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Uncalibrated Vision-Based Control of Two-Wheeled Mobile Robots 两轮移动机器人的无标定视觉控制
J. Piepmeier, P. A. Morgan
An quasi-Newton method with Jacobian estimation is used to control a mobile robot utilizing visual feedback. The method is uncalibrated, requiring no camera calibration or known robot kinematics. Given a proper task configuration, the robot can be controlled such that it follows a moving target. This paper investigates the appropriate task configurations that result in a controllable system.
采用带雅可比估计的准牛顿方法,利用视觉反馈对移动机器人进行控制。该方法是未经校准的,不需要相机校准或已知的机器人运动学。给定一个适当的任务配置,机器人可以被控制,使它跟随一个移动的目标。本文研究了形成可控系统的适当任务配置。
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引用次数: 0
Lower Limb Human Muscle Enhancer 下肢人体肌肉增强器
Joseph J. Misuraca, C. Mavroidis
This paper describes the design, control, and testing of a Human Muscle Enhancer (HME) system that will augment the muscle capabilities of subjects requiring partial lower-limb weight-bearing gait support. The HME described in this paper is a pneumatically actuated quick connecting exoskeleton system that attaches to the foot and hip area of the body, thus “closing” the lower body kinematic chain. Control of the system is achieved by using encoders at the knee joints and Myo-Pneumatic (MP) Sensors implanted into the shoes and outer garments of the human. To test this design concept, a lower body exoskeleton test fixture has been fabricated. The test fixture mimics the human leg with the top cylinder providing the body weight on the leg. Another cylinder acts as leg muscles to provide the adjustable human reaction of the leg. Preliminary open and closed loop control tests have been performed that demonstate the capability of controlling the HME using the MP sensors.
本文描述了人体肌肉增强器(HME)系统的设计、控制和测试,该系统将增强需要部分下肢负重步态支持的受试者的肌肉能力。本文描述的HME是一种气动驱动的快速连接外骨骼系统,它附着在身体的足部和臀部区域,从而“关闭”下体运动链。该系统的控制是通过使用编码器在膝关节和myo -气动(MP)传感器植入人体的鞋子和外衣。为了测试这一设计概念,制作了一个下体外骨骼测试夹具。测试夹具模仿人的腿,上面的圆柱体提供腿上的身体重量。另一个圆柱体充当腿部肌肉,提供可调节的人体腿部反应。已经进行了初步的开环和闭环控制测试,证明了使用MP传感器控制HME的能力。
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引用次数: 11
Selection of Optimal Machining Parameters Using a Genetic Algorithm 用遗传算法选择最优加工参数
K. Krishnamurthy, Lei Yan
Selection of optimal machining parameters is a difficult process due to the large number of variables and their complex interdependencies. In this study, a genetic algorithm-based method is presented to determine the optimal machining parameters for machining pockets using multi-pass end milling operations. The number of passes, axial and radial depths of cut, and feed rate are determined to minimize a cost function that is based on the cutting force. Results are presented for two different tool paths using a mechanistic model for predicting the cutting force.
由于变量数量众多且相互依存关系复杂,选择最佳加工参数是一个困难的过程。在本研究中,提出了一种基于遗传算法的方法来确定多道次端铣加工袋的最佳加工参数。孔道数、轴向和径向切削深度以及进给速度的确定是为了使基于切削力的成本函数最小化。结果提出了两种不同的刀具路径使用机械模型预测切削力。
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引用次数: 2
Path Planning for Motion Control of Hexapod Machines 六足机器人运动控制的路径规划
Z. Ji, Zhenqun Li
The dramatic departure in structure of the hexapod machine tools from the traditional five-axis machines leads to the question: can the planning and control methods for the traditional CNC machines be used for the hexapod machine tools? We studied several tool motion characteristics, such as Jocabian matrices, path tracking errors and the extra degree of freedom (e-DOF), and found that the traditional five-axis planning methods cannot take into consideration of the kinematics performance variation and the e-DOF in a hexapod. A kinematics-based tool path planning scheme for the hexapods is therefore proposed. It combines the traditional tool path planning with the kinematic condition optimization. The optimization is a two-step process. First a high accuracy zone of the workspace is identified globally for the placement of the part. Then a set of 5-DOF tool paths is generated and extended to a set of 6-DOF tool paths based on the local planning of e-DOF. Finally the relationship between the e-DOF and the stiffness of the Hexapods, another factor in the use of e-DOF, are discussed.
六足机床在结构上与传统五轴机床的巨大差异引发了一个问题:传统数控机床的规划和控制方法是否也适用于六足机床?通过对约卡比矩阵、轨迹跟踪误差和额外自由度等刀具运动特性的研究,发现传统的五轴规划方法不能考虑六足机构的运动学性能变化和自由度。因此,提出了一种基于运动学的六足机构刀具轨迹规划方案。它将传统的刀具轨迹规划与运动条件优化相结合。优化是一个两步的过程。首先,为零件的放置全局确定工作空间的高精度区域。然后根据e-DOF的局部规划,生成一组5-DOF刀具路径,并将其扩展为一组6-DOF刀具路径。最后讨论了电子自由度与六足机构刚度的关系,这是影响电子自由度使用的另一个因素。
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引用次数: 1
Multi-Modal Diagnostics for Vehicle Fault Detection 车辆故障检测的多模态诊断
Matthew L. Schwall, J. C. Gerdes
On-board vehicle diagnostic systems must have low development and hardware costs in order to be viable. Model-based methods have shown promise since they use analytical redundancy to reduce costly physical redundancy. However, these methods must also be computationally efficient and function accurately even with simple, low-cost models. The approach presented in this paper uses multiple simple models to analyze dissimilar observable modes of a system. Residuals generated using the models are related and interpreted in a Bayesian network to determine fault probabilities and yield a diagnosis. The technique is demonstrated with a diagnostic system for automobile handling.
车载诊断系统必须具有较低的开发成本和硬件成本,才能具有可行性。基于模型的方法已经显示出前景,因为它们使用分析冗余来减少昂贵的物理冗余。然而,这些方法也必须计算效率高,即使在简单、低成本的模型下也能准确地运行。本文提出的方法使用多个简单模型来分析系统的不同可观测模态。使用模型产生的残差在贝叶斯网络中进行关联和解释,以确定故障概率并产生诊断。并以汽车操纵诊断系统为例进行了验证。
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引用次数: 15
Real Time, Near-Optimal Trajectory Planning of an Omni-Directional Vehicle 全向车辆的实时、近最优轨迹规划
T. Kalmár-Nagy, P. Ganguly, R. D’Andrea
In this paper, we discuss an innovative method of generating near-optimal trajectories for a robot with omni-directional drive capabilities, taking into account the dynamics of the actuators and the system. The relaxation of optimality results in immense computational savings, critical in dynamic environments. In particular, a decoupling strategy for each of the three degrees of freedom of the vehicle is presented, along with a method for coordinating the degrees of freedom. A nearly optimal trajectory for the vehicle can typically be calculated in less than 1000 floating point operations, which makes it attractive for real-time control in dynamic and uncertain environments.
在本文中,我们讨论了一种创新的方法,为具有全向驱动能力的机器人生成近最优轨迹,同时考虑了执行器和系统的动力学。放松最优性可以节省大量的计算量,这在动态环境中是至关重要的。特别地,提出了车辆三个自由度的解耦策略,以及协调自由度的方法。车辆的近乎最优轨迹通常可以在不到1000个浮点运算中计算出来,这使得它在动态和不确定环境中的实时控制具有吸引力。
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引用次数: 0
Velocity Control of Hydraulic Cylinders With Only Pressure Feedback 仅压力反馈的液压缸速度控制
Chris DeBoer, B. Yao
The lack of position or velocity feedback is a very common problem particularly on construction equipment such as excavators and backhoes. The extra cost of adding position/velocity sensors is prohibitive as well as the high likelihood of sensor failure in such a harsh environment. These factors make the possibility of improving control performance with limited sensory feedback very attractive. This paper studies the velocity control of a single-rod double actuating hydraulic cylinder utilizing a programmable valve with only cylinder pressure feedback. The boom motion control of a scaled-down model of an industrial backhoe loader arm is used as a case study. The programmable valve used in this study is a unique combination of five proportional cartridge valves connected in such a way that the meter-in and meter-out flows can be independently controlled by four of the valves as well as a true cross port flow controlled by the fifth valve. The programmable valve decouples the control of the meter-in and meter-out flows providing tremendous control flexibility to control the cylinder motion while decreasing the pump energy required by utilizing the potential and kinetic energy of the load. This paper demonstrates the potential energy savings possible through the use of the programmable valve. The paper also proves that significant improvements in the velocity tracking performance of hydraulic cylinders can be attained with only pressure feedback.
缺乏位置或速度反馈是一个非常普遍的问题,特别是在挖掘机和反铲挖掘机等施工设备上。增加位置/速度传感器的额外成本是令人望而却步的,而且在如此恶劣的环境中传感器故障的可能性很高。这些因素使得用有限的感官反馈改进控制性能的可能性非常有吸引力。研究了单杆双作动液压缸的速度控制问题。以某工业反铲装载机臂缩比模型的动臂运动控制为例进行了研究。本研究中使用的可编程阀是一种独特的组合,由五个比例插装阀连接而成,其中四个阀可以独立控制进出流量,第五个阀可以控制真正的跨口流量。可编程阀解耦控制的米进和米出流量提供了巨大的控制灵活性,以控制气缸的运动,同时减少所需的泵的能量,利用负载的势能和动能。本文论证了通过使用可编程阀可能实现的潜在节能。本文还证明了仅采用压力反馈可以显著改善液压缸的速度跟踪性能。
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引用次数: 30
Experimental Joint Control Studies With a Flexible Two-Link System 柔性双连杆系统联合控制实验研究
Wenwei Xu, Xiaoping Zhang, S. Nair
This paper investigates experimentally an adaptive control design for a flexible two-link system considering joint angle control in the presence of system uncertainties. The system uncertainties are treated as unknown bounded continuous functions of the states and a Gaussian network is used to map the uncertainties. Experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed learning control strategy.
实验研究了存在系统不确定性时考虑关节角度控制的柔性双连杆系统的自适应控制设计。将系统不确定性视为状态的未知有界连续函数,并使用高斯网络对不确定性进行映射。实验结果表明了所提出的学习控制策略的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
Actuator Placement and Control Efficiency of Paraboloidal Shell Structures 抛物壳结构作动器布置与控制效率
H. Tzou, J. Ding
Paraboloidal shells of revolution are commonly used in communication systems, precision opto-mechanical systems and aerospace structures. This study is to investigate the precision distributed control effectiveness of paraboloidal shells laminated with segmented actuator patches. Mathematical models of the paraboloidal shells laminated with distributed actuator layers subjected to mechanical, temperature, and control forces are presented first, followed by formulations of distributed control forces with their contributing meridional/circumferential membrane and bending control components using an assumed mode shape function. Studies of actuator placements, control forces, contributing components, and normalized control authorities of paraboloidal shells are carried out. These forces and membrane/bending components basically exhibit distinct modal characteristics influenced by shell geometries and other design parameters. Analyses suggest that the membrane contributed components dominate the overall control effect. Locations with larger normalized forces indicate the areas with high control efficiencies, i.e., larger induced control force per unit actuator area. With limited actuators, placing actuators at those locations would lead to the maximal control effects.
抛物面旋转壳体常用于通信系统、精密光机械系统和航空航天结构中。本文研究了带有分段作动器贴片的抛物面壳层合的精密分布控制效果。首先给出了受机械力、温度力和控制力影响的分布驱动层叠合的抛物面壳的数学模型,然后使用假设的模态振型函数给出了分布控制力及其贡献的子向/周向膜和弯曲控制元件的公式。研究了抛物壳的致动器位置、控制力、贡献分量和归一化控制权限。这些力和膜/弯曲分量基本上表现出不同的模态特征,受壳体几何形状和其他设计参数的影响。分析表明,膜贡献成分主导了整体控制效果。归一化力较大的位置表示控制效率较高的区域,即单位致动器区域的诱导控制力较大。在执行器有限的情况下,将执行器放置在这些位置将产生最大的控制效果。
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引用次数: 0
A First Principle Engine Model for Up-Front Design: Bearing Models and Example Results 第一原理发动机模型的前期设计:轴承模型和实例结果
Zheng-Dong Ma, N. Perkins
The design of new engine concepts requires an engineering tool that can quickly estimate noise, vibration and durability metrics at the very onset of the engine design cycle. In (Ma et al., 2000), we presented an engine modeling template (EMT) to support up-front engine design. The engine models generated from the EMT use the minimum set of generalized coordinates to represent engine dynamics. This is achieved by employing a pre-selected set of relative coordinates. The resulting engine model is cast as a (minimum) set of ordinary differential equations in lieu of the differential-algebraic equations that result from using commercial multibody dynamics codes. The resulting models then enjoy greater computational efficiency. In (Ma et al., 2000), we formulate the equations of motion for the engine and its major components. The objective of this paper is to review the numerical results obtained from sample engine designs and to discuss several tradeoffs between model accuracy and efficiency. Attention focuses on the trade-offs resulting from several bearing models, including linear and nonlinear spring-damper bearing models, and hydrodynamic bearing models based on the Reynolds equation. Results computed using these bearing models are critically compared.
新发动机概念的设计需要一种工程工具,能够在发动机设计周期的一开始就快速估计噪声、振动和耐久性指标。在(Ma et al., 2000)中,我们提出了一个引擎建模模板(EMT)来支持引擎的前期设计。由EMT生成的发动机模型使用最小广义坐标集来表示发动机动力学。这是通过使用一组预先选择的相对坐标来实现的。所得到的发动机模型被转换为一组(最小)常微分方程,而不是使用商用多体动力学代码得到的微分代数方程。由此产生的模型具有更高的计算效率。在(Ma et al., 2000)中,我们制定了发动机及其主要部件的运动方程。本文的目的是回顾从发动机样品设计中获得的数值结果,并讨论模型精度和效率之间的几种权衡。重点关注几种轴承模型的权衡,包括线性和非线性弹簧-阻尼器轴承模型,以及基于雷诺方程的流体动力轴承模型。使用这些轴承模型计算的结果进行了严格的比较。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Proceedings of the ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Conference
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