Pub Date : 2012-01-27DOI: 10.2174/1875043501205010001
Mamonov V.E., Shipounova I.N., Sats N.V., B. A.E., Svinareva Da, Proskurina Nv, R. M.M., Chemis A.G., Drize N.I.
{"title":"Participation of Cultured Mesenchymal Multipotent Stromal Cells inRegeneration of a Large Persisting Defect of Rabbit Radius Bone","authors":"Mamonov V.E., Shipounova I.N., Sats N.V., B. A.E., Svinareva Da, Proskurina Nv, R. M.M., Chemis A.G., Drize N.I.","doi":"10.2174/1875043501205010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501205010001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010103
L. Pierdomenico, P. Lanuti, R. Lachmann, G. Grifone, E. Cianci, L. Gialo, S. Pacella, M. Romano, E. Vitacolonna, S. Miscia, M. Marchisio
Recent research indicates that the origin of obesity and related metabolic disorders is not only caused by genetic and risk factors in adult life (unbalanced diet, insufficient physical activity) but also may be influenced by the perinatal environment. In addition, studies in animal models suggest that the mesenchymal stem cell commitment into pre-adipocytes can already occur during fetal development and perinatal life. Since the number of pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes is lower in normal subjects than in obese subjects, changes in the prenatal maturational process may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic-associated diseases. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is related to an increased risk of obesity, early onset of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the offspring. For this reason it would be useful to investigate how the perinatal environment may affect fetal mesenchymal stem cells, especially in deregulated gestational diabetes, where the fetal environment is modified in terms of hormone levels and nutrition. Therefore, we have compared Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC) obtained from umbilical cord of both healthy and diabetic mothers, in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in metabolic diseases in offspring of diabetic mothers. Results indicate that WJ-MSC from diabetic mothers display, in contrast to cells from healthy mothers, a higher ability to differentiate towards the adipogenic lineage. This suggests that the diabetic uterine environment may be responsible for a “pre-commitment” that could give rise in the post natal life to an alteration of adipocyte production upon an incorrect diet style, which in turn would produce obesity.
{"title":"Diabetes Mellitus During Pregnancy Interferes with the BiologicalCharacteristics of Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells","authors":"L. Pierdomenico, P. Lanuti, R. Lachmann, G. Grifone, E. Cianci, L. Gialo, S. Pacella, M. Romano, E. Vitacolonna, S. Miscia, M. Marchisio","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010103","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research indicates that the origin of obesity and related metabolic disorders is not only caused by genetic and risk factors in adult life (unbalanced diet, insufficient physical activity) but also may be influenced by the perinatal environment. In addition, studies in animal models suggest that the mesenchymal stem cell commitment into pre-adipocytes can already occur during fetal development and perinatal life. Since the number of pre-adipocytes and mature adipocytes is lower in normal subjects than in obese subjects, changes in the prenatal maturational process may play a role in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic-associated diseases. Hyperglycemia during pregnancy is related to an increased risk of obesity, early onset of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the offspring. For this reason it would be useful to investigate how the perinatal environment may affect fetal mesenchymal stem cells, especially in deregulated gestational diabetes, where the fetal environment is modified in terms of hormone levels and nutrition. Therefore, we have compared Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSC) obtained from umbilical cord of both healthy and diabetic mothers, in order to better understand the mechanisms involved in metabolic diseases in offspring of diabetic mothers. Results indicate that WJ-MSC from diabetic mothers display, in contrast to cells from healthy mothers, a higher ability to differentiate towards the adipogenic lineage. This suggests that the diabetic uterine environment may be responsible for a “pre-commitment” that could give rise in the post natal life to an alteration of adipocyte production upon an incorrect diet style, which in turn would produce obesity.","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010001
C. Borlongan
The advent of stem cells as a tool to decipher the cell’s biology and as a source of transplant therapy to correct aging and diseases has become a core research arena for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It is thus fitting that The Open Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine hosts this volume dedicated to a pivotal source of stem cells – the umbilical cord’s Wharton jelly. Much kudos go to lead editor Dr. Giampero La Rocca for organizing this special volume of the journal, comprising of pioneering scientists who have advanced the basic and translational applications of Wharton jelly-derived stem cells (La Rocca, TOTERMJ 2011).
干细胞作为一种破译细胞生物学的工具和一种纠正衰老和疾病的移植疗法的来源，已经成为组织工程和再生医学的核心研究领域。因此，《开放组织工程与再生医学》杂志专门为干细胞的关键来源——脐带的沃顿果冻撰写这一卷书是再合适不过了。主编Giampero La Rocca博士组织了该杂志的这一特别卷，其中包括了推进沃顿果冻衍生干细胞的基础和转化应用的先驱科学家(La Rocca, TOTERMJ 2011)。
{"title":"Preface - Stem Cells are Finally Starting to Jell","authors":"C. Borlongan","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010001","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of stem cells as a tool to decipher the cell’s biology and as a source of transplant therapy to correct aging and diseases has become a core research arena for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It is thus fitting that The Open Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine hosts this volume dedicated to a pivotal source of stem cells – the umbilical cord’s Wharton jelly. Much kudos go to lead editor Dr. Giampero La Rocca for organizing this special volume of the journal, comprising of pioneering scientists who have advanced the basic and translational applications of Wharton jelly-derived stem cells (La Rocca, TOTERMJ 2011).","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010003
G. Rocca
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) constitute a variety of cellular populations which were described first about 35 years ago in the bone marrow (BM) stroma [1]. These years have foreseen an exponential increase of reports pointing out features, stemness, markers, tissue sources and clinical applications of these cells. Cells with MSC features can be isolated from virtually every adult organ in the body, as well from a group of fetus-associated sources (cells derived from the latter tissues are collectively known as perinatal stem cells) [2]. In recent years, the umbilical cord arose as a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells, which can be isolated in relatively high numbers (compared to BM) and should be further cultured and cryopreserved. Wharton’s jelly (WJ) is the main constituent of the umbilical cord. This mature mucous tissue extends from the amniotic epithelium to the perivascular zone of the cord, and contains an abundant extracellular matrix with fibroblast-like or myofibroblast-like cells inside. The high interest for new stem cell sources for the most diverse clinical applications and the amount of data accumulating on WJ-MSC, pushed for the development of this special issue [3].
{"title":"Editorial - Connecting the Dots: The Promises of Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells forTissue Repair and Regeneration","authors":"G. Rocca","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010003","url":null,"abstract":"Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) constitute a variety of cellular populations which were described first about 35 years ago in the bone marrow (BM) stroma [1]. These years have foreseen an exponential increase of reports pointing out features, stemness, markers, tissue sources and clinical applications of these cells. Cells with MSC features can be isolated from virtually every adult organ in the body, as well from a group of fetus-associated sources (cells derived from the latter tissues are collectively known as perinatal stem cells) [2]. In recent years, the umbilical cord arose as a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells, which can be isolated in relatively high numbers (compared to BM) and should be further cultured and cryopreserved. Wharton’s jelly (WJ) is the main constituent of the umbilical cord. This mature mucous tissue extends from the amniotic epithelium to the perivascular zone of the cord, and contains an abundant extracellular matrix with fibroblast-like or myofibroblast-like cells inside. The high interest for new stem cell sources for the most diverse clinical applications and the amount of data accumulating on WJ-MSC, pushed for the development of this special issue [3].","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"3-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010021
M. Jeschke, G. Gauglitz, T. T. Phan, D. Herndon, K. Kita
The umbilical cord tissue has gained attention in recent years as a source of multipotent cells. Due to its wide- spread availability, the umbilical cord may be an excellent alternative source of cells for regenerative medicine. Anatomically, umbilical cord tissue is constituted of several different parts, and, accordingly, immunostaining of cord tissue sections revealed differential distribution of several markers and extracellular matrix, distinguishing the various layers. Wharton's jelly is the major component filling the inner part of the umbilical cord tissue, and it has been commonly used as a source of obtaining multipotent cells from umbilical cord. We recently reported isolating mesenchymal stem cells from cord lining membrane (sub-amnion). However, because of several anatomically distinct zones found in the umbilical cord, isolated multipotent cells sometimes show heterogeneity. In addition, differences in isolation technique may lead to further variation. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences between the cells derived from each sub-region, including sub-amnion as recently reported by us. We further explore the specific features and advantages/disadvantages of Wharton's jelly and the other sub-compartments in the umbilical cord tissue as sources of stem cells/multipotent cells.
{"title":"Umbilical cord lining membrane and wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: The similarities and differences","authors":"M. Jeschke, G. Gauglitz, T. T. Phan, D. Herndon, K. Kita","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010021","url":null,"abstract":"The umbilical cord tissue has gained attention in recent years as a source of multipotent cells. Due to its wide- spread availability, the umbilical cord may be an excellent alternative source of cells for regenerative medicine. Anatomically, umbilical cord tissue is constituted of several different parts, and, accordingly, immunostaining of cord tissue sections revealed differential distribution of several markers and extracellular matrix, distinguishing the various layers. Wharton's jelly is the major component filling the inner part of the umbilical cord tissue, and it has been commonly used as a source of obtaining multipotent cells from umbilical cord. We recently reported isolating mesenchymal stem cells from cord lining membrane (sub-amnion). However, because of several anatomically distinct zones found in the umbilical cord, isolated multipotent cells sometimes show heterogeneity. In addition, differences in isolation technique may lead to further variation. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences between the cells derived from each sub-region, including sub-amnion as recently reported by us. We further explore the specific features and advantages/disadvantages of Wharton's jelly and the other sub-compartments in the umbilical cord tissue as sources of stem cells/multipotent cells.","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"21-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010072
M. Iacono, R. Anzalone, S. Corrao, M. Giuffré, A. Stefano, P. Giannuzzi, F. Cappello, F. Farina, G. Rocca
Stem cells can be found in embryonic and extraembryonic tissues as well as in adult organs. In particular, research in the last few years has delineated the key features of perinatal stem cells derived from fetus-associated tissues. These cells show multiple differentiation potential, can be easily expanded ex vivo, and raise no ethical concerns as regards their use. Several reports indicate that cells isolated from Wharton's jelly (WJ), the main component of umbilical cord extracellular matrix, are multipotent stem cells that express markers shared by other mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and give rise to different mature cell types belonging to all three germ layers. Moreover, WJ-MSC display promising hypoimmunogenic and immunomodulatory properties, since they express molecules able to modulate NK cells and expand regulatory T-cell populations. In this review, we focus on the use of perinatal stem cells for regenerative medicine aimed at cartilage repair and regeneration. Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue which has poor regeneration and self-repair capacity in vivo. Traumatic injury or autoimmune processes are among the main causes of cartilage damage and degeneration, for which new hope comes from tissue engineering using stem cells which have undergone chondrocyte-like differentiation. We analyze the in vitro and in vivo data on the use of perinatal stem cells, in particular WJ-MSC, for cartilage regenerative medicine. The high variability of cell sources, the use of different types of scaffolds and matrixes, and the administration of several combinations of growth factors clearly point out the need for further research to optimize this cellular therapy approach and translate the results obtained from bench to clinic.
{"title":"Perinatal and Wharton's Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cartilage Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Strategies","authors":"M. Iacono, R. Anzalone, S. Corrao, M. Giuffré, A. Stefano, P. Giannuzzi, F. Cappello, F. Farina, G. Rocca","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010072","url":null,"abstract":"Stem cells can be found in embryonic and extraembryonic tissues as well as in adult organs. In particular, research in the last few years has delineated the key features of perinatal stem cells derived from fetus-associated tissues. These cells show multiple differentiation potential, can be easily expanded ex vivo, and raise no ethical concerns as regards their use. Several reports indicate that cells isolated from Wharton's jelly (WJ), the main component of umbilical cord extracellular matrix, are multipotent stem cells that express markers shared by other mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and give rise to different mature cell types belonging to all three germ layers. Moreover, WJ-MSC display promising hypoimmunogenic and immunomodulatory properties, since they express molecules able to modulate NK cells and expand regulatory T-cell populations. In this review, we focus on the use of perinatal stem cells for regenerative medicine aimed at cartilage repair and regeneration. Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue which has poor regeneration and self-repair capacity in vivo. Traumatic injury or autoimmune processes are among the main causes of cartilage damage and degeneration, for which new hope comes from tissue engineering using stem cells which have undergone chondrocyte-like differentiation. We analyze the in vitro and in vivo data on the use of perinatal stem cells, in particular WJ-MSC, for cartilage regenerative medicine. The high variability of cell sources, the use of different types of scaffolds and matrixes, and the administration of several combinations of growth factors clearly point out the need for further research to optimize this cellular therapy approach and translate the results obtained from bench to clinic.","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"72-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010112
H. Emrani, J. Davies
Objective: To model the healing that umbilical cord perivascular cells effect in equines, we have used human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) to repair tendon damage in a collagenase tendon injury model in immune- compromised rats. Animals: 48 Nude rats (Crl:NIH-Foxn1 rnu ) of 200-250 g weight were used. Procedure: The Achilles tendon was exposed by blunt dissection and, using a 30G needle, 30 µl of either a mixture of cells (2 x10 5 ) and collagenase, or collagenase alone, was injected close to the musculotendinous junction in the direction of the osteotendinous junction. Results: Harvested tendons showed the presence of HUCPVCs at the site of injury, whose morphology changed from ovoid to elongated over the 30 post-injury experimental time period. Human genes for collagen type 1 and β-actin were expressed at all time points and there was also a significant increase in tendon tensile strength and stiffness by 30 days post-injury in the experimental group. Conclusion: HUCPVCs facilitated regeneration in our model through changes in collagen organization; cell shape and orientation; and increase in mechanical properties over those of the untreated controls. Clinical Relevance: Cell therapy has been shown to be effective in treating tendon injuries, especially in equines. We have recently isolated a mesenchymal cell population from equine umbilical cords that is analogous to a well-characterized HUCPVC population. Our results indicate that HUCPVCs are a putative cell source for treating tendon injuries; and this model could explain the benefits of using analogous cells in equines.
{"title":"Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells: A Mesenchymal Cell Source for Treatment of Tendon Injuries","authors":"H. Emrani, J. Davies","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010112","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To model the healing that umbilical cord perivascular cells effect in equines, we have used human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) to repair tendon damage in a collagenase tendon injury model in immune- compromised rats. Animals: 48 Nude rats (Crl:NIH-Foxn1 rnu ) of 200-250 g weight were used. Procedure: The Achilles tendon was exposed by blunt dissection and, using a 30G needle, 30 µl of either a mixture of cells (2 x10 5 ) and collagenase, or collagenase alone, was injected close to the musculotendinous junction in the direction of the osteotendinous junction. Results: Harvested tendons showed the presence of HUCPVCs at the site of injury, whose morphology changed from ovoid to elongated over the 30 post-injury experimental time period. Human genes for collagen type 1 and β-actin were expressed at all time points and there was also a significant increase in tendon tensile strength and stiffness by 30 days post-injury in the experimental group. Conclusion: HUCPVCs facilitated regeneration in our model through changes in collagen organization; cell shape and orientation; and increase in mechanical properties over those of the untreated controls. Clinical Relevance: Cell therapy has been shown to be effective in treating tendon injuries, especially in equines. We have recently isolated a mesenchymal cell population from equine umbilical cords that is analogous to a well-characterized HUCPVC population. Our results indicate that HUCPVCs are a putative cell source for treating tendon injuries; and this model could explain the benefits of using analogous cells in equines.","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"112-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010039
M. Tamura, A. Kawabata, N. Ohta, L. Uppalapati, K. Becker, D. Troyer
Stem cell based therapy has significant potential to treat various diseases including primary and metastatic cancers. The umbilical cord matrix stem cells (UCMSC) derived from human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly (also termed WJMSC) have been shown to exhibit low immunogenicity, which potentially negates immune consequences after cytotherapy. The homing ability of human and rat UCMSC to inflammatory tissues, including cancer tissues, further confers upon these cells the potential for targeted cancer therapy. Our previous studies demonstrated that un-engineered human and rat UCMSC significantly attenuated the growth of multiple cancer cell lines in vivo and in vitro through multiple mechanisms. We have also demonstrated that these cells can be engineered to express cytotoxic cytokines before being delivered to the tumor and can be preloaded with nanoparticle payloads and attenuate tumors after homing to them. In this review, intrinsic stem cell-dependent regulation of cancer growth, potential mechanisms involved in this unique biological function, delivery of exogenous anti-cancer agents, and the potential for clinical applications will be discussed.
{"title":"Wharton's Jelly Stem Cells as Agents for Cancer Therapy","authors":"M. Tamura, A. Kawabata, N. Ohta, L. Uppalapati, K. Becker, D. Troyer","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010039","url":null,"abstract":"Stem cell based therapy has significant potential to treat various diseases including primary and metastatic cancers. The umbilical cord matrix stem cells (UCMSC) derived from human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly (also termed WJMSC) have been shown to exhibit low immunogenicity, which potentially negates immune consequences after cytotherapy. The homing ability of human and rat UCMSC to inflammatory tissues, including cancer tissues, further confers upon these cells the potential for targeted cancer therapy. Our previous studies demonstrated that un-engineered human and rat UCMSC significantly attenuated the growth of multiple cancer cell lines in vivo and in vitro through multiple mechanisms. We have also demonstrated that these cells can be engineered to express cytotoxic cytokines before being delivered to the tumor and can be preloaded with nanoparticle payloads and attenuate tumors after homing to them. In this review, intrinsic stem cell-dependent regulation of cancer growth, potential mechanisms involved in this unique biological function, delivery of exogenous anti-cancer agents, and the potential for clinical applications will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"39-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010028
S. Prasanna, V. S. Jahnavi
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are isolated from most post-natal tissues and are broadly reported to have similar immuno-phenotype, mesenchymal lineage-differentiation potential and bio-distribution in peri-vascular niches. Thus, several stromal substitutes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are being considered for regenerative therapy. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) seem to be the most promising alternative because of easy donor accessibility, high proliferative capacity and greater sample to sample identity. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidences also support the usage of WJMSCs in tissue repair and regeneration. Key to these observations is secretion of trophic and immune regulatory factors, which aid repair, and resolution of injury. In order to extrapolate these results for clinical usage key questions that need to be addressed are: extrapolation of "allogeneic" transplantation ability of BMMSCs to WJMSCs, survival of allogeneic/xenogeneic WJMSCs in transplantation scenario and actual mechanisms of immune-modulation in an "inflammatory" setting. This review focuses on comparing the in vitro and in vivo studies on immune regulatory properties of WJMSCs and BMMSCs and speculates the usage of WJMSCs for immuno-modulation in a disease scenario. Despite commonalities, different tissue-derived MSCs are reported to have unique gene expression signatures. We would evaluate whether WJMSCs have unique inherent properties, owing to their bio-distribution and primitiveness, as compared to BMMSCs. Further, we debate whether these differences remain conserved on in vitro propagation and impact the immune properties of WJMSCs and speculate the pros and cons of using WJMSCs for allogeneic transplantation. Keyword: Mesenchymal stem cells, immunomodulation, allogenic transplantation.
{"title":"Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Off-The-Shelf CellularTherapeutics: A Closer Look into their Regenerative andImmunomodulatory Properties","authors":"S. Prasanna, V. S. Jahnavi","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010028","url":null,"abstract":"Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are isolated from most post-natal tissues and are broadly reported to have similar immuno-phenotype, mesenchymal lineage-differentiation potential and bio-distribution in peri-vascular niches. Thus, several stromal substitutes of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are being considered for regenerative therapy. Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) seem to be the most promising alternative because of easy donor accessibility, high proliferative capacity and greater sample to sample identity. Recent in vitro and in vivo evidences also support the usage of WJMSCs in tissue repair and regeneration. Key to these observations is secretion of trophic and immune regulatory factors, which aid repair, and resolution of injury. In order to extrapolate these results for clinical usage key questions that need to be addressed are: extrapolation of \"allogeneic\" transplantation ability of BMMSCs to WJMSCs, survival of allogeneic/xenogeneic WJMSCs in transplantation scenario and actual mechanisms of immune-modulation in an \"inflammatory\" setting. This review focuses on comparing the in vitro and in vivo studies on immune regulatory properties of WJMSCs and BMMSCs and speculates the usage of WJMSCs for immuno-modulation in a disease scenario. Despite commonalities, different tissue-derived MSCs are reported to have unique gene expression signatures. We would evaluate whether WJMSCs have unique inherent properties, owing to their bio-distribution and primitiveness, as compared to BMMSCs. Further, we debate whether these differences remain conserved on in vitro propagation and impact the immune properties of WJMSCs and speculate the pros and cons of using WJMSCs for allogeneic transplantation. Keyword: Mesenchymal stem cells, immunomodulation, allogenic transplantation.","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"28-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-12-30DOI: 10.2174/1875043501104010006
M. Conconi, R. Liddo, M. Tommasini, C. Calore, P. Parnigotto
Fibroblast-like cells with properties similar to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are present in human umbilical cord (hUC). In accordance with the international minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, hUC cells are designed MSCs being plastic adherent, positive to specific non hematopoietic lineage biomarkers, able to be both in vitro long term cultured and differentiated into osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes. In this review, a panoramic view of phenotypic characteristics of hUC cells derived from various UC parts are described. The high heterogeneity of extraction, culture and analysis procedures hinder the ability to precisely identify UC stromal cells. As a result, different phenotypic profiles are detectable not only among the cells obtained from the various parts of cord, but also inside the same UC regions, suggesting that UC-MSCs may represent an unique cell family whose components present various degree of stemness. However, in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates Wharton's jelly as the best source of MSCs, because its cells present a wide range of potential therapeutic applications.
{"title":"Phenotype and Differentiation Potential of Stromal Populations Obtained from Various Zones of Human Umbilical Cord: An Overview","authors":"M. Conconi, R. Liddo, M. Tommasini, C. Calore, P. Parnigotto","doi":"10.2174/1875043501104010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1875043501104010006","url":null,"abstract":"Fibroblast-like cells with properties similar to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are present in human umbilical cord (hUC). In accordance with the international minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, hUC cells are designed MSCs being plastic adherent, positive to specific non hematopoietic lineage biomarkers, able to be both in vitro long term cultured and differentiated into osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes. In this review, a panoramic view of phenotypic characteristics of hUC cells derived from various UC parts are described. The high heterogeneity of extraction, culture and analysis procedures hinder the ability to precisely identify UC stromal cells. As a result, different phenotypic profiles are detectable not only among the cells obtained from the various parts of cord, but also inside the same UC regions, suggesting that UC-MSCs may represent an unique cell family whose components present various degree of stemness. However, in vitro and in vivo evidence indicates Wharton's jelly as the best source of MSCs, because its cells present a wide range of potential therapeutic applications.","PeriodicalId":88761,"journal":{"name":"The open tissue engineering and regenerative medicine journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"6-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68108855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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