Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.110
Aïcha Bah, I. Vergne
{"title":"Autophagy and Autophagy-Related Proteins in the Immunity against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","authors":"Aïcha Bah, I. Vergne","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.110","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"6 1","pages":"217-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67441637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.130
Izabela Szulc-Kielbik, Michal Kielbik, M. Klink
{"title":"The Role of Homologous Recombination and Non-Homologous Ends Joining Systems in M. Tuberculosis Survival inside Macrophages","authors":"Izabela Szulc-Kielbik, Michal Kielbik, M. Klink","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.130","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"6 1","pages":"237-249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67441710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2016014169
Jonathan M Kagan, Ana M Sanchez, Alan Landay, Thomas N Denny
Foundational cellular immunology research of the 1960s and 1970s, together with the advent of monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry, provided the knowledge base and the technological capability that enabled the elucidation of the role of CD4 T cells in HIV infection. Research identifying the sources and magnitude of variation in CD4 measurements, standardized reagents and protocols, and the development of clinical flow cytometers all contributed to the feasibility of widespread CD4 testing. Cohort studies and clinical trials provided the context for establishing the utility of CD4 for prognosis in HIV-infected persons, initial assessment of in vivo antiretroviral drug activity, and as a surrogate marker for clinical outcome in antiretroviral therapeutic trials. Even with sensitive HIV viral load measurement, CD4 cell counting is still utilized in determining antiretroviral therapy eligibility and time to initiate therapy. New point of care technologies are helping both to lower the cost of CD4 testing and enable its use in HIV test and treat programs around the world.
20 世纪 60 年代和 70 年代的基础细胞免疫学研究，以及单克隆抗体和流式细胞仪的出现，为阐明 CD4 T 细胞在 HIV 感染中的作用提供了知识基础和技术能力。研究确定了 CD4 测量结果的来源和变异程度、标准化试剂和方案，以及临床流式细胞仪的开发，所有这些都有助于实现广泛的 CD4 检测。队列研究和临床试验为确定 CD4 在艾滋病病毒感染者的预后、体内抗逆转录病毒药物活性的初步评估以及作为抗逆转录病毒治疗试验中临床结果的替代标志物方面的效用提供了背景。即使有了敏感的 HIV 病毒载量测量，CD4 细胞计数仍被用于确定抗逆转录病毒疗法的资格和开始治疗的时间。新的护理点技术正在帮助降低 CD4 检测的成本，并使其在世界各地的艾滋病检测和治疗项目中得到应用。
{"title":"A Brief Chronicle of CD4 as a Biomarker for HIV/AIDS: A Tribute to the Memory of John L. Fahey.","authors":"Jonathan M Kagan, Ana M Sanchez, Alan Landay, Thomas N Denny","doi":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2016014169","DOIUrl":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2016014169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Foundational cellular immunology research of the 1960s and 1970s, together with the advent of monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry, provided the knowledge base and the technological capability that enabled the elucidation of the role of CD4 T cells in HIV infection. Research identifying the sources and magnitude of variation in CD4 measurements, standardized reagents and protocols, and the development of clinical flow cytometers all contributed to the feasibility of widespread CD4 testing. Cohort studies and clinical trials provided the context for establishing the utility of CD4 for prognosis in HIV-infected persons, initial assessment of <i>in vivo</i> antiretroviral drug activity, and as a surrogate marker for clinical outcome in antiretroviral therapeutic trials. Even with sensitive HIV viral load measurement, CD4 cell counting is still utilized in determining antiretroviral therapy eligibility and time to initiate therapy. New point of care technologies are helping both to lower the cost of CD4 testing and enable its use in HIV test and treat programs around the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4864990/pdf/nihms783462.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34550264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2015015300
Hannah Akuffo, Sven Britton, Thomas Schön
Chronic asymptomatic worm infection, often in combination with tuberculosis (TB), is common in low-income countries. Indeed, a life without worm infestation, as is now the case in most high-income countries, is a recent condition for humankind. Worms and Mycobacterium tuberculosis give rise to different immune response patterns (Th2 vs. Th1 driven), and we have studied whether chronic worm infection affects the susceptibility to and control of TB in the low income country of Ethiopia. Our results, as well of those in the general literature, are inconclusive, although we have some rather strong data in support of adult deworming in relation to vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against TB. In addition, we discuss briefly the putative relationship between chronic worm infestation and autoimmunity/allergy.
{"title":"Worms and Humans: A Happy Divorce?","authors":"Hannah Akuffo, Sven Britton, Thomas Schön","doi":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2015015300","DOIUrl":"10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher.2015015300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic asymptomatic worm infection, often in combination with tuberculosis (TB), is common in low-income countries. Indeed, a life without worm infestation, as is now the case in most high-income countries, is a recent condition for humankind. Worms and <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> give rise to different immune response patterns (Th2 vs. Th1 driven), and we have studied whether chronic worm infection affects the susceptibility to and control of TB in the low income country of Ethiopia. Our results, as well of those in the general literature, are inconclusive, although we have some rather strong data in support of adult deworming in relation to vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) against TB. In addition, we discuss briefly the putative relationship between chronic worm infestation and autoimmunity/allergy.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"6 1-2","pages":"27-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381959/pdf/nihms847431.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34898969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016015242
Matthew D Marsden, Jerome A Zack
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce HIV viral loads to undetectable levels and prevent disease progression. However, HIV persists in rare cellular reservoirs within ART-treated patients and rapidly reemerges if ART is stopped. Latently infected CD4+ T cells represent a major reservoir of HIV that persists during ART. Therefore, a cure for HIV must include methods that either permanently inactivate or eliminate latent virus. Experimental methods under investigation for eliminating latently infected cells include transplantation/gene therapy approaches intended to deplete the infected cells and replace them with HIV-resistant ones, and DNA editing strategies that are capable of damaging or excising non-expressing HIV proviruses. Alternatively, "activation-elimination," also known as "shock and kill," approaches aim to induce expression of latent virus, allowing the virus to be eliminated by viral cytopathic effects, immune effector mechanisms, or additional cells/antibodies that specifically target and kill cells expressing HIV proteins. Here, we describe these experimental approaches for eliminating latent HIV along with other recent advances in HIV cure research.
{"title":"Experimental Approaches for Eliminating Latent HIV.","authors":"Matthew D Marsden, Jerome A Zack","doi":"10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016015242","DOIUrl":"10.1615/forumimmundisther.2016015242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce HIV viral loads to undetectable levels and prevent disease progression. However, HIV persists in rare cellular reservoirs within ART-treated patients and rapidly reemerges if ART is stopped. Latently infected CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells represent a major reservoir of HIV that persists during ART. Therefore, a cure for HIV must include methods that either permanently inactivate or eliminate latent virus. Experimental methods under investigation for eliminating latently infected cells include transplantation/gene therapy approaches intended to deplete the infected cells and replace them with HIV-resistant ones, and DNA editing strategies that are capable of damaging or excising non-expressing HIV proviruses. Alternatively, \"activation-elimination,\" also known as \"shock and kill,\" approaches aim to induce expression of latent virus, allowing the virus to be eliminated by viral cytopathic effects, immune effector mechanisms, or additional cells/antibodies that specifically target and kill cells expressing HIV proteins. Here, we describe these experimental approaches for eliminating latent HIV along with other recent advances in HIV cure research.</p>","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"19 1","pages":"91-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5302864/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2015014920
S. Kanowith-Klein
John L. Fahey, M.D. headed a team of researchers, clinicians, and other academic staff throughout his career at the University of California, Los Angeles, working with them in various capacities. Here, I recount my memories of working with Dr. Fahey during the early years of the Clinical Immunology Society.
医学博士John L. Fahey在加州大学洛杉矶分校的整个职业生涯中领导着一个由研究人员、临床医生和其他学术人员组成的团队，以各种身份与他们合作。在这里，我讲述了我在临床免疫学学会早期与费伊博士一起工作的记忆。
{"title":"Memories of John L. Fahey, M.D.'s Clinical Immunology Society Years","authors":"S. Kanowith-Klein","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2015014920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2015014920","url":null,"abstract":"John L. Fahey, M.D. headed a team of researchers, clinicians, and other academic staff throughout his career at the University of California, Los Angeles, working with them in various capacities. Here, I recount my memories of working with Dr. Fahey during the early years of the Clinical Immunology Society.","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"6 1","pages":"25-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2015014920","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67439935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016016641
Flavia Scoyni, R. Giugno
{"title":"Circular RNAs and Exosomes: The New Frontier of Cancer Diagnosis","authors":"Flavia Scoyni, R. Giugno","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016016641","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016016641","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"6 1","pages":"181-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016014508
P. Seth, S. Yadav
{"title":"Development of Indian HIV-1 Subtype C Vaccine Candidates","authors":"P. Seth, S. Yadav","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016014508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016014508","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"6 1","pages":"101-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016016526
A. L. Ronnegren
{"title":"Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Mediators of Epigenetic Reprogramming","authors":"A. L. Ronnegren","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016016526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.2016016526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"42 1","pages":"133-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67440187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.80
M. Klink
{"title":"PREFACE: Manipulation of Macrophage Functions by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis","authors":"M. Klink","doi":"10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.80","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.80","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89370,"journal":{"name":"Forum on immunopathological diseases and therapeutics","volume":"25 1","pages":"189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1615/FORUMIMMUNDISTHER.V6.I3-4.80","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67441784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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