Rafael Assis Barros, Tainá Figueras Dorado-Rodrigues, Rafael Martins Valadão, Christine Strüssmann
Differences between habitats and seasonal changes in climate are some of the main factors responsible for shaping diversity patterns and biological community structures. In this context, anurans are considered excellent models for ecological studies due to their high sensitivity to environmental changes. This study analyzed how differences between open and forested formations and seasonality influence the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of anuran assemblages in an area of Neotropical savanna. Parameters of taxonomic (species richness—SR), functional (functional diversity—SES.FD, functional dispersion—FDis, and functional redundancy—FR), and phylogenetic diversity (phylogenetic species variability—PSV and phylogenetic species richness—PSR) were used to quantify spatiotemporal changes in the anuran assemblages. Sampling was carried out over 15 months, using pitfall traps and active searches. In total, we recorded 598 individuals belonging to 21 species and seven families. Species composition, SR, and PSR differed between habitats and seasons, the latter two being higher in open formations during the rainy season. SES.FD differed seasonally and was higher in the dry season. FDis, FR, and PSV did not differ between treatments. Anurans from forested formations were functionally and phylogenetically clustered during the rainy season, while those from open formations were functionally clustered during the same season. Habitat type and seasonal variation were important in determining the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of the anuran assemblages. However, changes in climate and land use are expected to negatively impact the ecological and evolutionary diversity of these organisms in the Cerrado, reinforcing the importance of conservation policies and actions.
{"title":"Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of anuran assemblages across habitats and seasons in a Neotropical savanna","authors":"Rafael Assis Barros, Tainá Figueras Dorado-Rodrigues, Rafael Martins Valadão, Christine Strüssmann","doi":"10.1111/btp.13383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13383","url":null,"abstract":"Differences between habitats and seasonal changes in climate are some of the main factors responsible for shaping diversity patterns and biological community structures. In this context, anurans are considered excellent models for ecological studies due to their high sensitivity to environmental changes. This study analyzed how differences between open and forested formations and seasonality influence the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of anuran assemblages in an area of Neotropical savanna. Parameters of taxonomic (species richness—SR), functional (functional diversity—SES.FD, functional dispersion—FDis, and functional redundancy—FR), and phylogenetic diversity (phylogenetic species variability—PSV and phylogenetic species richness—PSR) were used to quantify spatiotemporal changes in the anuran assemblages. Sampling was carried out over 15 months, using pitfall traps and active searches. In total, we recorded 598 individuals belonging to 21 species and seven families. Species composition, SR, and PSR differed between habitats and seasons, the latter two being higher in open formations during the rainy season. SES.FD differed seasonally and was higher in the dry season. FDis, FR, and PSV did not differ between treatments. Anurans from forested formations were functionally and phylogenetically clustered during the rainy season, while those from open formations were functionally clustered during the same season. Habitat type and seasonal variation were important in determining the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of the anuran assemblages. However, changes in climate and land use are expected to negatively impact the ecological and evolutionary diversity of these organisms in the Cerrado, reinforcing the importance of conservation policies and actions.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agricultural commodity expansion into natural and semi-natural ecosystems in Asia is a multi-dimensional sustainability challenge posing a threat to natural and human capital. At the symposium pertaining to agricultural commodity landscapes organized at the 59th meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, we aimed to identify key aspects that require further attention to address the negative impacts of commodity-driven agricultural expansion in the Asian tropics. Using a combination of insights obtained both from participants' research and those that developed organically in the symposium, we identified five key themes: (1) Robust land use suitability assessments to determine the viability of agricultural expansion or other competing demands on productive land in given landscapes; (2) the need for plot-level studies of soil biodiversity and ecological functions for commodity crops; (3) Irrigation for commodity crops with blue and green water and evaluating co-dependent drivers and outcomes; (4) an improved understanding of local producer motivations and supply chains and (5) the analysis of co-benefits, trade-offs and synergies in agro-commodity systems. These themes include the various steps involved in agricultural commodity expansion, right from land selection and crop patterns to aspects pertaining to the post-harvest value chain. These themes are inter-connected and span across multiple local and regional spatial scales in tropical Asia but hold relevance to agricultural landscapes elsewhere too. Immediate and sustained attention on these themes would secure multiple goals of sustainable land use, biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and human well-being.
{"title":"Seeking a multi-dimensional approach to understand agricultural commodity expansion in Asian tropics","authors":"Anushka Rege, Manan Bhan, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Sheetal Patil, Indira Singh, Wenxiu Xu, Siyan Zeng","doi":"10.1111/btp.13375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13375","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural commodity expansion into natural and semi-natural ecosystems in Asia is a multi-dimensional sustainability challenge posing a threat to natural and human capital. At the symposium pertaining to agricultural commodity landscapes organized at the 59th meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, we aimed to identify key aspects that require further attention to address the negative impacts of commodity-driven agricultural expansion in the Asian tropics. Using a combination of insights obtained both from participants' research and those that developed organically in the symposium, we identified five key themes: (1) Robust land use suitability assessments to determine the viability of agricultural expansion or other competing demands on productive land in given landscapes; (2) the need for plot-level studies of soil biodiversity and ecological functions for commodity crops; (3) Irrigation for commodity crops with blue and green water and evaluating co-dependent drivers and outcomes; (4) an improved understanding of local producer motivations and supply chains and (5) the analysis of co-benefits, trade-offs and synergies in agro-commodity systems. These themes include the various steps involved in agricultural commodity expansion, right from land selection and crop patterns to aspects pertaining to the post-harvest value chain. These themes are inter-connected and span across multiple local and regional spatial scales in tropical Asia but hold relevance to agricultural landscapes elsewhere too. Immediate and sustained attention on these themes would secure multiple goals of sustainable land use, biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and human well-being.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142267344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Vishnu, J. Pandiyan, Aswathy Balan, Clince P. Jose, R. Roshnath
Vultures are essentially scavengers but their population decline is exacerbated by competition with stray dogs for carcasses. Our study, using camera traps to monitor carcass visitation, revealed dietary overlap and competition intensity are linked more to carcass size than habitat type. Addressing dog presence is critical for vulture survival.
{"title":"Domestic dogs and vultures feed on the same carcasses in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India","authors":"O. Vishnu, J. Pandiyan, Aswathy Balan, Clince P. Jose, R. Roshnath","doi":"10.1111/btp.13377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13377","url":null,"abstract":"Vultures are essentially scavengers but their population decline is exacerbated by competition with stray dogs for carcasses. Our study, using camera traps to monitor carcass visitation, revealed dietary overlap and competition intensity are linked more to carcass size than habitat type. Addressing dog presence is critical for vulture survival.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seheno Andriantsaralaza, O. H. Razafindratsima, O. H. Razanamaro, V. Ramananjato, F. Randimbiarison, N. N. Raoelinjanakolona, T. H. P. Rabarijaonina, N. Raharinomena, N. Hobimalala, R. H. Nantenaina, J. M. Tonos, S. Andriamiadana
Certain plant species have traits adapted for seed dispersal by megafauna, which may be absent in their current ranges. Characterizing the dispersal mechanism of such plant species can provide insights about their population dynamics and regeneration. We investigated the effectiveness of the extant fauna as seed dispersers of the Malagasy baobab, Adansonia grandidieri, which have megafaunal dispersal traits. We documented the animal species that interact with its fruits and seeds in the canopy and on the ground through direct observations, camera trapping, opportunistic search of feces with seeds, and dispersal experiments. We also estimated seed fate using a model parameterized with data obtained through experiments on seed removal and seed germination under and away from adult A. grandidieri trees. Further, we examined the impacts of seed dispersal in mitigating herbivore pressures on A. grandidieri seedling through an exclosure experiment. We did not find animals interacting with fruits in the canopy. However, we observed a native rodent species, Eliurus myoxinus, handling fruits/seeds on the ground, and found seeds in bush pig feces. Also, while the rates of germination for the dispersed A. grandidieri seeds were low, their probability of producing viable seedlings was higher than when the seeds stayed under adult trees. We also found that the seedlings of A. grandidieri had a high probability of surviving even when herbivores were present. Overall, our results provide insights into the regeneration of A. grandidieri and suggest that some extant local ground‐dwelling fauna can provide seed dispersal services to this species. in Malagasy is available with online material.
某些植物物种具有适应巨型动物传播种子的特性，而在它们目前的分布区可能不存在这种特性。研究这类植物物种的传播机制可以帮助我们了解它们的种群动态和再生情况。我们研究了马达加斯加猴面包树（Adansonia grandidieri）的现存动物群作为种子传播者的有效性。我们通过直接观察、相机诱捕、伺机寻找带有种子的粪便以及散播实验，记录了在树冠和地面上与果实和种子发生互动的动物物种。我们还使用一个模型对种子的归宿进行了估计，该模型的参数化数据是通过在成龄 A. grandidieri 树下和远离成龄 A. grandidieri 树的地方进行种子清除和种子发芽实验获得的。此外，我们还通过围栏实验研究了种子散播在减轻食草动物对 A. grandidieri幼苗的压力方面的影响。我们没有发现动物与树冠中的果实互动。不过，我们观察到一种本地啮齿动物 Eliurus myoxinus 在地面上处理果实/种子，并在灌木猪的粪便中发现了种子。此外，虽然散落的 A. grandidieri 种子的发芽率很低，但与留在成年树下的种子相比，它们培育出成活幼苗的概率更高。我们还发现，即使有食草动物存在，A. grandidieri幼苗的存活率也很高。总之，我们的研究结果为我们提供了有关A. grandidieri再生的见解，并表明一些现存的当地地栖动物可为该物种提供种子传播服务。
{"title":"Seed dispersal of Madagascar's iconic baobab species, Adansonia grandidieri","authors":"Seheno Andriantsaralaza, O. H. Razafindratsima, O. H. Razanamaro, V. Ramananjato, F. Randimbiarison, N. N. Raoelinjanakolona, T. H. P. Rabarijaonina, N. Raharinomena, N. Hobimalala, R. H. Nantenaina, J. M. Tonos, S. Andriamiadana","doi":"10.1111/btp.13373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13373","url":null,"abstract":"Certain plant species have traits adapted for seed dispersal by megafauna, which may be absent in their current ranges. Characterizing the dispersal mechanism of such plant species can provide insights about their population dynamics and regeneration. We investigated the effectiveness of the extant fauna as seed dispersers of the Malagasy baobab, <jats:italic>Adansonia grandidieri</jats:italic>, which have megafaunal dispersal traits. We documented the animal species that interact with its fruits and seeds in the canopy and on the ground through direct observations, camera trapping, opportunistic search of feces with seeds, and dispersal experiments. We also estimated seed fate using a model parameterized with data obtained through experiments on seed removal and seed germination under and away from adult <jats:italic>A. grandidieri</jats:italic> trees. Further, we examined the impacts of seed dispersal in mitigating herbivore pressures on <jats:italic>A. grandidieri</jats:italic> seedling through an exclosure experiment. We did not find animals interacting with fruits in the canopy. However, we observed a native rodent species, <jats:italic>Eliurus myoxinus</jats:italic>, handling fruits/seeds on the ground, and found seeds in bush pig feces. Also, while the rates of germination for the dispersed <jats:italic>A. grandidieri</jats:italic> seeds were low, their probability of producing viable seedlings was higher than when the seeds stayed under adult trees. We also found that the seedlings of <jats:italic>A. grandidieri</jats:italic> had a high probability of surviving even when herbivores were present. Overall, our results provide insights into the regeneration of <jats:italic>A. grandidieri</jats:italic> and suggest that some extant local ground‐dwelling fauna can provide seed dispersal services to this species. in Malagasy is available with online material.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Animal seed dispersers are crucial in tropical forests because they provide beneficial impacts to plants, from organisms to communities. Besides frugivorous species, omnivorous, small‐bodied, and nocturnal animals might also disperse seeds in their habitats; yet we know relatively little about their role and impacts. The Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and mouse lemurs) in Madagascar are examples of such animals, whose seed dispersal role has been overlooked until recently. Here, I provide an overview of their potential contribution to seed dispersal based on their ecological traits and future directions for studying seed dispersal ecology in Madagascar's forest ecosystems. The limited literature, published between 1971 and 2022, on the feeding ecology and seed dispersal services of the Cheirogaleidae shows that they could potentially disperse small‐sized seeds (<15 mm). Also, they could surprisingly take seeds relatively long distances away from the parents (up to 1 km) despite their small body mass, both in disturbed and undisturbed forest habitats. The passage of seeds through their guts could also enhance seed germination and seedling survival. Only four Cheirogaleid species out of 40 are currently demonstrated to be effective seed dispersers. Studying the seed dispersal by small‐bodied and nocturnal primates could greatly inform their long‐term conservation as it will provide information for better awareness of their ecological role and needs. in Malagasy is available with online material.
{"title":"Contribution of small nocturnal lemurs to seed dispersal in Madagascar: A review","authors":"Veronarindra Ramananjato","doi":"10.1111/btp.13379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13379","url":null,"abstract":"Animal seed dispersers are crucial in tropical forests because they provide beneficial impacts to plants, from organisms to communities. Besides frugivorous species, omnivorous, small‐bodied, and nocturnal animals might also disperse seeds in their habitats; yet we know relatively little about their role and impacts. The Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and mouse lemurs) in Madagascar are examples of such animals, whose seed dispersal role has been overlooked until recently. Here, I provide an overview of their potential contribution to seed dispersal based on their ecological traits and future directions for studying seed dispersal ecology in Madagascar's forest ecosystems. The limited literature, published between 1971 and 2022, on the feeding ecology and seed dispersal services of the Cheirogaleidae shows that they could potentially disperse small‐sized seeds (<15 mm). Also, they could surprisingly take seeds relatively long distances away from the parents (up to 1 km) despite their small body mass, both in disturbed and undisturbed forest habitats. The passage of seeds through their guts could also enhance seed germination and seedling survival. Only four Cheirogaleid species out of 40 are currently demonstrated to be effective seed dispersers. Studying the seed dispersal by small‐bodied and nocturnal primates could greatly inform their long‐term conservation as it will provide information for better awareness of their ecological role and needs. in Malagasy is available with online material.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicholas Brokaw, Sheila E. Ward, Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder‐Beach, Stanley Walling, Marisol Cortes‐Rincon, Fred Valdez
The land use of the ancient Maya strongly affected the environment of the previously forested Maya Lowlands. A forest grew back after the Maya “collapse”, some 1100 years ago. Two activities of the ancient Maya could have had widespread effects on the tree species composition of the regrown, modern forest. First, in areas with topographic relief Maya agriculture caused substantial soil erosion and accumulation, changing soil depth and character. Soil character is associated with differential distributions and abundances of many tree species in the Maya Lowlands. To the extent that soil character on the modern landscape differs from that on the pre‐Maya landscape, regrown forests on the modern landscape would differ from pre‐Maya forests. Second, the ancient Maya cleared much forest but likely also cultivated or favored certain tree species in home gardens, regenerating farm plots, and patches of older growth. A rigorous study suggests that descendants of favored tree species persist in elevated abundance in some areas of the modern forest but not in other areas. After c. 1100 years of regrowth in some places, the legacy of the ancient Maya in the modern forest likely ranges from strong to absent across the varied landscape of the Lowlands. An ancient mosaic of forest patches would have provided a species‐rich, multiple‐point source for forest regrowth. Such a mosaic is lacking in modern deforested tropical landscapes, likely inhibiting recovery of a species‐rich forest.
{"title":"The ancient Maya and the modern forest","authors":"Nicholas Brokaw, Sheila E. Ward, Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder‐Beach, Stanley Walling, Marisol Cortes‐Rincon, Fred Valdez","doi":"10.1111/btp.13370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13370","url":null,"abstract":"The land use of the ancient Maya strongly affected the environment of the previously forested Maya Lowlands. A forest grew back after the Maya “collapse”, some 1100 years ago. Two activities of the ancient Maya could have had widespread effects on the tree species composition of the regrown, modern forest. First, in areas with topographic relief Maya agriculture caused substantial soil erosion and accumulation, changing soil depth and character. Soil character is associated with differential distributions and abundances of many tree species in the Maya Lowlands. To the extent that soil character on the modern landscape differs from that on the pre‐Maya landscape, regrown forests on the modern landscape would differ from pre‐Maya forests. Second, the ancient Maya cleared much forest but likely also cultivated or favored certain tree species in home gardens, regenerating farm plots, and patches of older growth. A rigorous study suggests that descendants of favored tree species persist in elevated abundance in some areas of the modern forest but not in other areas. After c. 1100 years of regrowth in some places, the legacy of the ancient Maya in the modern forest likely ranges from strong to absent across the varied landscape of the Lowlands. An ancient mosaic of forest patches would have provided a species‐rich, multiple‐point source for forest regrowth. Such a mosaic is lacking in modern deforested tropical landscapes, likely inhibiting recovery of a species‐rich forest.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fredric V. Vencl, Stefan Bartram, Klaus Winter, Wilhelm Boland, Robert B. Srygley
Little is known about the potential responses of ecologically specialized tropical species to atmospheric change and global warming. In 2 years of greenhouse experiments simulating climate change impacts, we quantified the effects of mean ambient temperature, elevated temperature (Te), current ambient CO2 concentration ([CO2]a), and doubled CO2 concentration ([CO2]e) on biomass, growth rate, and foliar chemistry of the morning glory vine, Camonea umbellata. In addition, we measured the impacts of climate change simulations on the performance and survival of the tortoise beetle, Acromis sparsa, which feeds exclusively on C. umbellata. Full‐sib A. sparsa larval broods were divided into cohorts. Each cohort was placed in one of four temperature‐CO2 controlled chambers and fed leaves grown in their respective treatments. Vines growing in [CO2]e more than doubled their biomass and their leaves expanded faster. The [CO2]a and Te treatments interacted to yield the greatest foliar [C]. Vines in [CO2]e and Te had the greatest C:N ratios, the lowest availability of nitrogen, and highest larval mortality. Whereas pupae were smaller and suffered lower survival in Te, pupal mass and survival increased in both the [CO2]e and Te treatments. Overall, the simultaneous elevation of both [CO2] and temperature caused declines in host quality, larval survivorship, and pupal mortality that were not observed when only one climate factor was altered. Based on this first tropical experimental study, we predict that C. umbellata will benefit from elevation of temperature and atmospheric [CO2] by altering its foliar chemistry to the detriment of its diet‐specialized herbivore enemy. in Spanish is available with online material.
人们对具有生态特异性的热带物种对大气变化和全球变暖的潜在反应知之甚少。在为期两年的模拟气候变化影响的温室实验中，我们量化了平均环境温度、升高温度（Te）、当前环境二氧化碳浓度（[CO2]a）和加倍二氧化碳浓度（[CO2]e）对牵牛花藤（Camonea umbellata）的生物量、生长速度和叶片化学性质的影响。此外，我们还测量了模拟气候变化对龟甲（Acromis sparsa）的表现和存活率的影响。我们将全亲 A. sparsa 幼虫分成若干群。每群幼虫都被放入四个温度-二氧化碳控制室中的一个，并喂食在各自处理中生长的叶片。在[CO2]e中生长的藤本植物生物量增加了一倍多，叶片膨大得更快。在[CO2]a和Te处理中，叶片[C]含量最高。在[CO2]e和Te处理中，藤本植物的碳氮比最大，氮的可用性最低，幼虫死亡率最高。在 Te 处理中，蛹的体积较小，存活率较低，而在［CO2］e 和 Te 处理中，蛹的体积和存活率都有所增加。总之，[CO2]和温度同时升高会导致寄主质量、幼虫存活率和蛹死亡率下降，而只改变一个气候因子时则不会出现这种情况。根据这项首次热带实验研究，我们预测伞形科昆虫将从温度和大气[CO2]的升高中获益，改变其叶面化学成分，从而损害其食性专一的食草动物敌害。 西班牙文可在线查阅。
{"title":"Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on the performance of a diet specialized neotropical herbivore and it's host plant","authors":"Fredric V. Vencl, Stefan Bartram, Klaus Winter, Wilhelm Boland, Robert B. Srygley","doi":"10.1111/btp.13371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13371","url":null,"abstract":"Little is known about the potential responses of ecologically specialized tropical species to atmospheric change and global warming. In 2 years of greenhouse experiments simulating climate change impacts, we quantified the effects of mean ambient temperature, elevated temperature (Te), current ambient CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentration ([CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]a), and doubled CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentration ([CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]e) on biomass, growth rate, and foliar chemistry of the morning glory vine, <jats:italic>Camonea umbellata</jats:italic>. In addition, we measured the impacts of climate change simulations on the performance and survival of the tortoise beetle, <jats:italic>Acromis sparsa</jats:italic>, which feeds exclusively on <jats:italic>C</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>umbellata.</jats:italic> Full‐sib <jats:italic>A. sparsa</jats:italic> larval broods were divided into cohorts. Each cohort was placed in one of four temperature‐CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> controlled chambers and fed leaves grown in their respective treatments. Vines growing in [CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]e more than doubled their biomass and their leaves expanded faster. The [CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]a and Te treatments interacted to yield the greatest foliar [C]. Vines in [CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]e and Te had the greatest C:N ratios, the lowest availability of nitrogen, and highest larval mortality. Whereas pupae were smaller and suffered lower survival in Te, pupal mass and survival increased in both the [CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>]e and Te treatments. Overall, the simultaneous elevation of both [CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>] and temperature caused declines in host quality, larval survivorship, and pupal mortality that were not observed when only one climate factor was altered. Based on this first tropical experimental study, we predict that <jats:italic>C. umbellata</jats:italic> will benefit from elevation of temperature and atmospheric [CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>] by altering its foliar chemistry to the detriment of its diet‐specialized herbivore enemy. in Spanish is available with online material.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142226966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
José Eduardo Falcon, José Henrique Schoereder, Vanessa Soares Ribeiro, Alexander Vicente Christianini, Paulo Henrique Camargo, Lucas Navarro Paolucci
In most tropical ecosystems, birds play a crucial role as primary dispersers (Phase 1) by removing seeds from the plant crown. Following primary dispersal, ground‐dwelling animals, notably ants, often disperse seeds secondarily (Phase 2). However, the relative contributions of each phase to seed dispersal effectiveness until plant establishment remains unclear. We combined observational and manipulative experiments to quantify the contributions of birds and ants to seed dispersal effectiveness of the ornithochoric tree Xylopia sericea in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Birds dispersed 17.2% of diaspores, with a dispersal distance (6.6 m ± 6.7 m) twenty times greater than that of ants (0.3 m ± 0.5 m). Notably, birds often dispersed seeds beyond the parental canopy, where seedling survival is higher. Ants were quantitatively more important to seed dispersal, with relative diaspore removal 221.3% higher than birds. Despite the limited dispersal‐distance by ants, proximity to ant nests increased seedling survival. Phase 1 led to the establishment of 16.26 seedlings per 100 diaspores produced, and Phase 2 increased the number of seedlings established by 28.6% (N = 20.91). Ants enhanced seed recruitment and improved seedling survival both away and near the parental plant, likely due to ant nests providing favorable microsites for establishment. Conversely, plants distant from ant nests performed better when away from the parental plant, underscoring the importance of birds in seed dispersal. Birds promote long‐distance dispersal and ants redistribute diaspores to microsites that increases establishment, so the dispersal of X. sericea is highly dependent on both dispersers. in Portuguese is available with online material.
在大多数热带生态系统中，鸟类作为主要传播者（第一阶段）发挥着至关重要的作用，它们将种子从植物树冠中取出。在主要散播者之后，地栖动物，尤其是蚂蚁，通常会对种子进行二次散播（第二阶段）。然而，在植物成活之前，每个阶段对种子扩散效果的相对贡献仍不清楚。我们结合观察实验和操作实验，量化了鸟类和蚂蚁对巴西大西洋雨林中鸟巢树 Xylopia sericea 种子扩散效果的贡献。鸟类散播了17.2%的二孢子，散播距离（6.6 m ± 6.7 m）是蚂蚁（0.3 m ± 0.5 m）的20倍。值得注意的是，鸟类经常把种子散播到亲本树冠之外，而那里的幼苗存活率更高。蚂蚁在数量上对种子传播更为重要，相对于鸟类，蚂蚁的二孢子清除率高出221.3%。尽管蚂蚁的传播距离有限，但靠近蚂蚁巢穴会提高幼苗的存活率。第一阶段每生产 100 个二孢子可培育出 16.26 株幼苗，第二阶段培育出的幼苗数量增加了 28.6%（N = 20.91）。蚂蚁提高了亲本植株远处和近处的种子募集率，并提高了幼苗的存活率，这可能是由于蚂蚁巢穴为幼苗的建立提供了有利的微生境。相反，远离蚂蚁巢穴的植物在远离亲本植物时表现更好，这突出了鸟类在种子传播中的重要性。鸟类促进了远距离传播，而蚂蚁则将二孢子重新分配到微生境，从而提高了成活率，因此X. sericea的传播在很大程度上依赖于这两种传播者。
{"title":"How do birds and ants contribute to the recruitment of a tropical tree?","authors":"José Eduardo Falcon, José Henrique Schoereder, Vanessa Soares Ribeiro, Alexander Vicente Christianini, Paulo Henrique Camargo, Lucas Navarro Paolucci","doi":"10.1111/btp.13372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13372","url":null,"abstract":"In most tropical ecosystems, birds play a crucial role as primary dispersers (Phase 1) by removing seeds from the plant crown. Following primary dispersal, ground‐dwelling animals, notably ants, often disperse seeds secondarily (Phase 2). However, the relative contributions of each phase to seed dispersal effectiveness until plant establishment remains unclear. We combined observational and manipulative experiments to quantify the contributions of birds and ants to seed dispersal effectiveness of the ornithochoric tree <jats:italic>Xylopia sericea</jats:italic> in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Birds dispersed 17.2% of diaspores, with a dispersal distance (6.6 m ± 6.7 m) twenty times greater than that of ants (0.3 m ± 0.5 m). Notably, birds often dispersed seeds beyond the parental canopy, where seedling survival is higher. Ants were quantitatively more important to seed dispersal, with relative diaspore removal 221.3% higher than birds. Despite the limited dispersal‐distance by ants, proximity to ant nests increased seedling survival. Phase 1 led to the establishment of 16.26 seedlings per 100 diaspores produced, and Phase 2 increased the number of seedlings established by 28.6% (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic> = 20.91). Ants enhanced seed recruitment and improved seedling survival both away and near the parental plant, likely due to ant nests providing favorable microsites for establishment. Conversely, plants distant from ant nests performed better when away from the parental plant, underscoring the importance of birds in seed dispersal. Birds promote long‐distance dispersal and ants redistribute diaspores to microsites that increases establishment, so the dispersal of <jats:italic>X. sericea</jats:italic> is highly dependent on both dispersers. in Portuguese is available with online material.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Patrícia Guedes, Ana Filipa Palmeirim, Filipa Monteiro, Luís Catarino, Luís Palma, Marina P. Temudo, Mohamed Henriques, Pedro Beja, Ricardo Jorge Lopes, Richard J. Ladle, Luke L. Powell
Our commentary explores the increase in cashew cultivation across West Africa, drawing attention to its impacts on biodiversity and livelihoods. We summarize the issue regionally, then showcase Guinea-Bissau, where we unravel the dynamics between cashew expansion, habitat and biodiversity loss, and livelihoods. Finally, we propose concrete policy measures encompassing strengthened conservation, sustainable land-use planning, enhanced farming practices, community engagement, and international market reforms. Our recommendations extend beyond both a recent review (Rege et al. 2023) and a concise policy commentary on EU deforestation law (Powell et al. 2023) in offering a roadmap for sustainable cashew cultivation.
Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
{"title":"At the tipping point: Can biodiversity and rural livelihoods endure uncontrolled cashew expansion in West Africa?","authors":"Patrícia Guedes, Ana Filipa Palmeirim, Filipa Monteiro, Luís Catarino, Luís Palma, Marina P. Temudo, Mohamed Henriques, Pedro Beja, Ricardo Jorge Lopes, Richard J. Ladle, Luke L. Powell","doi":"10.1111/btp.13374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13374","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Our commentary explores the increase in cashew cultivation across West Africa, drawing attention to its impacts on biodiversity and livelihoods. We summarize the issue regionally, then showcase Guinea-Bissau, where we unravel the dynamics between cashew expansion, habitat and biodiversity loss, and livelihoods. Finally, we propose concrete policy measures encompassing strengthened conservation, sustainable land-use planning, enhanced farming practices, community engagement, and international market reforms. Our recommendations extend beyond both a recent review (Rege et al. 2023) and a concise policy commentary on EU deforestation law (Powell et al. 2023) in offering a roadmap for sustainable cashew cultivation.</p><p>Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.</p>","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/btp.13374","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142174160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy C. Bonebrake, Toby P. N. Tsang, Nicole Yu, Yifu Wang, Martha J. Ledger, Hannah B. Tilley, Eugene Y. H. Yau, Astrid A. Andersson, Michael J. W. Boyle, Kit W. K. Lee, Qiaosi Li, Yuet Fung Ling, Michel A. K. Dongmo, Coşkun Güçlü, Caroline Dingle, Louise A. Ashton
Urban ecology and tropical biology have both developed rapidly in recent decades and matured into important interdisciplinary fields, with significant implications for biodiversity and human communities globally. However, urban ecosystems within the tropics remain understudied and poorly characterized despite these systems representing major hotspots for both biodiversity and human population growth. Here we review the state of the field of “tropical urban ecology.” We first evaluated and propose ecological hypotheses about how tropical versus extratropical species and ecosystems might differ from one another in how they respond to urbanization pressures. While data remain limited, we expect that tropical biodiversity should be at least as vulnerable to urbanization (and potentially more vulnerable) than extratropical biodiversity. We also examined the importance of ecosystem services in tropical cities and demonstrate the challenges in quantifying, managing, and sustaining these across diverse socioeconomic and environmental contexts. Finally, we propose an agenda for moving the field of tropical urban ecology forward through an interdisciplinary lens that synthesizes recent advances in both urban ecology and tropical biology. Specifically, advances and development in community science, Earth observation, environmental justice, One Health, and land sparing/sharing strategies could lead to major steps forward in the conservation of biodiversity in tropical cities. As the world urbanizes increasingly in biodiverse‐rich tropical ecosystems, we must have strong conceptual frameworks and increased data/attention on both the ecological and human communities most impacted by these significant global changes.
{"title":"Tropical cities as windows into the ecosystems of our present and future","authors":"Timothy C. Bonebrake, Toby P. N. Tsang, Nicole Yu, Yifu Wang, Martha J. Ledger, Hannah B. Tilley, Eugene Y. H. Yau, Astrid A. Andersson, Michael J. W. Boyle, Kit W. K. Lee, Qiaosi Li, Yuet Fung Ling, Michel A. K. Dongmo, Coşkun Güçlü, Caroline Dingle, Louise A. Ashton","doi":"10.1111/btp.13369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/btp.13369","url":null,"abstract":"Urban ecology and tropical biology have both developed rapidly in recent decades and matured into important interdisciplinary fields, with significant implications for biodiversity and human communities globally. However, urban ecosystems within the tropics remain understudied and poorly characterized despite these systems representing major hotspots for both biodiversity and human population growth. Here we review the state of the field of “tropical urban ecology.” We first evaluated and propose ecological hypotheses about how tropical versus extratropical species and ecosystems might differ from one another in how they respond to urbanization pressures. While data remain limited, we expect that tropical biodiversity should be at least as vulnerable to urbanization (and potentially more vulnerable) than extratropical biodiversity. We also examined the importance of ecosystem services in tropical cities and demonstrate the challenges in quantifying, managing, and sustaining these across diverse socioeconomic and environmental contexts. Finally, we propose an agenda for moving the field of tropical urban ecology forward through an interdisciplinary lens that synthesizes recent advances in both urban ecology and tropical biology. Specifically, advances and development in community science, Earth observation, environmental justice, One Health, and land sparing/sharing strategies could lead to major steps forward in the conservation of biodiversity in tropical cities. As the world urbanizes increasingly in biodiverse‐rich tropical ecosystems, we must have strong conceptual frameworks and increased data/attention on both the ecological and human communities most impacted by these significant global changes.","PeriodicalId":8982,"journal":{"name":"Biotropica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142216215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：