Pub Date : 2014-08-07DOI: 10.15226/jnhfs.2014.00127
Erin M Taylor, Aarin D Jones, Tara M Henagan
Type 2 diabetes, the leading metabolic disease, is characterized by insulin resistance and is associated with obesity. The onset of type 2 diabetes is largely due to environmental inputs, such as high dietary fat content and decreased levels of exercise. Insulin resistance resulting from high fat diet is associated with skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to alterations in lipid accumulation and specific species of intracellular fatty acids; whereas, exercise training augments insulin resistance while improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and producing beneficial fatty acid profiles. Additionally, high fat diets and exercise alter epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, to produce differences in metabolic gene expression that are associated with insulin resistance and sensitivity, respectively. Recent evidence suggests that short chain fatty acids that act as histone deacetylase inhibitors prevent and ameliorate obesity and insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the potential of mitochondrial-derived fatty acids, especially short chain fatty acids, to epigenetically regulate obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.15226/jnhfs.2014.00108
Yue Yang, Bohkyung Kim, Young-Ki Park, Ji-Young Lee
Dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term supplementation of two blue-green algae (BGA) species, i.e., Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing (NO) and Spirulina platensis (SP), on lipid metabolism in vivo. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed an AIN-93G/M diet supplemented with 2.5 or 5% (wt/wt) NO or SP for 6 months. Mice fed NO and SP showed lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations than control at certain months during 6 month experimental period. Both BGA supplementation for 6 months significantly increased hepatic TC contents whereas SP-fed groups had significantly less TG levels in the liver compared with control and NO groups. None of BGA-fed animals showed significantly different mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, while 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression was higher in NO groups than the other groups in the liver. Furthermore, NO supplementation increased the hepatic expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α, and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 but SP did not elicit any significant changes in mRNA levels of the genes compared with control. LDLR protein level was significantly higher in NO 2.5% and SP 5%, as compared to the control and NO 5% groups; while the level of fatty acid synthase protein in the liver was significantly higher in NO 5% and SP 5%, than that in the control group. In conclusion, our results suggest that long-term supplementation of NO and SP decreased plasma TC and TG concentrations. Therefore, supplementation of NO and SP may be potentially beneficial for preventing dyslipidemia-associated chronic diseases.
血脂异常是心血管疾病的主要危险因素。本研究研究了长期添加Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides k tzing (NO)和螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis (SP))两种蓝藻(BGA)对体内脂质代谢的影响。雄性C57BL/6J小鼠饲喂添加2.5%或5% (wt/wt) NO或SP的AIN-93G/M日粮6个月。在6个月的实验期内，一氧化氮和SP在某些月份的血浆总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)浓度均低于对照组。添加6个月BGA均显著提高肝脏TG含量，而sp组肝脏TG含量显著低于对照组和NO组。bga喂养的动物肝脏中3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶和低密度脂蛋白受体(LDLR) mRNA表达量均高于其他各组。此外，添加NO增加了肝脏乙酰辅酶a羧化酶1、硬脂酰辅酶a去饱和酶1、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶1α和酰基辅酶a氧化酶1的表达，但SP对这些基因的mRNA水平与对照组相比没有显著变化。2.5% NO和5% SP组LDLR蛋白水平显著高于对照组和5% NO组;5% NO和5% SP组肝脏脂肪酸合酶蛋白水平显著高于对照组。总之，我们的研究结果表明，长期补充NO和SP可降低血浆TC和TG浓度。因此，补充NO和SP可能对预防血脂异常相关的慢性疾病有潜在的益处。
{"title":"Effects of Long-Term Supplementation of Blue-Green Algae on Lipid Metabolism in C57BL/6J mice.","authors":"Yue Yang, Bohkyung Kim, Young-Ki Park, Ji-Young Lee","doi":"10.15226/jnhfs.2014.00108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15226/jnhfs.2014.00108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyslipidemia is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term supplementation of two blue-green algae (BGA) species, i.e., <i>Nostoc commune var</i>. <i>sphaeroides Kützing</i> (NO) and <i>Spirulina platensis</i> (SP), on lipid metabolism in vivo. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed an AIN-93G/M diet supplemented with 2.5 or 5% (wt/wt) NO or SP for 6 months. Mice fed NO and SP showed lower plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations than control at certain months during 6 month experimental period. Both BGA supplementation for 6 months significantly increased hepatic TC contents whereas SP-fed groups had significantly less TG levels in the liver compared with control and NO groups. None of BGA-fed animals showed significantly different mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 2, while 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression was higher in NO groups than the other groups in the liver. Furthermore, NO supplementation increased the hepatic expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, stearoyl CoA desaturase 1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1α, and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 but SP did not elicit any significant changes in mRNA levels of the genes compared with control. LDLR protein level was significantly higher in NO 2.5% and SP 5%, as compared to the control and NO 5% groups; while the level of fatty acid synthase protein in the liver was significantly higher in NO 5% and SP 5%, than that in the control group. In conclusion, our results suggest that long-term supplementation of NO and SP decreased plasma TC and TG concentrations. Therefore, supplementation of NO and SP may be potentially beneficial for preventing dyslipidemia-associated chronic diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":90609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of nutritional health & food science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4299668/pdf/nihms-649403.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32997465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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