idiopathic. In the pediatric group, the most frequent cause is viral agents; hepatitis A is the most common among these. The pathophysiologic changes in ALF consist of alterations in coagulation, elevated serum ammonia, hypoalbuminemia and hypoglycemia. In recent years, N-acetylcysteine has been utilized to treat this condition. Using this drug during the early stages of the disease has the potential to improve outcomes for the patient, including the avoidance liver transplantation. This article focuses on the criteria that help to identify ALF and emphasizes accessibl...","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"613-622"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The major mechanisms of mucosal defense in the neonate consist of a variety of nonspecific barriers, and innate and specific adaptive immune responses. The functions of innate immunity in the mucosal surfaces are mediated by host-specific microbial–pathogen recognition receptors, designed to recognize unique microbial-associated molecular patterns integral to the structure of most microorganisms. Other mechanisms include many antimicrobial peptides, macrophages, dendritic cells, complement components and host-derived cellular and soluble products. The important elements of neonatal mucosal adaptive immunity include the inductive sites, such as the Peyer’s patches and other lymphoid structures in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the nasopharyngeal and sublingual tissues, the subepithelial and intraepithelial sites in most external mucosal surfaces, including the genital tract and the mammary glands. These sites contain lymphoid cells derived by the homing of antigen-activated cells from the ind...
{"title":"Mucosal immune system in neonatal period and early infancy","authors":"P. Ogra","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.67","url":null,"abstract":"The major mechanisms of mucosal defense in the neonate consist of a variety of nonspecific barriers, and innate and specific adaptive immune responses. The functions of innate immunity in the mucosal surfaces are mediated by host-specific microbial–pathogen recognition receptors, designed to recognize unique microbial-associated molecular patterns integral to the structure of most microorganisms. Other mechanisms include many antimicrobial peptides, macrophages, dendritic cells, complement components and host-derived cellular and soluble products. The important elements of neonatal mucosal adaptive immunity include the inductive sites, such as the Peyer’s patches and other lymphoid structures in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, the nasopharyngeal and sublingual tissues, the subepithelial and intraepithelial sites in most external mucosal surfaces, including the genital tract and the mammary glands. These sites contain lymphoid cells derived by the homing of antigen-activated cells from the ind...","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"637-647"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.67","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The burden of genetic disorders associated with physical disabilities and psychiatric disorders is connected to increasing healthcare expenses and demands on the patients and their caregivers. Psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and mood disorders affect a large number of children and adolescents with genetic disorders, leading to poor quality of life and impaired psychological adjustment. Research on this population is scarce compared with studies on the comorbidity of psychiatric problems with physical illnesses (e.g., endocrine disorders and neurological problems). The aim of this review is to focus on the most prevalent genetic disorders that cause physical disability and are most commonly associated with psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. These include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, neurofibromatosis, myotonic dystrophy, hemophilia, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, fragile X syndrome and velo-cardio-facial syndrome.
{"title":"Psychiatric comorbidities in common genetic disorders with physical disability","authors":"F. Maalouf, Camelia Hatoum, M. Atwi, R. Boustany","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.65","url":null,"abstract":"The burden of genetic disorders associated with physical disabilities and psychiatric disorders is connected to increasing healthcare expenses and demands on the patients and their caregivers. Psychiatric comorbidities such as anxiety and mood disorders affect a large number of children and adolescents with genetic disorders, leading to poor quality of life and impaired psychological adjustment. Research on this population is scarce compared with studies on the comorbidity of psychiatric problems with physical illnesses (e.g., endocrine disorders and neurological problems). The aim of this review is to focus on the most prevalent genetic disorders that cause physical disability and are most commonly associated with psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. These include Duchenne muscular dystrophy, neurofibromatosis, myotonic dystrophy, hemophilia, Turner syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, fragile X syndrome and velo-cardio-facial syndrome.","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"591-601"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.65","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An exanthem is any eruptive skin rash that may be associated with fever or other systemic symptoms. Causes include infectious pathogens, medication reactions and, occasionally, a combination of both. In children, exanthems are most often related to infection and, of these, viral infections are the most common. Some exanthems have very specific morphologies that help identify and characterize the eruption. In this article, we describe common and uncommon viral exanthems, based on their morphology, and review current advancements in understanding and treatment of these exanthems.
{"title":"Characterizing viral exanthems","authors":"J. Lam","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.66","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.66","url":null,"abstract":"An exanthem is any eruptive skin rash that may be associated with fever or other systemic symptoms. Causes include infectious pathogens, medication reactions and, occasionally, a combination of both. In children, exanthems are most often related to infection and, of these, viral infections are the most common. Some exanthems have very specific morphologies that help identify and characterize the eruption. In this article, we describe common and uncommon viral exanthems, based on their morphology, and review current advancements in understanding and treatment of these exanthems.","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"623-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.66","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 22–25 September 2010, the Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) was held in Prague (Czech Republic). A total of 3053 delegates from Europe and outside Europe (i.e., from the USA, Canada, East and West Asian countries, Australia, South America and Africa) registered for the meeting, making the Annual Meeting of ESPE 2010 the largest ever European pediatric endocrine meeting. ‘Bridging Clinical Care and Basic Research’ was the main focus of this meeting.
{"title":"Bridging clinical care and basic research","authors":"M. Niedziela, A. Rojek, M. Obara-Moszyńska","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.64","url":null,"abstract":"On 22–25 September 2010, the Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) was held in Prague (Czech Republic). A total of 3053 delegates from Europe and outside Europe (i.e., from the USA, Canada, East and West Asian countries, Australia, South America and Africa) registered for the meeting, making the Annual Meeting of ESPE 2010 the largest ever European pediatric endocrine meeting. ‘Bridging Clinical Care and Basic Research’ was the main focus of this meeting.","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"4 1","pages":"571-577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.64","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Idiopathic club foot or congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is widely accepted as being of genetic origin; however, the genetic mechanism of inheritance is unclear. The situation is further complicated by the interaction of environmental factors and genetics in the development of the condition. This article reviews the evidence for a genetic etiology of CTEV and the environmental interactions that contribute. The mode of inheritance of CTEV has been extensively investigated using family studies and other epidemiological methods of investigation, but to date, no conclusive result has been reached. This may be due to a number of inheritance patterns being present, a number of different genotypes presenting as the same phenotype or complex gene–environment interactions taking place. Clubfoot or CTEV is the most common lower limb congenital deformity, and can be seen as a feature of some genetically inherited conditions, including diastrophic dwarfism and Freeman–Sheldon syndrome. Numerous neuromuscular and...
{"title":"Interaction between genetics and environment in the development of clubfoot","authors":"D. Chesney, S. Barker, N. Maffulli","doi":"10.2217/PHE.10.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2217/PHE.10.56","url":null,"abstract":"Idiopathic club foot or congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) is widely accepted as being of genetic origin; however, the genetic mechanism of inheritance is unclear. The situation is further complicated by the interaction of environmental factors and genetics in the development of the condition. This article reviews the evidence for a genetic etiology of CTEV and the environmental interactions that contribute. The mode of inheritance of CTEV has been extensively investigated using family studies and other epidemiological methods of investigation, but to date, no conclusive result has been reached. This may be due to a number of inheritance patterns being present, a number of different genotypes presenting as the same phenotype or complex gene–environment interactions taking place. Clubfoot or CTEV is the most common lower limb congenital deformity, and can be seen as a feature of some genetically inherited conditions, including diastrophic dwarfism and Freeman–Sheldon syndrome. Numerous neuromuscular and...","PeriodicalId":88627,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric health","volume":"36 1","pages":"491-498"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2217/PHE.10.56","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68243459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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