Pub Date : 2021-10-26DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.02
Shashi Agarwal
Cancer is soon expected to overtake cardiovascular diseases as the leading cause of death in the world. As newer and often more expensive cancer treatments become available, several complementary modalities are gaining clinical importance. Exercise is one such modality. Increasing scientific data suggests that exercise, besides helping prevent several cancers, can also help improve outcomes across a range of cancer diagnoses. The mechanisms behind this protection and therapeutic effects are numerous and include changes in body composition, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, sex hormone levels, systemic inflammation, immune cell function, and DNA integrity. Exercise is easy to do, is inexpensive, and can be modified to the condition of the patient. This review summarizes the various benefits of structured activity in most major cancers affecting humans.
{"title":"Exercise: Preventive and Therapeutic Benefits in Cancer","authors":"Shashi Agarwal","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.02","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer is soon expected to overtake cardiovascular diseases as the leading cause of death in the world. As newer and often more expensive cancer treatments become available, several complementary modalities are gaining clinical importance. Exercise is one such modality. Increasing scientific data suggests that exercise, besides helping prevent several cancers, can also help improve outcomes across a range of cancer diagnoses. The mechanisms behind this protection and therapeutic effects are numerous and include changes in body composition, insulin sensitivity, oxidative stress, sex hormone levels, systemic inflammation, immune cell function, and DNA integrity. Exercise is easy to do, is inexpensive, and can be modified to the condition of the patient. This review summarizes the various benefits of structured activity in most major cancers affecting humans.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45317100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.01
C. Zou
: Basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly heterogeneous and lack of effective molecular targets for therapy. In this study, we developed the lncRNA signatures of TNBC as molecular biomarkers. RNA-sequencing in 12 paired breast cancer and adjacent tissues identified up-regulated and down-regulated lncRNAs of Basal subtype in contrast to Luminal A, Luminal B and HER2 subtypes. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high expression of lncRNA (ZEB1-AS1 and TMEM254-AS1) had a poor relapse-free survival rate (RFS), while high expression of lncRNA (LINC01087, LINC01122 and LINC00856) had a positive correlation with RFS. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of the ZEB1-AS1 and TMEM254-AS1 lncRNA were up-regulated in TNBC tissues, while the mRNA expression of lncRNA, including LINC01087, LINC01122 and LINC00856 were down-regulated in TNBC tissues. Taken together, our results elucidated that 5 novel lncRNAs, including ZEB1-AS1, TMEM254-AS1, LINC01087, LINC01122 and LINC00856 contributed to the progression of invasive TNBC. These lncRNAs could be molecular biomarkers for the development of TNBC treatment.
{"title":"RNA-Sequencing-Based lncRNA Biomarker Profiling on Triple Negative Breast Cancer","authors":"C. Zou","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.01","url":null,"abstract":": Basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly heterogeneous and lack of effective molecular targets for therapy. In this study, we developed the lncRNA signatures of TNBC as molecular biomarkers. RNA-sequencing in 12 paired breast cancer and adjacent tissues identified up-regulated and down-regulated lncRNAs of Basal subtype in contrast to Luminal A, Luminal B and HER2 subtypes. Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high expression of lncRNA (ZEB1-AS1 and TMEM254-AS1) had a poor relapse-free survival rate (RFS), while high expression of lncRNA (LINC01087, LINC01122 and LINC00856) had a positive correlation with RFS. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the mRNA expressions of the ZEB1-AS1 and TMEM254-AS1 lncRNA were up-regulated in TNBC tissues, while the mRNA expression of lncRNA, including LINC01087, LINC01122 and LINC00856 were down-regulated in TNBC tissues. Taken together, our results elucidated that 5 novel lncRNAs, including ZEB1-AS1, TMEM254-AS1, LINC01087, LINC01122 and LINC00856 contributed to the progression of invasive TNBC. These lncRNAs could be molecular biomarkers for the development of TNBC treatment.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44440297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.04
P. Mehdipour, Asaad Azarnezha
: Background : Different genetic variants in the ATM gene have been reported to be associated with breast carcinoma (BC). Purpose of the study was to consider the multi-insights experiments and explorations through the molecular, cellular and structural aspects of ATM. Methods and Results : D1853N polymorphism was traced in a proband with BC. DNA extracted from blood and tumor tissue was PCR-amplified and cloned to allelic localization of characterized variants. Protein expression and In silico analysis based on three different profiles involved in cell cycle were also performed to confirm mutational events. Findings revealed the molecular based sequential events as an eight-hit evolutionary pattern (8- Hit E.P) including D1853N as the first predisposing hit (inherited), pre-differentiation stage hits including IVS 36-8 T>C as the 2 nd hit, V1833M as the 3 rd hit, L1888L as the 4 th , and somatic variants including IVS 36-46 C>T, L1842L, H1864H, and S1872R were considered as the 5-8 th hits. Low protein expression of ATM in the majority of cells was observed, but the expression of cyclin E, CDC25A, P53, and Ki-67 was more diverse. Conclusions : Observations were reflective of the sequential molecular and cellular events through the entire patient’s life from the pre-differentiation embryonic stage and all through the post-birth periods. Mentioned hits seem to be effective on expression and function of ATM which confirmed by the expression and in silico analysis.
{"title":"Eight-Hit Evolutionary Pattern in ATM Gene of a Breast Carcinoma Patient: A Personalized Approach","authors":"P. Mehdipour, Asaad Azarnezha","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2021.10.04","url":null,"abstract":": Background : Different genetic variants in the ATM gene have been reported to be associated with breast carcinoma (BC). Purpose of the study was to consider the multi-insights experiments and explorations through the molecular, cellular and structural aspects of ATM. Methods and Results : D1853N polymorphism was traced in a proband with BC. DNA extracted from blood and tumor tissue was PCR-amplified and cloned to allelic localization of characterized variants. Protein expression and In silico analysis based on three different profiles involved in cell cycle were also performed to confirm mutational events. Findings revealed the molecular based sequential events as an eight-hit evolutionary pattern (8- Hit E.P) including D1853N as the first predisposing hit (inherited), pre-differentiation stage hits including IVS 36-8 T>C as the 2 nd hit, V1833M as the 3 rd hit, L1888L as the 4 th , and somatic variants including IVS 36-46 C>T, L1842L, H1864H, and S1872R were considered as the 5-8 th hits. Low protein expression of ATM in the majority of cells was observed, but the expression of cyclin E, CDC25A, P53, and Ki-67 was more diverse. Conclusions : Observations were reflective of the sequential molecular and cellular events through the entire patient’s life from the pre-differentiation embryonic stage and all through the post-birth periods. Mentioned hits seem to be effective on expression and function of ATM which confirmed by the expression and in silico analysis.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69565154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.05
A. Böcking, David Friedrich, B. Palcic, Dietrich Meyer-Ebrech, Jin Chen
Diagnostic and prognostic DNA-karyometry represents an automated computerized microscopical procedure, designed to improve cancer diagnostics at three different aspects: Screening for cancer cells, e.g. in body cavity effusions, urines or mucosal smears Specifying the risk of dysplasias or borderline lesions to progress to manifest cancer, e.g. of oral, bronchial or cervical mucosa, or the ovary Grading the malignancy of certain tumors, like prostate cancer. It combines an automated diagnostic classification of Feulgen-stained nuclei with precise nuclear DNA-measurements. DNA-aneuploidy is used as a specific marker of malignancy and its degree for grading. All types of cytological specimens can be used after (re-)staining specific for DNA according to Feulgen. Histological specimens are subjected to enzymatic cell separation before Feulgen-staining. A video-slide scanner is used for automated scanning of microscopical slides. Diagnostic nuclear classifiers have tissue-specifically been trained by an expert-cytopathologist (A. B.), based on Random Forest Classifiers, applying 18 different morphometric features. They achieve an overall accuracy of 91.1% to differentiate 8 differents types of objects/nuclei. Nuclear DNA-measurements of diploid nuclei achieve a CV of 1% morphometrically abnormal nuclei. Time needed for loading, scanning and validation of results per slide is about 10 minutes. Results of digital diagnostic nuclear classification can be verified by a cytopathologist, using image galleries. Likewise automated diagnostic interpretation of nuclear DNA-distributions can be checked on the monitor, before a pathologists validated diagnoses are issued. Screening-results are presented for body cavity effusions and urines. Evaluations of dysplasias are reported for oral, bronchial and cervical smears. Results of grading malignancy are shown for prostate cancers.
{"title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic DNA-Karyometry for Cancer Diagnostics","authors":"A. Böcking, David Friedrich, B. Palcic, Dietrich Meyer-Ebrech, Jin Chen","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.05","url":null,"abstract":"Diagnostic and prognostic DNA-karyometry represents an automated computerized microscopical procedure, designed to improve cancer diagnostics at three different aspects: Screening for cancer cells, e.g. in body cavity effusions, urines or mucosal smears Specifying the risk of dysplasias or borderline lesions to progress to manifest cancer, e.g. of oral, bronchial or cervical mucosa, or the ovary Grading the malignancy of certain tumors, like prostate cancer. It combines an automated diagnostic classification of Feulgen-stained nuclei with precise nuclear DNA-measurements. DNA-aneuploidy is used as a specific marker of malignancy and its degree for grading. All types of cytological specimens can be used after (re-)staining specific for DNA according to Feulgen. Histological specimens are subjected to enzymatic cell separation before Feulgen-staining. A video-slide scanner is used for automated scanning of microscopical slides. Diagnostic nuclear classifiers have tissue-specifically been trained by an expert-cytopathologist (A. B.), based on Random Forest Classifiers, applying 18 different morphometric features. They achieve an overall accuracy of 91.1% to differentiate 8 differents types of objects/nuclei. Nuclear DNA-measurements of diploid nuclei achieve a CV of 1% morphometrically abnormal nuclei. Time needed for loading, scanning and validation of results per slide is about 10 minutes. Results of digital diagnostic nuclear classification can be verified by a cytopathologist, using image galleries. Likewise automated diagnostic interpretation of nuclear DNA-distributions can be checked on the monitor, before a pathologists validated diagnoses are issued. Screening-results are presented for body cavity effusions and urines. Evaluations of dysplasias are reported for oral, bronchial and cervical smears. Results of grading malignancy are shown for prostate cancers.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48037049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.09
Quanyong Cheng
: Gastric schwannomas are one of the rarest gastric tumors originating from the nerve plexus of the gut wall. Because most of these tumors don’t have any specific symptom and the majority of gastric mesenchymal tumors are gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), many are therefore misdiagnosed as GISTs. In addition, gastric schwannoma is the benign and slow-growing lesion in the stomach, but GISTs had poor outcomes due to lack of response to nonsurgical interventions. In our study, we analyzed two cases of these tumors. Computer tomography (CT), contrast-enhanced CT, gastroscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) were applied to diagnose these two patients. In addition, histological examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to confirm the final diagnosis. All imageological examination such as CT, contrast-enhanced CT, gastroscopy and EUS, diagnosed these two patients as gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Surprisingly, after the subtotal gastric surgery, histological examination showed that these lesions were composed of spindle cells. Those cells presenting in the bundle or fence-like arrangement were mildly heterologous. The outcomes of immunohistochemistry of the cell membrane markers (CD117 / DOG-1 negative, CD34 mild positive or negative) were the exact opposite of the characteristic presentation of GIST. These pathological findings refused the primary diagnosis, and were in coincidence with the characteristics of gastric schwannomas. To our best knowledge, these tumors are really rare that only two cases could be reported and analyzed clinically. CT and EUS could help diagnose gastric schwannomas before pathological examination results, but in order to define this diagnosis correctly. Pathological examination and IHC staining should be applied after surgery. To avoid the recurrence, it is better to resect the lesion completely, regardless of the malignant or benign disease.
{"title":"Gastric Schwannomas Misdiagnosed as GIST: A Comparative Study of Clinic Strategies Based on Membrane Marker Detection","authors":"Quanyong Cheng","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.09","url":null,"abstract":": Gastric schwannomas are one of the rarest gastric tumors originating from the nerve plexus of the gut wall. Because most of these tumors don’t have any specific symptom and the majority of gastric mesenchymal tumors are gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), many are therefore misdiagnosed as GISTs. In addition, gastric schwannoma is the benign and slow-growing lesion in the stomach, but GISTs had poor outcomes due to lack of response to nonsurgical interventions. In our study, we analyzed two cases of these tumors. Computer tomography (CT), contrast-enhanced CT, gastroscopy, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) were applied to diagnose these two patients. In addition, histological examination and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to confirm the final diagnosis. All imageological examination such as CT, contrast-enhanced CT, gastroscopy and EUS, diagnosed these two patients as gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Surprisingly, after the subtotal gastric surgery, histological examination showed that these lesions were composed of spindle cells. Those cells presenting in the bundle or fence-like arrangement were mildly heterologous. The outcomes of immunohistochemistry of the cell membrane markers (CD117 / DOG-1 negative, CD34 mild positive or negative) were the exact opposite of the characteristic presentation of GIST. These pathological findings refused the primary diagnosis, and were in coincidence with the characteristics of gastric schwannomas. To our best knowledge, these tumors are really rare that only two cases could be reported and analyzed clinically. CT and EUS could help diagnose gastric schwannomas before pathological examination results, but in order to define this diagnosis correctly. Pathological examination and IHC staining should be applied after surgery. To avoid the recurrence, it is better to resect the lesion completely, regardless of the malignant or benign disease.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46997267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.03
R. Hsieh
: The BRAF gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This protein plays an important role in regulating the MAP kinase signaling pathway, which is involved in cellular development, differentiation, division, proliferation, secretion, inflammatory responses and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Since 2002, the mutation of valine 600 to glutamic acid (V600E) is the most prevalent, and it is found to be recurrent in many cancer types. It is frequently identified cancer-causing mutation in melanoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, glioneuronal tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of lung, ovarian cancer, and also others malignancies and some cancer metastasis. In the early 1990s, some researchers began studying MAP kinase signaling pathway involved in controlling cell growth and its role in cancer, and it helped identify targets for new classes of cancer therapy. Later BRAF mutation was found in over 50% of melanomas. The overactive BRAF protein expression looked like an attractive drug target. Elucidating the detailed molecular structure of the mutant protein helped pharmaceutical companies developed selective inhibitors of mutated BRAF, including Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib, which have been approved to treat melanoma by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition, there is a growing number of targeted agents that are being evaluated to treat various BRAF-mutant advanced cancer (especially melanoma, lung, thyroid and colorectal cancer), including other RAF kinase inhibitors and/or MEK inhibitors. the mechanisms of the resistance, therefore it will help us to understand diseases biology and continuously bringing new therapeutic strategies for melanoma and/or others malignancies, including other drugs combination and next-generation of BRAF inhibitors.
{"title":"The Role of BRAF Gene in Cancer: Literature Review and Future Directions","authors":"R. Hsieh","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.03","url":null,"abstract":": The BRAF gene encodes a protein belonging to the RAF family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This protein plays an important role in regulating the MAP kinase signaling pathway, which is involved in cellular development, differentiation, division, proliferation, secretion, inflammatory responses and apoptosis in mammalian cells. Since 2002, the mutation of valine 600 to glutamic acid (V600E) is the most prevalent, and it is found to be recurrent in many cancer types. It is frequently identified cancer-causing mutation in melanoma, colorectal cancer, thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, glioneuronal tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of lung, ovarian cancer, and also others malignancies and some cancer metastasis. In the early 1990s, some researchers began studying MAP kinase signaling pathway involved in controlling cell growth and its role in cancer, and it helped identify targets for new classes of cancer therapy. Later BRAF mutation was found in over 50% of melanomas. The overactive BRAF protein expression looked like an attractive drug target. Elucidating the detailed molecular structure of the mutant protein helped pharmaceutical companies developed selective inhibitors of mutated BRAF, including Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib, which have been approved to treat melanoma by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In addition, there is a growing number of targeted agents that are being evaluated to treat various BRAF-mutant advanced cancer (especially melanoma, lung, thyroid and colorectal cancer), including other RAF kinase inhibitors and/or MEK inhibitors. the mechanisms of the resistance, therefore it will help us to understand diseases biology and continuously bringing new therapeutic strategies for melanoma and/or others malignancies, including other drugs combination and next-generation of BRAF inhibitors.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42539106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.08
D. McKee, Apros Ca Usa Integrative Cancer Consulting
: All tumors are surrounded by complex environmental components including blood and lymph vessels; cellular components like fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells; and non-cellular stromal cytokines, extracellular vesicles, and extracellular matrix. All of these along with the tumor cells constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). Also the physical and chemical factors within this tumor microenvironment including extracellular pH, hypoxia, elevated interstitial fluid pressure, and fibrosis closely associate with the tumor progression at local site, its metastasis to remote areas of the body, immunosuppression, and drug resistance exhibited by the tumor. These cellular and extracellular components of TME primarily contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. This review focuses on multiple factors that alter the microenvironment to make it favorable for tumor growth at primary site and its metastasis to secondary sites. Also some of the natural products that may help to treat the tumor conditions via alteration of this microenvironment are mentioned which may provide new venues for development of newer drugs halting the progression of the tumors.
{"title":"The Influence of Tumor Microenvironment on Tumor Progression; and Anticancer Therapies","authors":"D. McKee, Apros Ca Usa Integrative Cancer Consulting","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.08","url":null,"abstract":": All tumors are surrounded by complex environmental components including blood and lymph vessels; cellular components like fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells; and non-cellular stromal cytokines, extracellular vesicles, and extracellular matrix. All of these along with the tumor cells constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME). Also the physical and chemical factors within this tumor microenvironment including extracellular pH, hypoxia, elevated interstitial fluid pressure, and fibrosis closely associate with the tumor progression at local site, its metastasis to remote areas of the body, immunosuppression, and drug resistance exhibited by the tumor. These cellular and extracellular components of TME primarily contribute to the process of carcinogenesis. This review focuses on multiple factors that alter the microenvironment to make it favorable for tumor growth at primary site and its metastasis to secondary sites. Also some of the natural products that may help to treat the tumor conditions via alteration of this microenvironment are mentioned which may provide new venues for development of newer drugs halting the progression of the tumors.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49045397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.06
C. Comparetto
: Cancer is essentially a genetic disease. Neoplastic progression consists of a subsequent series of genetic alterations that cumulate. In the bloodstream of an affected subject, circulating tumor cells (CTC) and/or small deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments, known as “circulating tumor DNA” (ctDNA), can be found as a consequence of cancer cells’ death. Cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) consists of small fragments of DNA that are found free in plasma or serum, but also in other body fluids. The term “liquid biopsy” (LB) describes a highly sensitive method (based on a simple sampling of peripheral blood) for the isolation and analysis of cfDNA, which can also contain ctDNA and CTC. Its purpose is to look for cancer cells or portions of their DNA that are circulating in the blood. LB can be used to help find cancer in an early stage. It also has the additional advantage of being largely non-invasive and, therefore, being done more frequently, allowing better tumor and genetic mutations tracking. It can also be used to validate the efficacy of a drug for cancer treatment by taking multiple samples of LB within a few weeks. This technology can also be beneficial for patients after treatment to control relapse. The aim of this work is to give an overview of this technique, from its history, state-of-the-art, and methodology of execution, to its applications in oncology and with a hint to the gynecological field.
{"title":"Liquid Biopsy: A New, Non-Invasive Early Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool in Oncology","authors":"C. Comparetto","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.06","url":null,"abstract":": Cancer is essentially a genetic disease. Neoplastic progression consists of a subsequent series of genetic alterations that cumulate. In the bloodstream of an affected subject, circulating tumor cells (CTC) and/or small deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments, known as “circulating tumor DNA” (ctDNA), can be found as a consequence of cancer cells’ death. Cell-free circulating DNA (cfDNA) consists of small fragments of DNA that are found free in plasma or serum, but also in other body fluids. The term “liquid biopsy” (LB) describes a highly sensitive method (based on a simple sampling of peripheral blood) for the isolation and analysis of cfDNA, which can also contain ctDNA and CTC. Its purpose is to look for cancer cells or portions of their DNA that are circulating in the blood. LB can be used to help find cancer in an early stage. It also has the additional advantage of being largely non-invasive and, therefore, being done more frequently, allowing better tumor and genetic mutations tracking. It can also be used to validate the efficacy of a drug for cancer treatment by taking multiple samples of LB within a few weeks. This technology can also be beneficial for patients after treatment to control relapse. The aim of this work is to give an overview of this technique, from its history, state-of-the-art, and methodology of execution, to its applications in oncology and with a hint to the gynecological field.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42060911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.07
K. Ina
: Background : Metastatic gastric cancer has a poor prognosis, despite recent therapeutic improvements. The phase 3 SOLAR study confirmed better efficacy of S-1, oxaliplatin, and leucovorin (SOL) than S-1 plus cisplatin in advanced gastric cancer. Lentinan, β -(1, 3)-glucan purified from Shiitake mushrooms, has been reported to improve the overall survival of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. We conducted a preliminary study of SOL combined with lentinan during these 4 years. Methods : The clinical study was approved by the ethics committee of Nagoya Memorial Hospital in 2016. After explaining the protocol of this study, patients with recurrent or unresectable gastric cancer were enrolled, if they had the intention to participate. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to determine the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate, overall survival, and adverse effects. Results : Twelve patients (age: 59-81 years; sex: 9 men, 3 women) with metastatic gastric cancer (liver: 3, lung: 2, peritoneal: 12, ascites: 9) were treated with SOL in combination with lentinan as the first-line regimen. The cycles ranged from 4 to 15. The ORR and disease control rates were 58.3% (complete response [CR], 1; partial response, 6) and 91.7%, respectively. One patient with CR survived for > 23 months after the initiation of chemotherapy. Concerning adverse events, peripheral neuropathy was the most common event observed in all patients. However, there were no severe side effects, such as febrile neutropenia and diarrhea. Conclusions : SOL combined with lentinan can be a promising option for the treatment of far advanced metastatic gastric cancer.
{"title":"S-1 Plus Leucovorin and Oxaliplatin in Combination with Lentinan as First-line Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Gastric Cancer","authors":"K. Ina","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.07","url":null,"abstract":": Background : Metastatic gastric cancer has a poor prognosis, despite recent therapeutic improvements. The phase 3 SOLAR study confirmed better efficacy of S-1, oxaliplatin, and leucovorin (SOL) than S-1 plus cisplatin in advanced gastric cancer. Lentinan, β -(1, 3)-glucan purified from Shiitake mushrooms, has been reported to improve the overall survival of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. We conducted a preliminary study of SOL combined with lentinan during these 4 years. Methods : The clinical study was approved by the ethics committee of Nagoya Memorial Hospital in 2016. After explaining the protocol of this study, patients with recurrent or unresectable gastric cancer were enrolled, if they had the intention to participate. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to determine the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate, overall survival, and adverse effects. Results : Twelve patients (age: 59-81 years; sex: 9 men, 3 women) with metastatic gastric cancer (liver: 3, lung: 2, peritoneal: 12, ascites: 9) were treated with SOL in combination with lentinan as the first-line regimen. The cycles ranged from 4 to 15. The ORR and disease control rates were 58.3% (complete response [CR], 1; partial response, 6) and 91.7%, respectively. One patient with CR survived for > 23 months after the initiation of chemotherapy. Concerning adverse events, peripheral neuropathy was the most common event observed in all patients. However, there were no severe side effects, such as febrile neutropenia and diarrhea. Conclusions : SOL combined with lentinan can be a promising option for the treatment of far advanced metastatic gastric cancer.","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41930116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-25DOI: 10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.11
T. Stanojković
Multidrug resistance (MDR) which enable the tumor cells to possess intrinsic or acquired cross resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents simultaneously is considered to be a major challenge in cancer chemotherapy during the 21st century. numerous efflux pumps and transport proteins have been found to play important roles in MDR either the phenomenon of lowering the total intracellular retention of chemotherapeutic drugs or the redistribution of intracellular accumulation of drugs away from target organelles are two of the basic mechanisms involved in this process of MDR by transmembrane proteins which are expressed in varying concentrations in different neoplasms. Multiple compounds that have the potential to inhibit these pumps or proteins can be a future prospective for adjuvant treatment of neoplastic conditions. In this regard, compounds derived from natural products bear the advantages of low-cost and relative nontoxicity thus providing a great pool of lead structures for chemical derivatizations. This review gives an overview on chemical substances isolated from natural products of marine origin which possess the MDR modulating properties
{"title":"A Marine Natural Products as Modulators of Multidrug Resistance","authors":"T. Stanojković","doi":"10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30683/1929-2279.2020.09.11","url":null,"abstract":"Multidrug resistance (MDR) which enable the tumor cells to possess intrinsic or acquired cross resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic agents simultaneously is considered to be a major challenge in cancer chemotherapy during the 21st century. numerous efflux pumps and transport proteins have been found to play important roles in MDR either the phenomenon of lowering the total intracellular retention of chemotherapeutic drugs or the redistribution of intracellular accumulation of drugs away from target organelles are two of the basic mechanisms involved in this process of MDR by transmembrane proteins which are expressed in varying concentrations in different neoplasms. Multiple compounds that have the potential to inhibit these pumps or proteins can be a future prospective for adjuvant treatment of neoplastic conditions. In this regard, compounds derived from natural products bear the advantages of low-cost and relative nontoxicity thus providing a great pool of lead structures for chemical derivatizations. This review gives an overview on chemical substances isolated from natural products of marine origin which possess the MDR modulating properties","PeriodicalId":89799,"journal":{"name":"Journal of cancer research updates","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47010869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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