Uroosa Ejaz, Yusra Shafquat, Muhammad Sohail, Aizaz Ahmed Shaikh, Muhammad Daniyal Arain, Tehmees Ahmed, Abdullah K. Alanazi
Cellulose nanofibers, a sustainable and promising material with widespread applications, exhibit appreciable strength and excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties. The preparation of cellulosic nanofibers from food or agricultural residue is not sustainable. Therefore, this study was designed to use three halophytic plants (Cressa cretica, Phragmites karka, and Suaeda fruticosa) to extract cellulose for the subsequent conversion to cellulosic nanofibers composites. The other extracted biomass components including lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin were also utilized to obtain industrially valuable enzymes. The maximum pectinase (31.56 IU mL−1), xylanase (35.21 IU mL−1), and laccase (15.89 IU mL−1) were produced after the fermentation of extracted pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin from S. fruticosa, P. karka, and C. cretica, respectively. Cellulose was methylated (with a degree of substitution of 2.4) and subsequently converted into a composite using polyvinyl alcohol. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of the composites. The composites made up of cellulose from C. cretica and S. fruticosa had a high tensile strength (21.5 and 15.2 MPa) and low biodegradability (47.58% and 44.56%, respectively) after dumping for 3 months in soil, as compared with the composite from P. karka (98.79% biodegradability and 4.9 MPa tensile strength). Moreover, all the composites exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus). Hence, this study emphasizes the possibility for various industrial applications of biomass from halophytic plants.
纤维素纳米纤维是一种具有广泛应用前景的可持续材料,具有可观的强度和优异的机械和物理化学特性。从食物或农业残留物中制备纤维素纳米纤维不是可持续的。因此,本研究旨在利用三种卤叶植物(Cressa cretica、Phragmites karka 和 Suaeda fruticosa)提取纤维素,然后将其转化为纤维素纳米纤维复合材料。提取的其他生物质成分(包括木质素、半纤维素和果胶)也被用来获得有工业价值的酶。从 S. fruticosa、P. karka 和 C. cretica 提取的果胶、半纤维素和木质素经发酵后,分别产生了最大的果胶酶(31.56 IU mL-1)、木聚糖酶(35.21 IU mL-1)和漆酶(15.89 IU mL-1)。纤维素被甲基化(取代度为 2.4),然后用聚乙烯醇转化成复合材料。扫描电子显微镜和傅立叶变换红外光谱证实了复合材料的成功合成。由 C. cretica 和 S. fruticosa 纤维素制成的复合材料在土壤中倾倒 3 个月后具有较高的拉伸强度(21.5 和 15.2 兆帕)和较低的生物降解性(分别为 47.58% 和 44.56%),而 P. karka 的复合材料则具有 98.79% 的生物降解性和 4.9 兆帕的拉伸强度。此外,所有复合材料都对革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)具有抗菌活性。因此,这项研究强调了卤叶植物生物质在各种工业应用中的可能性。
{"title":"Extraction of cellulose from halophytic plants for the synthesis of a novel biocomposite","authors":"Uroosa Ejaz, Yusra Shafquat, Muhammad Sohail, Aizaz Ahmed Shaikh, Muhammad Daniyal Arain, Tehmees Ahmed, Abdullah K. Alanazi","doi":"10.1002/bip.23586","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23586","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cellulose nanofibers, a sustainable and promising material with widespread applications, exhibit appreciable strength and excellent mechanical and physicochemical properties. The preparation of cellulosic nanofibers from food or agricultural residue is not sustainable. Therefore, this study was designed to use three halophytic plants (<i>Cressa cretica, Phragmites karka</i>, and <i>Suaeda fruticosa</i>) to extract cellulose for the subsequent conversion to cellulosic nanofibers composites. The other extracted biomass components including lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin were also utilized to obtain industrially valuable enzymes. The maximum pectinase (31.56 IU mL<sup>−1</sup>), xylanase (35.21 IU mL<sup>−1</sup>), and laccase (15.89 IU mL<sup>−1</sup>) were produced after the fermentation of extracted pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin from <i>S. fruticosa</i>, <i>P. karka</i>, and <i>C. cretica</i>, respectively. Cellulose was methylated (with a degree of substitution of 2.4) and subsequently converted into a composite using polyvinyl alcohol. Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of the composites. The composites made up of cellulose from <i>C. cretica</i> and <i>S. fruticosa</i> had a high tensile strength (21.5 and 15.2 MPa) and low biodegradability (47.58% and 44.56%, respectively) after dumping for 3 months in soil, as compared with the composite from <i>P. karka</i> (98.79% biodegradability and 4.9 MPa tensile strength). Moreover, all the composites exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria (<i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>) and gram-positive bacteria (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>). Hence, this study emphasizes the possibility for various industrial applications of biomass from halophytic plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140921067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, cationic polymer vectors have been viewed as a promising method for delivering nucleic acids. With the advancement of synthetic polymer chemistry, we can control chemical structures and properties to enhance the efficacy of gene delivery. Herein, a facile, cost-effective, and scalable method was developed to synthesize PEGylated PDMAEMA polymers (PEO-PDMAEMA-PEO), where PEGylation could enable prolonged polyplexes circulation time in the blood stream. Two polymers of different molecular weights were synthesized, and polymer/eGFP polyplexes were prepared and characterized. The correlation between polymers' molecular weight and physicochemical properties (size and zeta potential) of polyplexes was investigated. Lipofectamine 2000, a commercial non-viral transfection reagent, was used as a standard control. PEO-PDMAEMA-PEO with higher molecular weight exhibited slightly better transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine 2000, and the cytotoxicity study proved that it could function as a safe gene vector. We believe that PEO-PDMAEMA-PEO could serve as a model to investigate more potential in the gene delivery area.
{"title":"A facile and scalable method to synthesize PEGylated PDMAEMA for gene delivery","authors":"Jie Dou, Shupei Yu, Yuanwei Zhang","doi":"10.1002/bip.23584","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23584","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In recent years, cationic polymer vectors have been viewed as a promising method for delivering nucleic acids. With the advancement of synthetic polymer chemistry, we can control chemical structures and properties to enhance the efficacy of gene delivery. Herein, a facile, cost-effective, and scalable method was developed to synthesize PEGylated PDMAEMA polymers (PEO-PDMAEMA-PEO), where PEGylation could enable prolonged polyplexes circulation time in the blood stream. Two polymers of different molecular weights were synthesized, and polymer/eGFP polyplexes were prepared and characterized. The correlation between polymers' molecular weight and physicochemical properties (size and zeta potential) of polyplexes was investigated. Lipofectamine 2000, a commercial non-viral transfection reagent, was used as a standard control. PEO-PDMAEMA-PEO with higher molecular weight exhibited slightly better transfection efficiency than Lipofectamine 2000, and the cytotoxicity study proved that it could function as a safe gene vector. We believe that PEO-PDMAEMA-PEO could serve as a model to investigate more potential in the gene delivery area.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140826983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study focused on synthesizing and characterizing PEGylated amphiphilic block copolymers with pendant linoleic acid (Lin) moieties as an alternative to enhance their potential in drug delivery applications. The synthesis involved a two-step process, starting with ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) and propargylated cyclic carbonate (MCP) to obtain PEG-b-P(CL-co-MCP) copolymers, which were subsequently modified via click chemistry. Various reaction conditions were explored to improve the yield and efficiency of the click chemistry step. The use of anisole as a solvent, N-(3-azidopropyl)linoleamide as a substrate, and a reaction temperature of 60°C proved to be highly efficient, achieving nearly 100% conversion at a low catalyst concentration. The resulting copolymers exhibited controlled molecular weights and low polydispersity, confirming the successful synthesis. Furthermore, click chemistry allows for the attachment of Lin moieties to the copolymer, enhancing its hydrophobic character, as deduced from their significantly lower critical micelle concentration than that of traditional PEG-b-PCL systems, which is indicative of enhanced stability against dilution. The modified copolymers exhibited improved thermal stability, making them suitable for applications that require high processing temperatures. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of micellar structures with sizes below 100 nm and minimal aggregate formation. Additionally, 1H NMR spectroscopy in deuterated water revealed the presence of core-shell micelles, which provided higher kinetic stability against dilution.
{"title":"Synthesis of PEGylated amphiphilic block copolymers with pendant linoleic moieties by combining ring-opening polymerization and click chemistry","authors":"Julian D. Porras, Ivonne L. Diaz, Leon D. Perez","doi":"10.1002/bip.23582","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23582","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study focused on synthesizing and characterizing PEGylated amphiphilic block copolymers with pendant linoleic acid (Lin) moieties as an alternative to enhance their potential in drug delivery applications. The synthesis involved a two-step process, starting with ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) and propargylated cyclic carbonate (MCP) to obtain PEG-b-P(CL-co-MCP) copolymers, which were subsequently modified via click chemistry. Various reaction conditions were explored to improve the yield and efficiency of the click chemistry step. The use of anisole as a solvent, <i>N</i>-(3-azidopropyl)linoleamide as a substrate, and a reaction temperature of 60°C proved to be highly efficient, achieving nearly 100% conversion at a low catalyst concentration. The resulting copolymers exhibited controlled molecular weights and low polydispersity, confirming the successful synthesis. Furthermore, click chemistry allows for the attachment of Lin moieties to the copolymer, enhancing its hydrophobic character, as deduced from their significantly lower critical micelle concentration than that of traditional PEG-b-PCL systems, which is indicative of enhanced stability against dilution. The modified copolymers exhibited improved thermal stability, making them suitable for applications that require high processing temperatures. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of micellar structures with sizes below 100 nm and minimal aggregate formation. Additionally, <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy in deuterated water revealed the presence of core-shell micelles, which provided higher kinetic stability against dilution.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140810105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Shanthi, J. Beula Isabel, Rosbin Thankachan, M. Premalatha
The abstract provides an overview of a study focused on analyzing diverse strategies to achieve sustainable utilization of synthetic polymers through effective waste management. The escalating global consumption of synthetic polymers has precipitated a concerning increase in plastic waste and environmental degradation. To address this challenge, novel materials with specified application goals, such as engineered plastic, have been developed and are intended for recycling and reuse. Despite the reuse and recycling, when plastic gets disposed into the environment, the degradation properties of plastics render a direct disposal hazard, posing a significant environmental threat. To mitigate these issues, the concept of replacing specific monomers of engineered synthetic plastics with bio-alternatives or blending them with other polymers to enhance sustainability and environmental compatibility has emerged. In this study, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic is the focal material, and three distinct investigations were conducted. First, replacing ABS plastic's butadiene monomer with natural rubber was explored for its properties and environmental impact. Second, ABS plastic was blended with virgin, recycled, and bio-alternatives of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) polymers. Lastly, recycled ABS blended with recycled PET and PVC was analyzed for mechanical properties. Comparative assessments of these blends were made based on mechanical properties, carbon emissions, and cost-effectiveness. The study determined that the r-ABS/r-PVC (recycled) blend exhibited the most favorable characteristics for practical application.
{"title":"Sustainable strategies towards better utilization of synthetic polymers","authors":"G. Shanthi, J. Beula Isabel, Rosbin Thankachan, M. Premalatha","doi":"10.1002/bip.23581","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23581","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The abstract provides an overview of a study focused on analyzing diverse strategies to achieve sustainable utilization of synthetic polymers through effective waste management. The escalating global consumption of synthetic polymers has precipitated a concerning increase in plastic waste and environmental degradation. To address this challenge, novel materials with specified application goals, such as engineered plastic, have been developed and are intended for recycling and reuse. Despite the reuse and recycling, when plastic gets disposed into the environment, the degradation properties of plastics render a direct disposal hazard, posing a significant environmental threat. To mitigate these issues, the concept of replacing specific monomers of engineered synthetic plastics with bio-alternatives or blending them with other polymers to enhance sustainability and environmental compatibility has emerged. In this study, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic is the focal material, and three distinct investigations were conducted. First, replacing ABS plastic's butadiene monomer with natural rubber was explored for its properties and environmental impact. Second, ABS plastic was blended with virgin, recycled, and bio-alternatives of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) polymers. Lastly, recycled ABS blended with recycled PET and PVC was analyzed for mechanical properties. Comparative assessments of these blends were made based on mechanical properties, carbon emissions, and cost-effectiveness. The study determined that the r-ABS/r-PVC (recycled) blend exhibited the most favorable characteristics for practical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140652219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Drozdova, Alika Makhonina, Daria Gladkikh, Alexander Artyukhov, Leonid Bryukhanov, Yaroslav Mezhuev, Vladimir Lozinsky, Elena Markvicheva
Hydrogels from natural polysaccharides are of great interest for tissue engineering. This study aims (1) to prepare hydroxyapatite-loaded macroporous calcium alginate hydrogels by novel one-step technique using internal gelation in water-frozen solutions; (2) to evaluate their physicochemical properties; (3) to estimate their ability to support cell growth and proliferation in vitro. The structure of the hydrogel samples in a swollen state was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy and was shown to represent a system of interconnected macropores with sizes of tens micron. The swelling behavior of the hydrogels, their mechanical properties (Young's moduli) in function of a hydroxyapatite content (5–30 mass%) were studied. All hydrogel samples loaded with hydroxyapatite were found to support growth and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts (L929) at long-term cultivation for 7 days. The obtained macroporous composite Ca-Alg-HA hydrogels could be promising for tissue engineering.
{"title":"Hydroxyapatite-loaded macroporous calcium alginate hydrogels: Preparation, characterization, and in vitro evaluation","authors":"Maria Drozdova, Alika Makhonina, Daria Gladkikh, Alexander Artyukhov, Leonid Bryukhanov, Yaroslav Mezhuev, Vladimir Lozinsky, Elena Markvicheva","doi":"10.1002/bip.23583","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23583","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydrogels from natural polysaccharides are of great interest for tissue engineering. This study aims (1) to prepare hydroxyapatite-loaded macroporous calcium alginate hydrogels by novel one-step technique using internal gelation in water-frozen solutions; (2) to evaluate their physicochemical properties; (3) to estimate their ability to support cell growth and proliferation in vitro. The structure of the hydrogel samples in a swollen state was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy and was shown to represent a system of interconnected macropores with sizes of tens micron. The swelling behavior of the hydrogels, their mechanical properties (Young's moduli) in function of a hydroxyapatite content (5–30 mass%) were studied. All hydrogel samples loaded with hydroxyapatite were found to support growth and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts (L929) at long-term cultivation for 7 days. The obtained macroporous composite Ca-Alg-HA hydrogels could be promising for tissue engineering.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140654948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of maltodextrin addition on the physical stability of powdered green peas. The evaluation of the physical state of the material was based on the equilibrium water content of the monolayer (Xm) and the glass transition temperatures of the powders at room temperature (Tg) and in the frozen state (Tg'). Graphical sorption characteristic at 25°C was determined using static—gravimetric method while capacity of the monolayer values was calculated from the mathematical GAB model. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out in order to determine glass transition lines and freezing curves which combine together were used to plot state diagrams. Relationship between Tg and solid content were shown by using Gordon–Taylor model. Freezing data were modeled employing the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and its development—Chen model. Sorption isotherms showed sigmoidal shape characteristic for high-molecular weight materials. Monolayer moisture content varied between 0.047 and 0.106 g water/g solids. The glass transition temperature of anhydrous green peas increased in from 89.9 to 175.6°C while Tg′ value changed from −43.4 to −26.6°C to as a result of 75% polysaccharide addition. The ultimate maximum-freeze-concentration conditions of the powders were observed in range from 0.783 to 0.814 g solids/g sample. Monolayer capacity, Tg and Tg′ values increased with increasing maltodextrin amount in the sample which indicates that the addition of starch hydrolysate has a beneficial effect on the stability of powders stored frozen and at room temperature.
{"title":"State diagrams of green peas (Pisum sativum L.) powders with different maltodextrin additions","authors":"Anna Stępień, Mariusz Witczak","doi":"10.1002/bip.23580","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23580","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of maltodextrin addition on the physical stability of powdered green peas. The evaluation of the physical state of the material was based on the equilibrium water content of the monolayer (<i>X</i><sub>m</sub>) and the glass transition temperatures of the powders at room temperature (<i>T</i><sub>g</sub>) and in the frozen state (<i>T</i><sub>g'</sub>). Graphical sorption characteristic at 25°C was determined using static—gravimetric method while capacity of the monolayer values was calculated from the mathematical GAB model. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out in order to determine glass transition lines and freezing curves which combine together were used to plot state diagrams. Relationship between <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> and solid content were shown by using Gordon–Taylor model. Freezing data were modeled employing the Clausius–Clapeyron equation and its development—Chen model. Sorption isotherms showed sigmoidal shape characteristic for high-molecular weight materials. Monolayer moisture content varied between 0.047 and 0.106 g water/g solids. The glass transition temperature of anhydrous green peas increased in from 89.9 to 175.6°C while <i>T</i><sub>g′</sub> value changed from −43.4 to −26.6°C to as a result of 75% polysaccharide addition. The ultimate maximum-freeze-concentration conditions of the powders were observed in range from 0.783 to 0.814 g solids/g sample. Monolayer capacity, <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> and <i>T</i><sub>g′</sub> values increased with increasing maltodextrin amount in the sample which indicates that the addition of starch hydrolysate has a beneficial effect on the stability of powders stored frozen and at room temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140582782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a new biomaterial with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium caseinate (SodCa)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) structure was developed. Antibacterial effective nanofibers were successfully produced by electrospinning method from 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% rGO added PVA/SodCa (60:40, w:w) solution mixtures prepared for use as modern wound dressings. To create a usage area, especially in exuding wounds, hydrophilic PVA/SodCa/rGO electrospun mats were cross-linked by dipping them in a glutaraldehyde (GLA) bath. The surface micrographs of all nanofibers were homogeneous and smooth. rGO-doped biomaterials were obtained as thin nanofibers in the range of 301–348 nm. Nanofibers, which were completely soluble in water, after cross-linking preserved their existence in the range of 87%–81% at the end of the 24th hour in distilled water. It was reported that these biomaterials that persist in an aqueous environment show swelling behavior in the range of 275%–608%. The porosity of uncross-linked pure PVA/SodCa nanofibers increased by 46.75% after cross-linking. Moreover, the tensile strength of cross-linked PVA/SodCa electrospun mats increased in the presence of rGO. Provided that wound dressing is done every 24 h with 3% rGO-doped PVA/SodCa nanofiber and provided that wound dressing is done every 48 h with 5% rGO-doped PVA/SodCa nanofiber showed antibacterial activity against S. aureus as 99.38% and 99.55%, respectively.
{"title":"Antibacterial wound dressing with cross-linked electrospun surface from reduced graphene oxide doped polyvinyl alcohol/sodium caseinate blends","authors":"Sema Samatya Yilmaz, Ayse Aytac","doi":"10.1002/bip.23579","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23579","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, a new biomaterial with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/sodium caseinate (SodCa)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) structure was developed. Antibacterial effective nanofibers were successfully produced by electrospinning method from 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% rGO added PVA/SodCa (60:40, w:w) solution mixtures prepared for use as modern wound dressings. To create a usage area, especially in exuding wounds, hydrophilic PVA/SodCa/rGO electrospun mats were cross-linked by dipping them in a glutaraldehyde (GLA) bath. The surface micrographs of all nanofibers were homogeneous and smooth. rGO-doped biomaterials were obtained as thin nanofibers in the range of 301–348 nm. Nanofibers, which were completely soluble in water, after cross-linking preserved their existence in the range of 87%–81% at the end of the 24th hour in distilled water. It was reported that these biomaterials that persist in an aqueous environment show swelling behavior in the range of 275%–608%. The porosity of uncross-linked pure PVA/SodCa nanofibers increased by 46.75% after cross-linking. Moreover, the tensile strength of cross-linked PVA/SodCa electrospun mats increased in the presence of rGO. Provided that wound dressing is done every 24 h with 3% rGO-doped PVA/SodCa nanofiber and provided that wound dressing is done every 48 h with 5% rGO-doped PVA/SodCa nanofiber showed antibacterial activity against <i>S. aureus</i> as 99.38% and 99.55%, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140582657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ocular drug delivery is constrained by anatomical and physiological barriers, necessitating innovative solutions for effective therapy. Natural polymers like hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and gelatin, alongside synthetic counterparts such as PLGA and PEG, have gained prominence for their biocompatibility and controlled release profiles. Recent strides in polymer conjugation strategies have enabled targeted delivery through ligand integration, facilitating tissue specificity and cellular uptake. This versatility accommodates combined drug delivery, addressing diverse anterior (e.g., glaucoma, dry eye) and posterior segment (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy) afflictions. The review encompasses an in-depth exploration of each natural and synthetic polymer, detailing their individual advantages and disadvantages for ocular drug delivery. By transcending ocular barriers and refining therapeutic precision, these innovations promise to reshape the management of anterior and posterior segment eye diseases.
{"title":"Polymers and their engineered analogues for ocular drug delivery: Enhancing therapeutic precision","authors":"Arpon Biswas, Shivansh Kumar, Abhijit Deb Choudhury, Amol Chhatrapati Bisen, Sachin Nashik Sanap, Sristi Agrawal, Anjali Mishra, Sarvesh Kumar Verma, Mukesh Kumar, Rabi Sankar Bhatta","doi":"10.1002/bip.23578","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23578","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ocular drug delivery is constrained by anatomical and physiological barriers, necessitating innovative solutions for effective therapy. Natural polymers like hyaluronic acid, chitosan, and gelatin, alongside synthetic counterparts such as PLGA and PEG, have gained prominence for their biocompatibility and controlled release profiles. Recent strides in polymer conjugation strategies have enabled targeted delivery through ligand integration, facilitating tissue specificity and cellular uptake. This versatility accommodates combined drug delivery, addressing diverse anterior (e.g., glaucoma, dry eye) and posterior segment (e.g., macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy) afflictions. The review encompasses an in-depth exploration of each natural and synthetic polymer, detailing their individual advantages and disadvantages for ocular drug delivery. By transcending ocular barriers and refining therapeutic precision, these innovations promise to reshape the management of anterior and posterior segment eye diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140582789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has various unique qualities, including high mechanical strength, crystallinity, and high water-holding capacity, which makes it appropriate for a wide range of industrial applications. But its lower yield coupled with its high production cost creates a barrier to its usage. In this study, we have demonstrated the better yield of BNC from an indigenous strain Komagataeibacter rhaeticus MCC-0157 using a rotary disc bioreactor (RDB) having a wooden disc. The RDB was optimized based on the type of disc material, distance between the disc, and rotation speed to get the highest yield of 13.0 g/L dry material using Hestrin–Schramm (H–S) medium. Further, the bioreactor was compared for the BNC production using reported medium, which is used for static condition; the RDB showed up to fivefold increase in comparison with the static condition reported. Komagataeibacter rhaeticus MCC-0157 was previously reported to be one of the highest BNC producing stains, with 8.37 g/L of dry yield in static condition in 15 days incubation. The designed RDB demonstrated 13.0 g/L dry yield of BNC in just 5 days. Other characteristics of BNC remain same as compared with static BNC production, although the difference in the crystallinity index was observed in RDB (84.44%) in comparison with static (89.74%). For the first time, wooden disc was used for rotary bioreactor approach, which demonstrated higher yield of BNC in lesser time and can be further used for sustainable production of BNC at the industrial level.
{"title":"Bacterial nanocellulose: A versatile biopolymer production using a cost-effective wooden disc based rotary reactor","authors":"Ashish Jagtap, Syed G. Dastager","doi":"10.1002/bip.23577","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23577","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) has various unique qualities, including high mechanical strength, crystallinity, and high water-holding capacity, which makes it appropriate for a wide range of industrial applications. But its lower yield coupled with its high production cost creates a barrier to its usage. In this study, we have demonstrated the better yield of BNC from an indigenous strain <i>Komagataeibacter rhaeticus</i> MCC-0157 using a rotary disc bioreactor (RDB) having a wooden disc. The RDB was optimized based on the type of disc material, distance between the disc, and rotation speed to get the highest yield of 13.0 g/L dry material using Hestrin–Schramm (H–S) medium. Further, the bioreactor was compared for the BNC production using reported medium, which is used for static condition; the RDB showed up to fivefold increase in comparison with the static condition reported. <i>Komagataeibacter rhaeticus</i> MCC-0157 was previously reported to be one of the highest BNC producing stains, with 8.37 g/L of dry yield in static condition in 15 days incubation. The designed RDB demonstrated 13.0 g/L dry yield of BNC in just 5 days. Other characteristics of BNC remain same as compared with static BNC production, although the difference in the crystallinity index was observed in RDB (84.44%) in comparison with static (89.74%). For the first time, wooden disc was used for rotary bioreactor approach, which demonstrated higher yield of BNC in lesser time and can be further used for sustainable production of BNC at the industrial level.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140206317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle A. Lay, Valery F. Thompson, Ajibola D. Adelakun, Jacob C. Schwartz
EWSR1 (Ewing Sarcoma Related protein 1) is an RNA binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed across cell lines and involved in multiple parts of RNA processing, such as transcription, splicing, and mRNA transport. EWSR1 has also been implicated in cellular mechanisms to control formation of R-loops, a three-stranded nucleic acid structure consisting of a DNA:RNA hybrid and a displaced single-stranded DNA strand. Unscheduled R-loops result in genomic and transcription stress. Loss of function of EWSR1 functions commonly found in Ewing Sarcoma correlates with high abundance of R-loops. In this study, we investigated the mechanism for EWSR1 to recognize an R-loop structure specifically. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we detected the high affinity binding of EWSR1 to substrates representing components found in R-loops. EWSR1 specificity could be isolated to the DNA fork region, which transitions between double- and single-stranded DNA. Our data suggests that the Zinc-finger domain (ZnF) with flanking arginine and glycine rich (RGG) domains provide high affinity binding, while the RNA recognition motif (RRM) with its RGG domains offer improved specificity. This model offers a rational for EWSR1 specificity to encompass a wide range in contexts due to the DNA forks always found with R-loops.
EWSR1(尤文肉瘤相关蛋白 1)是一种 RNA 结合蛋白,在细胞系中普遍表达,参与 RNA 处理的多个环节,如转录、剪接和 mRNA 运输。EWSR1 还与控制 R 环形成的细胞机制有关,R 环是一种三链核酸结构,由 DNA:RNA 杂交和移位的单链 DNA 链组成。计划外的 R 环会导致基因组和转录压力。尤文肉瘤中常见的 EWSR1 功能缺失与 R 环的高丰度相关。在这项研究中,我们研究了 EWSR1 特异性识别 R 环结构的机制。通过电泳迁移试验(EMSA),我们检测到 EWSR1 与代表 R 环成分的底物有高亲和力结合。EWSR1 的特异性可被分离到 DNA 叉区,该区域在双链和单链 DNA 之间转换。我们的数据表明,锌指结构域(ZnF)及其侧翼富含精氨酸和甘氨酸的结构域(RGG)提供了高亲和力的结合,而 RNA 识别基序(RRM)及其 RGG 结构域则提供了更好的特异性。这个模型为 EWSR1 的特异性提供了一个合理的解释,由于 DNA 叉总是与 R 环一起出现,因此 EWSR1 的特异性涵盖了广泛的情况。
{"title":"Ewing Sarcoma Related protein 1 recognizes R-loops by binding DNA forks","authors":"Michelle A. Lay, Valery F. Thompson, Ajibola D. Adelakun, Jacob C. Schwartz","doi":"10.1002/bip.23576","DOIUrl":"10.1002/bip.23576","url":null,"abstract":"<p>EWSR1 (Ewing Sarcoma Related protein 1) is an RNA binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed across cell lines and involved in multiple parts of RNA processing, such as transcription, splicing, and mRNA transport. EWSR1 has also been implicated in cellular mechanisms to control formation of R-loops, a three-stranded nucleic acid structure consisting of a DNA:RNA hybrid and a displaced single-stranded DNA strand. Unscheduled R-loops result in genomic and transcription stress. Loss of function of EWSR1 functions commonly found in Ewing Sarcoma correlates with high abundance of R-loops. In this study, we investigated the mechanism for EWSR1 to recognize an R-loop structure specifically. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we detected the high affinity binding of EWSR1 to substrates representing components found in R-loops. EWSR1 specificity could be isolated to the DNA fork region, which transitions between double- and single-stranded DNA. Our data suggests that the Zinc-finger domain (ZnF) with flanking arginine and glycine rich (RGG) domains provide high affinity binding, while the RNA recognition motif (RRM) with its RGG domains offer improved specificity. This model offers a rational for EWSR1 specificity to encompass a wide range in contexts due to the DNA forks always found with R-loops.</p>","PeriodicalId":8866,"journal":{"name":"Biopolymers","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/bip.23576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140179288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}