Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000E16
Y. Wesley
The history of health care in America for people of African descent calls into question the sense of morality. Years of bias and immorality based on race casts a shadow on every aspect of daily living, and health care is no exception. The point is, health care is a matter of morality. From a moral perspective, disparities in health outcomes are a stain on the hearts of powerful people. Those who governor and accept inequity as a part of life owe a debt to those left behind. In the late 1990’s America blamed much of health disparities on the lack of health insurance (Smith, 1999). However, it was the forward thinking by President Obama that created the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act in 2010 which erased lack of health insurance as the cause of inequities in health outcomes among races.
美国为非洲人后裔提供医疗保健的历史引发了对道德观念的质疑。多年来基于种族的偏见和不道德行为给日常生活的各个方面都蒙上了阴影，医疗保健也不例外。关键是，医疗保健是一个道德问题。从道德角度来看，健康结果的差异是当权者心中的一个污点。那些掌控并接受不平等是生活一部分的人欠那些被抛在后面的人的债。在20世纪90年代后期，美国将健康差距归咎于缺乏健康保险(Smith, 1999)。然而，正是奥巴马总统的前瞻性思维，在2010年制定了《患者保护平价医疗法案》(Patient Protection Affordable Care Act)，消除了缺乏医疗保险是种族间健康结果不平等的原因。
{"title":"The Morality of Solidarity Matters","authors":"Y. Wesley","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.1000E16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.1000E16","url":null,"abstract":"The history of health care in America for people of African descent calls into question the sense of morality. Years of bias and immorality based on race casts a shadow on every aspect of daily living, and health care is no exception. The point is, health care is a matter of morality. From a moral perspective, disparities in health outcomes are a stain on the hearts of powerful people. Those who governor and accept inequity as a part of life owe a debt to those left behind. In the late 1990’s America blamed much of health disparities on the lack of health insurance (Smith, 1999). However, it was the forward thinking by President Obama that created the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act in 2010 which erased lack of health insurance as the cause of inequities in health outcomes among races.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68043764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.100168
Mônica Scott, A. Kamimura
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant human rights and public health issue. In particular, immigrant woman may face more challenges than non-immigrant woman when trying to leave an abusive partner. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in the United States (U.S.) allows spouse-sponsored immigrant women who have experienced IPV to self-petition for legal status without assistance from their abusive partner. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of abused immigrant women and their interaction with VAWA. Seventy affidavits from the victims’ legal immigration selfpetitions were qualitatively analyzed. Results showed that women who applied for VAWA feared being in a worse position if they did leave and as such often delayed their leaving from an abusive relationship. Some women were unaware of available resources for securing safety and leaving an abusive relationship. Additionally, community resources were not always beneficial for these women. Because of the added complication surrounding their documentation status for immigrant female victims of IPV, this study suggests that more care and resources should be dedicated to this vulnerable population of women. Educational opportunities for immigrant women and community organizations are essential so immigrant women experiencing IPV can escape their harmful situation and achieve positive health outcomes.
{"title":"Experiences of Immigrant Women Who Applied for Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Self- Petition in the United States: Analysis of Legal Affidavits","authors":"Mônica Scott, A. Kamimura","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.100168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.100168","url":null,"abstract":"Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant human rights and public health issue. In particular, immigrant woman may face more challenges than non-immigrant woman when trying to leave an abusive partner. The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) in the United States (U.S.) allows spouse-sponsored immigrant women who have experienced IPV to self-petition for legal status without assistance from their abusive partner. The purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of abused immigrant women and their interaction with VAWA. Seventy affidavits from the victims’ legal immigration selfpetitions were qualitatively analyzed. Results showed that women who applied for VAWA feared being in a worse position if they did leave and as such often delayed their leaving from an abusive relationship. Some women were unaware of available resources for securing safety and leaving an abusive relationship. Additionally, community resources were not always beneficial for these women. Because of the added complication surrounding their documentation status for immigrant female victims of IPV, this study suggests that more care and resources should be dedicated to this vulnerable population of women. Educational opportunities for immigrant women and community organizations are essential so immigrant women experiencing IPV can escape their harmful situation and achieve positive health outcomes.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.100168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68047236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000126
M. Dobal, Y. Wesley, F. Wilson
Introduction: There is a high prevalence of obesity among Black women in the US. Food choices and physical activity are among the key influences of body-mass index. Both food choices and physical activity are often influenced by complex decision-making processes. Objective: To explore the decision-making process regarding food choices and physical activity among Black women. Design: A qualitative research design was selected to conduct focus groups that gained new insights underlying the decision-making process for food choices and physical activity. Sample: Purposive sample of eight Black women, interested in sharing how they made decisions around food choices and physical activity, were recruited in Brooklyn, New York. Results: Four themes and 13 subthemes emerged. The participants’ environment contributed to their knowledge about food. For example, they knew what healthy and unhealthy foods were and were aware of US. nutritional content and requirements. The participants’ cultures and habits had an influence on food choices; and they valued and preferred physical activity such as dancing and walking but despite access within their environment, they declined participation in gymnasium type exercises. Finally, their weight preferences were non-scientific, which distorted their concept of weight and the normalization of obesity. Conclusions: The decision-making process about food choices and physical activity stemmed from sources of information, family/cultural values and personal preferences within the context of their environment.
{"title":"Decision-Making Process about Food Choicesand Physical Activity among Black Women Livingin New York City: A Qualitative Study","authors":"M. Dobal, Y. Wesley, F. Wilson","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.1000126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.1000126","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: There is a high prevalence of obesity among Black women in the US. Food choices and physical activity are among the key influences of body-mass index. Both food choices and physical activity are often influenced by complex decision-making processes. Objective: To explore the decision-making process regarding food choices and physical activity among Black women. Design: A qualitative research design was selected to conduct focus groups that gained new insights underlying the decision-making process for food choices and physical activity. Sample: Purposive sample of eight Black women, interested in sharing how they made decisions around food choices and physical activity, were recruited in Brooklyn, New York. Results: Four themes and 13 subthemes emerged. The participants’ environment contributed to their knowledge about food. For example, they knew what healthy and unhealthy foods were and were aware of US. nutritional content and requirements. The participants’ cultures and habits had an influence on food choices; and they valued and preferred physical activity such as dancing and walking but despite access within their environment, they declined participation in gymnasium type exercises. Finally, their weight preferences were non-scientific, which distorted their concept of weight and the normalization of obesity. Conclusions: The decision-making process about food choices and physical activity stemmed from sources of information, family/cultural values and personal preferences within the context of their environment.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.1000126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68027284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000161
B. Afolabi
Background: Ondo State in Southwest Nigeria, heartland of Africa’s most efficient malaria vector, conducted a Long- Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) replacement campaign at the last quarter of 2017 with the aim of achieving the recommended coverage of one LLIN per two persons, in line with the National Malaria Elimination Program (NMEP) strategy. The LLIN replacement campaign planned to reach 4,757,725 populations to achieve universal coverage, a proven intervention aimed at reducing malaria morbidity by increasing access to, as well as ownership and utilization of LLINs. The processes to achieve this goal are described in this paper. Methodology: This paper describes the modalities and scheme for LLIN distribution in one of the states in Southern Nigeria. The campaign took place in all the 18 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the state between September 17 and November 15, 2017. Implementation trainings were held and advocacies were conducted at state level and to traditional and religious leaders followed by community mobilization in all the Local Government Authorities. Intense logistic activities included transportation and positioning of LLINs. The Implementation was endorsed by LLIN Ambassadors. End process evaluation and reverse logistics were carried out. The LLIN replacement was carried out at a time of high malaria transmission during the second rainy season of the year. Excel spreadsheet was used in data analysis. Outcome: The LLIN replacement campaign involved the training of 11,695 personnel in different cadres including teams, supervisors and monitors at state and at LGA levels, independent monitors, ward monitors and town announcers. Distribution point supervisors, health educators and crowd controllers as well as store keepers were also trained. In all 2,734,500 net cards were issued to LGAs of which 2,674,172 (98.0%) net cards were issued to beneficiaries to collect LLINs. In all, 2,444,036 (91.4%) LLINs were redeemed. Reasons for non-use of LLIN ranged from adverse reaction (11.0%) to “no mosquitoes” (1.0%). Majority (82.0%) of people heard about the LLIN campaign from town announcers and none was unaware of the campaign. Hanging rate was low at 55.0% while utilization by under-fives and by pregnant women was 67.0% and 76.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Despite the fact that replacement of LLINs in Ondo state of southwest Nigeria took place on a large scale, its utilization, especially among the at-risk groups, was still low. Aggressive follow-up campaigns to increase utilization should include more purposeful social and health advocacies to community and religious leaders. Use of local drama groups for behavioral change could be an advantage. Distribution of LLINs to school children should also be considered.
{"title":"Replacement Campaign of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets in Ondo State, Southwest Nigeria, Heartland of Africas Most Efficient Vector Species","authors":"B. Afolabi","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.1000161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.1000161","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ondo State in Southwest Nigeria, heartland of Africa’s most efficient malaria vector, conducted a Long- Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) replacement campaign at the last quarter of 2017 with the aim of achieving the recommended coverage of one LLIN per two persons, in line with the National Malaria Elimination Program (NMEP) strategy. The LLIN replacement campaign planned to reach 4,757,725 populations to achieve universal coverage, a proven intervention aimed at reducing malaria morbidity by increasing access to, as well as ownership and utilization of LLINs. The processes to achieve this goal are described in this paper. Methodology: This paper describes the modalities and scheme for LLIN distribution in one of the states in Southern Nigeria. The campaign took place in all the 18 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the state between September 17 and November 15, 2017. Implementation trainings were held and advocacies were conducted at state level and to traditional and religious leaders followed by community mobilization in all the Local Government Authorities. Intense logistic activities included transportation and positioning of LLINs. The Implementation was endorsed by LLIN Ambassadors. End process evaluation and reverse logistics were carried out. The LLIN replacement was carried out at a time of high malaria transmission during the second rainy season of the year. Excel spreadsheet was used in data analysis. Outcome: The LLIN replacement campaign involved the training of 11,695 personnel in different cadres including teams, supervisors and monitors at state and at LGA levels, independent monitors, ward monitors and town announcers. Distribution point supervisors, health educators and crowd controllers as well as store keepers were also trained. In all 2,734,500 net cards were issued to LGAs of which 2,674,172 (98.0%) net cards were issued to beneficiaries to collect LLINs. In all, 2,444,036 (91.4%) LLINs were redeemed. Reasons for non-use of LLIN ranged from adverse reaction (11.0%) to “no mosquitoes” (1.0%). Majority (82.0%) of people heard about the LLIN campaign from town announcers and none was unaware of the campaign. Hanging rate was low at 55.0% while utilization by under-fives and by pregnant women was 67.0% and 76.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Despite the fact that replacement of LLINs in Ondo state of southwest Nigeria took place on a large scale, its utilization, especially among the at-risk groups, was still low. Aggressive follow-up campaigns to increase utilization should include more purposeful social and health advocacies to community and religious leaders. Use of local drama groups for behavioral change could be an advantage. Distribution of LLINs to school children should also be considered.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.1000161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68029112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000164
J. Michael, Lawrence Walsh, Sally Goldner, T. Healy, Rosemarie Draper, Kylie Elder, K. McLeod
Objective: The need for accessible health and support services for older trans and gender people (TGD) Australians is well documented. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate resources to support aged care workers to meet the needs of TGD clients. Method: The quality improvement initiative comprised a co-design model with a focus on partnering with consumers, consumer representatives and employees to identify and respond to client needs. A Working Group used a literature review, consultations with key informants to develop resources which were then trialled with employees to evaluate their usefulness and effectiveness. Results: A 3-page guideline and two diversity stories were developed. 81% reported the guideline to be very useful; 90% said it was easy to understand. Likewise, 93% said the story was easy to understand and 72% said it was very good at providing knowledge. Conclusion: The guideline and diversity stories are a potentially useful resource for aged care workers to more effectively understand and respond to the needs of TGD clients. The multi-method and participatory process, which included TGD representatives, not only enhanced the usefulness of the resources, but sent a clear message across the organisation that equity of access was important.
{"title":"Supporting Aged Care Workers to Understand and Respond to the Needs of Trans and Gender Diverse People: An Australian Co-designed Quality Improvement Initiative","authors":"J. Michael, Lawrence Walsh, Sally Goldner, T. Healy, Rosemarie Draper, Kylie Elder, K. McLeod","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.1000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.1000164","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The need for accessible health and support services for older trans and gender people (TGD) Australians is well documented. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate resources to support aged care workers to meet the needs of TGD clients. Method: The quality improvement initiative comprised a co-design model with a focus on partnering with consumers, consumer representatives and employees to identify and respond to client needs. A Working Group used a literature review, consultations with key informants to develop resources which were then trialled with employees to evaluate their usefulness and effectiveness. Results: A 3-page guideline and two diversity stories were developed. 81% reported the guideline to be very useful; 90% said it was easy to understand. Likewise, 93% said the story was easy to understand and 72% said it was very good at providing knowledge. Conclusion: The guideline and diversity stories are a potentially useful resource for aged care workers to more effectively understand and respond to the needs of TGD clients. The multi-method and participatory process, which included TGD representatives, not only enhanced the usefulness of the resources, but sent a clear message across the organisation that equity of access was important.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.1000164","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68029161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.100061
Marwan Mosleh, Y. Aljeesh, K. Dalal
Background: Chronic diseases are considered the greatest public health concern globally, and contributor to a large burden of disease in developed world, and increasing rapidly in developing countries as well as Palestine. Where, Palestine is experiencing an epidemiological transition and a rapid increasing burden of chronic diseases as a consequence of rapid modifications in people behaviors. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project has made possible a new methodological approach and conceptual framework to estimate the burden of diseases and other health problems in populations everywhere nationally and globally. Objective: We quantify the burden of chronic diseases using disability – adjusted life years (DALYs) for 2010 in the Palestinian healthcare sector. Methodology: In this study, we adapted Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) methodology for measuring the burden of chronic diseases in the main two entities of Palestinian territories, using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) measurement. The measurement tools and their standards templates were specially designed for assessing the burden of disease, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to estimate and quantify the burden of chronic diseases. The study used secondary data extracted from multiple sources including Ministry of Health (MOH) materials and annual reports about chronic diseases mortalities registered in 2010 and also data about chronic diseases morbidity collected by Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Demographic & Heath Survey data 2010 (DHS) performed in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Results: In 2010, DALYS lost due to selected chronic diseases in the current study were estimated as (60/1000 DALYs) in the West Bank while (57/1000 DALYs) in Gaza Strip respectively, considering that each one DALY is thought of as one lost year of ideal healthy life. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and hypertension contributed to the highest proportion of DALYs among males and females in 2010 in the West Bank and Gaza strip followed with cancer (lung cancer in males vs. breast cancer in females) and then respiratory disease (COPD) with small difference in rank order. There also were sex and region differences. Heart diseases specifically Ischemic heart disease (IHD) also continued to rank highly as a cause of both YLLs and mortality, followed by cancer among Palestinian populations in both the West Bank and Gaza strip for both sexes in 2010, indicating the major causes of chronic diseases burden in Palestine in 2010. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that heart diseases followed with cancer remains the major chronic diseases burden in the Palestinian healthcare sector in the Palestinian territories in both Gaza strip and West bank. Our study recommends that further studies using more recent data are important and needed. Additionally, our study findings indicate the need for basic intervention to tackle these burdens. In general, attention has to be increasingly paid to chr
{"title":"Burden of Chronic Diseases in the Palestinian Healthcare Sector Using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Palestine","authors":"Marwan Mosleh, Y. Aljeesh, K. Dalal","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.100061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.100061","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Chronic diseases are considered the greatest public health concern globally, and contributor to a large burden of disease in developed world, and increasing rapidly in developing countries as well as Palestine. Where, Palestine is experiencing an epidemiological transition and a rapid increasing burden of chronic diseases as a consequence of rapid modifications in people behaviors. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project has made possible a new methodological approach and conceptual framework to estimate the burden of diseases and other health problems in populations everywhere nationally and globally. Objective: We quantify the burden of chronic diseases using disability – adjusted life years (DALYs) for 2010 in the Palestinian healthcare sector. Methodology: In this study, we adapted Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) methodology for measuring the burden of chronic diseases in the main two entities of Palestinian territories, using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) measurement. The measurement tools and their standards templates were specially designed for assessing the burden of disease, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to estimate and quantify the burden of chronic diseases. The study used secondary data extracted from multiple sources including Ministry of Health (MOH) materials and annual reports about chronic diseases mortalities registered in 2010 and also data about chronic diseases morbidity collected by Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) Demographic & Heath Survey data 2010 (DHS) performed in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Results: In 2010, DALYS lost due to selected chronic diseases in the current study were estimated as (60/1000 DALYs) in the West Bank while (57/1000 DALYs) in Gaza Strip respectively, considering that each one DALY is thought of as one lost year of ideal healthy life. Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and hypertension contributed to the highest proportion of DALYs among males and females in 2010 in the West Bank and Gaza strip followed with cancer (lung cancer in males vs. breast cancer in females) and then respiratory disease (COPD) with small difference in rank order. There also were sex and region differences. Heart diseases specifically Ischemic heart disease (IHD) also continued to rank highly as a cause of both YLLs and mortality, followed by cancer among Palestinian populations in both the West Bank and Gaza strip for both sexes in 2010, indicating the major causes of chronic diseases burden in Palestine in 2010. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that heart diseases followed with cancer remains the major chronic diseases burden in the Palestinian healthcare sector in the Palestinian territories in both Gaza strip and West bank. Our study recommends that further studies using more recent data are important and needed. Additionally, our study findings indicate the need for basic intervention to tackle these burdens. In general, attention has to be increasingly paid to chr","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"13 1","pages":"261-268"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.100061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68037923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.100058
H. Pereira, Hugo Amaral, Samuel Monteiro, G. Esgalhado, R. Afonso, M. Loureiro
Background: The Roma population, one of the largest minority groups in Europe, experience discrimination and stigma associated with marginalized social position. Few studies have examined mental illnesses in the Roma, and none have examined the Roma unemployment beneficiaries. The present study estimates mental health among Roma unemployment beneficiaries in comparison to non-Roma beneficiaries in Portugal. Design: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Two clinical psychologists working as research assistants surveyed unemployed individuals looking for jobs at employment agencies. The sample consists of 71 unemployed individuals, beneficiaries of unemployment insurance, and registered in the National Institute of Employment and Professional Training in Portugal. 43.7% were Roma (31) and 56.3% (40) non-Roma. Mean age was 39.93 years old (ranging from 18 to 65 years old; SD = 11.96). Demographics variables were ethnicity, age, gender, marital status, education, and time of unemployment in years. Mental health was assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Results: Results for the comparison of the two samples indicate significant differences for several dimensions of mental health that are more severe for non-Roma participants, namely, Obsessive-Compulsiveness, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism, and Global Severity. Conclusions: When compared to participants of specific groups of the general population in the same challenging crisis and conjuncture such as unemployment, the Roma participants appear to have specific resilience processes, or some cultural and ethnic specificities when coping with mental health/ disease factors, as evidenced in the lower distress and lower levels of psychiatric disorders when compared to unemployed non-Roma individuals. As such, the unemployment condition seems to have a much more negative impact on the mental health of non-Roma participants than in the mental health of Roma participants.
{"title":"Mental Health Disparities Between Roma and Non-Roma Unemployment Insurance Beneficiaries inPortugal","authors":"H. Pereira, Hugo Amaral, Samuel Monteiro, G. Esgalhado, R. Afonso, M. Loureiro","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.100058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.100058","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The Roma population, one of the largest minority groups in Europe, experience discrimination and stigma associated with marginalized social position. Few studies have examined mental illnesses in the Roma, and none have examined the Roma unemployment beneficiaries. The present study estimates mental health among Roma unemployment beneficiaries in comparison to non-Roma beneficiaries in Portugal. Design: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Two clinical psychologists working as research assistants surveyed unemployed individuals looking for jobs at employment agencies. The sample consists of 71 unemployed individuals, beneficiaries of unemployment insurance, and registered in the National Institute of Employment and Professional Training in Portugal. 43.7% were Roma (31) and 56.3% (40) non-Roma. Mean age was 39.93 years old (ranging from 18 to 65 years old; SD = 11.96). Demographics variables were ethnicity, age, gender, marital status, education, and time of unemployment in years. Mental health was assessed using the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Results: Results for the comparison of the two samples indicate significant differences for several dimensions of mental health that are more severe for non-Roma participants, namely, Obsessive-Compulsiveness, Interpersonal Sensitivity, Depression, Anxiety, Paranoid Ideation, Psychoticism, and Global Severity. Conclusions: When compared to participants of specific groups of the general population in the same challenging crisis and conjuncture such as unemployment, the Roma participants appear to have specific resilience processes, or some cultural and ethnic specificities when coping with mental health/ disease factors, as evidenced in the lower distress and lower levels of psychiatric disorders when compared to unemployed non-Roma individuals. As such, the unemployment condition seems to have a much more negative impact on the mental health of non-Roma participants than in the mental health of Roma participants.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.100058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68038037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.100171
Kristen Dupard, D. Fastring
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States (US), and currently impacts approximately 80 million people. Approximately 14 million new individuals are infected with HPV annually, half of which are between the ages of 15-24. A survey was conducted among parents and guardians whose adolescent daughters attended a large local rural high school to determine factors associated with HPV vaccine participation. The majority of participants were African American (n=39, 90.7%). Most had completed at least a Bachelor’s degree (n=23, 55.5%); and the most frequently reported income level was between $30,001 and $50,000 (n=18, 41.9%). Most parents reported that their daughter had participated in the HPV vaccine (n=30, 70.0%). HPV vaccine participation was significantly associated with having an insurance plan that provided coverage for the HPV vaccination (Χ2=4.35, df=1, p<0.037), having easily accessible healthcare (Χ2=3.84, df=1, p<0.050), and having a physician recommend the vaccine (Χ2=14.00, df=1, p<0.001). Though not significant, a positive trend was found between increasing levels of household income and increased percentages of vaccine participation. Among those who reported that their daughters participated in HPV vaccination, 93.0% reported that that they did so to prevent cervical cancer. Among those who did not participate, the most often cited reasons were that the parents/guardians did not know about the availability of the vaccine, or they knew too little about the vaccine (46.2%). Other reasons were that parents/guardians perceived that their daughter was too young (15.4%), they thought the vaccine was too new (15.4%), or they thought the vaccine was not safe (23.0%). Results from this pilot study will be used to inform educational and policy decisions at the local level to improve parental knowledge and attitudes toward HPV vaccination, and to increase vaccine uptake among adolescents in rural areas who are of low socioeconomic status.
{"title":"Parental Attitudes toward Human Papilloma VirusVaccine Participation of Adolescent Daughters in aRural Population","authors":"Kristen Dupard, D. Fastring","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.100171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.100171","url":null,"abstract":"Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States (US), and currently impacts approximately 80 million people. Approximately 14 million new individuals are infected with HPV annually, half of which are between the ages of 15-24. A survey was conducted among parents and guardians whose adolescent daughters attended a large local rural high school to determine factors associated with HPV vaccine participation. The majority of participants were African American (n=39, 90.7%). Most had completed at least a Bachelor’s degree (n=23, 55.5%); and the most frequently reported income level was between $30,001 and $50,000 (n=18, 41.9%). Most parents reported that their daughter had participated in the HPV vaccine (n=30, 70.0%). HPV vaccine participation was significantly associated with having an insurance plan that provided coverage for the HPV vaccination (Χ2=4.35, df=1, p<0.037), having easily accessible healthcare (Χ2=3.84, df=1, p<0.050), and having a physician recommend the vaccine (Χ2=14.00, df=1, p<0.001). Though not significant, a positive trend was found between increasing levels of household income and increased percentages of vaccine participation. Among those who reported that their daughters participated in HPV vaccination, 93.0% reported that that they did so to prevent cervical cancer. Among those who did not participate, the most often cited reasons were that the parents/guardians did not know about the availability of the vaccine, or they knew too little about the vaccine (46.2%). Other reasons were that parents/guardians perceived that their daughter was too young (15.4%), they thought the vaccine was too new (15.4%), or they thought the vaccine was not safe (23.0%). Results from this pilot study will be used to inform educational and policy decisions at the local level to improve parental knowledge and attitudes toward HPV vaccination, and to increase vaccine uptake among adolescents in rural areas who are of low socioeconomic status.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.100171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68047487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000121
A. McCann, L. Holyfield, E. Schneiderman
Purpose: A US dental school assessed its campus climate to improve diversity and inclusion as well as meet an accreditation mandate. Methods: Climate surveys for faculty (n=277), staff (n=351) and students (n=595) were developed and validated by the college IDEA committee. They were pilot-tested and administered in spring 2017. Findings: Response rates ranged from 50%-52%. Onequarter to one-third viewed themselves as a member of an underrepresented group. A consistent proportion of staff members (10-20%) "disagreed" that diversity was valued. All three groups reported having too much work to do (10-23%) and being overly stressed (18-29%), particularly students. Ten percent or more of the staff "disagreed" that they had good interactions with college people. Faculty and students reported they frequently observed (5-10 times or more) the inappropriate expression of political beliefs. Only the staff (≥ 10%) reported uncivil and ostracizing behaviors occurring often. The majority of all three groups (≥ 60%) reported their physical health and emotional well-being as "good" or "excellent." The majority of faculty and staff reported being satisfied with their job (≥ 78%) and liking to work at the College (≥ 83%). The majority of students reported being satisfied with their educational program (85%) and glad they attended the College (86%). Some sub-groups reported significantly lower health and satisfaction levels. A qualitative analysis of comments revealed that the primary theme for faculty and students was the campus climate was inclusive and positive. The primary theme for staff was the current climate was not inclusive, and they experienced inappropriate behaviors. Conclusion: This 2017 culture assessment revealed that the majority of College personnel and students believed the climate was inclusive and diversity was valued, with the staff being the least satisfied. A new Diversity and Inclusion Plan has been developed to address the problems identified.
{"title":"Assessing Campus Climate at a US Dental School","authors":"A. McCann, L. Holyfield, E. Schneiderman","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.1000121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.1000121","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: A US dental school assessed its campus climate to improve diversity and inclusion as well as meet an accreditation mandate. Methods: Climate surveys for faculty (n=277), staff (n=351) and students (n=595) were developed and validated by the college IDEA committee. They were pilot-tested and administered in spring 2017. Findings: Response rates ranged from 50%-52%. Onequarter to one-third viewed themselves as a member of an underrepresented group. A consistent proportion of staff members (10-20%) \"disagreed\" that diversity was valued. All three groups reported having too much work to do (10-23%) and being overly stressed (18-29%), particularly students. Ten percent or more of the staff \"disagreed\" that they had good interactions with college people. Faculty and students reported they frequently observed (5-10 times or more) the inappropriate expression of political beliefs. Only the staff (≥ 10%) reported uncivil and ostracizing behaviors occurring often. The majority of all three groups (≥ 60%) reported their physical health and emotional well-being as \"good\" or \"excellent.\" The majority of faculty and staff reported being satisfied with their job (≥ 78%) and liking to work at the College (≥ 83%). The majority of students reported being satisfied with their educational program (85%) and glad they attended the College (86%). Some sub-groups reported significantly lower health and satisfaction levels. A qualitative analysis of comments revealed that the primary theme for faculty and students was the campus climate was inclusive and positive. The primary theme for staff was the current climate was not inclusive, and they experienced inappropriate behaviors. Conclusion: This 2017 culture assessment revealed that the majority of College personnel and students believed the climate was inclusive and diversity was valued, with the staff being the least satisfied. A new Diversity and Inclusion Plan has been developed to address the problems identified.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.1000121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68027096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000160
E. Yusuf, Firehiwot Fiseha, Dubale Dulla, Getinet Kassahun
Background: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a universally available method of care particularly, for premature babies for maintaining their body temperature. However, its prevalence is very low in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was intended to assess utilization of kangaroo mother care (KMC) and factors influencing among mothers and care takers of preterm /low birth weight babies in Yirgalem town, southern, Ethiopia Materials and Method: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from of February to March, 2017 among 215 mothers of preterm/low birth weight (LBW) infants in Yirgalem town. Mothers of preterm/LBW infant of age less than 36 months were included in study. Data was collected by using interviewer administered questionnaire that is adapted from relevant literatures and standardized accordingly. Data analyses ere accomplished using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the association of different variables. Results: A total of 215 mothers with their preterm infants ranged 1-36 months of age voluntarily participated, with response rate of 100%. A hundred ninety (88.4%) of the mothers had normal vaginal delivery, and 11.6% had cesarean section. Among all study subjects 90(41.9%) practice KMC. Of these, 31(14.4%) started KMC immediately after birth as the infant had been stabilized, and 59(27.4%) practice it after 24 hours. However, only sixty of the infants showed improvement after they used continuous KMC at home compared to those infants that did not use KMC. It was found that some variables were statistically associated with the utilization of KMC. Respondents who gave birth spontaneously were 4.3 times more likely to practice KMC than those had caesarean section delivery [(AOR 4.341) 95%CI(1.435, 13.130)] and mothers who delivered at governmental hospital were 20.4 times more likely to practice KMC than those who gave birth at home [(AOR (20.458) 95%CI(2.644, 158.299))]. Conclusion: In this study only very low mothers initiated KMC immediately after birth and were practiced continuously KMC at home. Thus, it is recommended to promote KMC at home and develop studies on acceptability and applicability of the KMC and affecting factors that prevent the use of KMC at home method in Ethiopian context.
背景:袋鼠妈妈护理(KMC)是一种普遍适用的护理方法，特别是对早产儿保持体温。然而，它在埃塞俄比亚的流行率很低。因此，本研究旨在评估埃塞俄比亚南部Yirgalem镇早产/低出生体重儿母亲和照护者对袋鼠妈妈护理(KMC)的使用情况及其影响因素。材料与方法:2017年2月至3月，对Yirgalem镇215名早产/低出生体重儿母亲进行了基于社区的横断面研究。研究对象包括年龄小于36个月的早产/低体重婴儿的母亲。数据收集采用采访者管理的问卷，该问卷改编自相关文献并进行了相应的标准化。数据分析使用SPSS version 20完成。采用逻辑回归分析来确定不同变量之间的关联。结果:215名1-36月龄早产儿母亲自愿参与，有效率100%。90例(88.4%)产妇为正常阴道分娩，11.6%为剖宫产。在所有研究对象中，有90人(41.9%)实行KMC。其中，31名(14.4%)在婴儿稳定后立即开始进行KMC, 59名(27.4%)在24小时后进行KMC。然而，与没有使用KMC的婴儿相比，只有60名婴儿在家中连续使用KMC后表现出改善。研究发现，一些变量与KMC的利用有统计学上的相关性。自然分娩的被调查者实行KMC的可能性是剖宫产的4.3倍[(AOR 4.341) 95%CI(1.435, 13.130)]，在公立医院分娩的母亲实行KMC的可能性是在家分娩的20.4倍[(AOR (20.458) 95%CI(2.644, 158.299)]。结论:在本研究中，只有非常低的母亲在出生后立即开始KMC，并在家中持续进行KMC。因此，建议在埃塞俄比亚推广KMC，并对KMC的可接受性和适用性以及阻碍KMC在家方法使用的影响因素进行研究。
{"title":"Utilization of Utilization of Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) and Influencing Factors Among Mothers and Care Takers of Preterm/Low Birth Weight Babies in Yirgalem Town, Southern, Ethiopia","authors":"E. Yusuf, Firehiwot Fiseha, Dubale Dulla, Getinet Kassahun","doi":"10.21767/2049-5471.1000160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21767/2049-5471.1000160","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is a universally available method of care particularly, for premature babies for maintaining their body temperature. However, its prevalence is very low in Ethiopia. Thus, this study was intended to assess utilization of kangaroo mother care (KMC) and factors influencing among mothers and care takers of preterm /low birth weight babies in Yirgalem town, southern, Ethiopia Materials and Method: A community based cross sectional study was conducted from of February to March, 2017 among 215 mothers of preterm/low birth weight (LBW) infants in Yirgalem town. Mothers of preterm/LBW infant of age less than 36 months were included in study. Data was collected by using interviewer administered questionnaire that is adapted from relevant literatures and standardized accordingly. Data analyses ere accomplished using SPSS version 20. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify the association of different variables. Results: A total of 215 mothers with their preterm infants ranged 1-36 months of age voluntarily participated, with response rate of 100%. A hundred ninety (88.4%) of the mothers had normal vaginal delivery, and 11.6% had cesarean section. Among all study subjects 90(41.9%) practice KMC. Of these, 31(14.4%) started KMC immediately after birth as the infant had been stabilized, and 59(27.4%) practice it after 24 hours. However, only sixty of the infants showed improvement after they used continuous KMC at home compared to those infants that did not use KMC. It was found that some variables were statistically associated with the utilization of KMC. Respondents who gave birth spontaneously were 4.3 times more likely to practice KMC than those had caesarean section delivery [(AOR 4.341) 95%CI(1.435, 13.130)] and mothers who delivered at governmental hospital were 20.4 times more likely to practice KMC than those who gave birth at home [(AOR (20.458) 95%CI(2.644, 158.299))]. Conclusion: In this study only very low mothers initiated KMC immediately after birth and were practiced continuously KMC at home. Thus, it is recommended to promote KMC at home and develop studies on acceptability and applicability of the KMC and affecting factors that prevent the use of KMC at home method in Ethiopian context.","PeriodicalId":90151,"journal":{"name":"Diversity and equality in health and care","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.21767/2049-5471.1000160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68029106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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