{"title":"Impact of Temperature on Influenza A Status during Global Warming Hiatus.","authors":"Shaomin Yan, Guang Wu","doi":"10.3967/bes2019.073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2019.073","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"7 1","pages":"554-557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78967957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
X. Qin, Quan Ma, Xinyun Xu, Qin Tan, K. Zheng, B. Wang
{"title":"Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate Induces Ovarian Toxicity and Alters Protein Expression of Hormone-regulated Receptors in Rats.","authors":"X. Qin, Quan Ma, Xinyun Xu, Qin Tan, K. Zheng, B. Wang","doi":"10.3967/bes2019.071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2019.071","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"221 1","pages":"546-549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74177417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yan Wang, Han Han, Jun Wang, Fang Shen, Fei Yu, Ling Wang, Song-cheng Yu, D. Zhang, Hualei Sun, Yuan Xue, Y. Ba, Chongjian Wang, Wen Jie Li
{"title":"Polymorphisms in CYP2R1 Gene Associated with Serum Vitamin D Levels and Status in a Chinese Rural Population.","authors":"Yan Wang, Han Han, Jun Wang, Fang Shen, Fei Yu, Ling Wang, Song-cheng Yu, D. Zhang, Hualei Sun, Yuan Xue, Y. Ba, Chongjian Wang, Wen Jie Li","doi":"10.3967/bes2019.072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2019.072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"108 1","pages":"550-553"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87624633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Yang, N. Cheng, H. Pu, S. Liu, Juansheng Li, B. Bassig, M. Dai, Hai Yan Li, X. Hu, X. Ren, T. Zheng, Yana Bai
OBJECTIVE To study the association between metal exposure and risk of diabetes and prediabetes among Chinese workers exposed to metals. METHODS We used data obtained from the baseline survey of the Jinchang Cohort Study of workers in Jinchang Industry, the largest nickel production company in China. A total of 42,122 workers ⋝20 years of age were included in the study. A standardized, structured questionnaire was used to collect epidemiological information. Physical examinations and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the health status of the participants and to measure various biomarkers including blood sugar, lipids, and urinary metal concentrations. Logistic regression was used to study the association between occupational groups categorized according to the measured metal levels (office workers, low-level; mining/production workers, mid-level; and smelting/refining workers, high-level) and risk of diabetes and prediabetes. RESULTS The overall prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 7.5% and 16.8%, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios for diabetes among mining/production workers and smelting/refining workers compared to office workers were 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3, 1.7) and 3.8 (95% CI: 3.4, 4.3), respectively. No association was observed between these occupational groups and prediabetes in this study. CONCLUSION Occupations associated with higher levels of metal exposure were associated with an increased risk of diabetes in this cohort. More studies are needed to confirm this observed association.
{"title":"Metal Exposure and Risk of Diabetes and Prediabetes among Chinese Occupational Workers.","authors":"A. Yang, N. Cheng, H. Pu, S. Liu, Juansheng Li, B. Bassig, M. Dai, Hai Yan Li, X. Hu, X. Ren, T. Zheng, Yana Bai","doi":"10.3967/bes2015.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.121","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To study the association between metal exposure and risk of diabetes and prediabetes among Chinese workers exposed to metals.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We used data obtained from the baseline survey of the Jinchang Cohort Study of workers in Jinchang Industry, the largest nickel production company in China. A total of 42,122 workers ⋝20 years of age were included in the study. A standardized, structured questionnaire was used to collect epidemiological information. Physical examinations and laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the health status of the participants and to measure various biomarkers including blood sugar, lipids, and urinary metal concentrations. Logistic regression was used to study the association between occupational groups categorized according to the measured metal levels (office workers, low-level; mining/production workers, mid-level; and smelting/refining workers, high-level) and risk of diabetes and prediabetes.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The overall prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes was 7.5% and 16.8%, respectively. The adjusted odds ratios for diabetes among mining/production workers and smelting/refining workers compared to office workers were 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3, 1.7) and 3.8 (95% CI: 3.4, 4.3), respectively. No association was observed between these occupational groups and prediabetes in this study.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Occupations associated with higher levels of metal exposure were associated with an increased risk of diabetes in this cohort. More studies are needed to confirm this observed association.","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"11 1","pages":"875-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84921960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liang Peng, Hai-hong Ran, Ying Zhang, Yu Zhao, Yong-Yan Fan, Liang Peng, Ran Zhang, F. Cao
OBJECTIVE The roles of cerebrovascular oxidative stress in vascular functional remodeling have been described in hindlimb-unweighting (HU) rats. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be established. METHODS We investigated the generation of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nox2/Nox4 protein and mRNA levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) mRNA levels in cerebral and mesenteric smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of HU rats. RESULTS ROS production increased in cerebral but not in mesenteric VSMCs of HU rats compared with those in control rats. Nox2 and Nox4 protein and mRNA levels were increased significantly but MnSOD/GPx-1 mRNA levels decreased in HU rat cerebral arteries but not in mesenteric arteries. NADPH oxidases were activated significantly more in cerebral but not in mesenteric arteries of HU rats. NADPH oxidase inhibition with apocynin attenuated cerebrovascular ROS production and partially restored Nox2/Nox4 protein and mRNA levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and MnSOD/GPx-1 mRNA levels in cerebral VSMCs of HU rats. CONCLUSION These results suggest that vascular NADPH oxidases regulate cerebrovascular redox status and participate in vascular oxidative stress injury during simulated microgravit.
{"title":"NADPH Oxidase Accounts for Changes in Cerebrovascular Redox Status in Hindlimb Unweighting Rats.","authors":"Liang Peng, Hai-hong Ran, Ying Zhang, Yu Zhao, Yong-Yan Fan, Liang Peng, Ran Zhang, F. Cao","doi":"10.3967/bes2015.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.111","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000The roles of cerebrovascular oxidative stress in vascular functional remodeling have been described in hindlimb-unweighting (HU) rats. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be established.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We investigated the generation of vascular reactive oxygen species (ROS), Nox2/Nox4 protein and mRNA levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) mRNA levels in cerebral and mesenteric smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of HU rats.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000ROS production increased in cerebral but not in mesenteric VSMCs of HU rats compared with those in control rats. Nox2 and Nox4 protein and mRNA levels were increased significantly but MnSOD/GPx-1 mRNA levels decreased in HU rat cerebral arteries but not in mesenteric arteries. NADPH oxidases were activated significantly more in cerebral but not in mesenteric arteries of HU rats. NADPH oxidase inhibition with apocynin attenuated cerebrovascular ROS production and partially restored Nox2/Nox4 protein and mRNA levels, NADPH oxidase activity, and MnSOD/GPx-1 mRNA levels in cerebral VSMCs of HU rats.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000These results suggest that vascular NADPH oxidases regulate cerebrovascular redox status and participate in vascular oxidative stress injury during simulated microgravit.","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"53 1","pages":"799-807"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74420650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Obesity has become one of the most prevalent health issues of our time.According to a 2012 WHO report,around 3.4 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese[1].Humans are in fact superorganisms composed of both human and microbial cells with 2 sets of genes,those encoded in
{"title":"Effect of the Gut Microbiota on Obesity and Its Underlying Mechanisms: an Update.","authors":"L. Qian, H. Li, Lei Zhang, Q. Fang, Wei Jia","doi":"10.3967/bes2015.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.117","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity has become one of the most prevalent health issues of our time.According to a 2012 WHO report,around 3.4 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese[1].Humans are in fact superorganisms composed of both human and microbial cells with 2 sets of genes,those encoded in","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"C-26 1","pages":"839-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84434080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Zhao, Jun Cheng, ShiMing Cheng, Hui Zhang, Y. Zhao, Canyou Zhang, D. Hu, H. Fan, F. Huang, Yan Qu, G. He, L. Wang
Health care facilities are a high-risk environment for generating and spreading respiratory infectious diseases such as tuberculosis(TB).The TB prevention and treatment staff in health care facilities are responsible for the identification,diagnosis,treatment,supervision,and management of TB
{"title":"The Current Status and Challenges Regarding Tuberculosis Infection Control in Health Care Facilities in China.","authors":"F. Zhao, Jun Cheng, ShiMing Cheng, Hui Zhang, Y. Zhao, Canyou Zhang, D. Hu, H. Fan, F. Huang, Yan Qu, G. He, L. Wang","doi":"10.3967/bes2015.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.118","url":null,"abstract":"Health care facilities are a high-risk environment for generating and spreading respiratory infectious diseases such as tuberculosis(TB).The TB prevention and treatment staff in health care facilities are responsible for the identification,diagnosis,treatment,supervision,and management of TB","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"20 1","pages":"848-54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74678651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Huo, Jiyong Yin, Jing Sun, Jian Huang, Z. Lu, Moench-Pfanner Regina, Junshi Chen, Chun-ming Chen
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA)-fortified soy sauce on anemia prevalence in the Chinese population. METHODS A systematic review was performed to identify potential studies by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, WHO Library, HighWire, CNKI, and other sources. The selection criteria included randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce with that of non-fortified soy sauce. Anemia rates and hemoglobin levels were the outcomes of interest. Inclusion decisions, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria for anemia rate analysis, of which 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for hemoglobin analysis. All included studies assessed the effect of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce on anemia rates and hemoglobin concentrations. RESULTS After the intervention, the hemoglobin concentration increased and anemia rates decreased significantly as compared with the non-fortified soy sauce groups. For anemia rates, data from 16 studies could be pooled, and the pooled estimate odds ratio was 0.25 (95% CI 0.19-0.35). For hemoglobin concentrations, data from 12 studies could be pooled, and the pooled weighted mean difference was 8.81 g/L (95% CI 5.96-11.67). CONCLUSION NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce has a positive effect on anemia control and prevention in the at-risk population.
目的评价铁乙二胺四乙酸钠(NaFeEDTA)强化酱油对中国人群贫血患病率的影响。方法通过检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、WHO Library、HighWire、中国知网(CNKI)等电子数据库，进行系统评价，寻找潜在研究。选择标准包括比较nafeedta强化酱油和非强化酱油功效的随机对照试验。贫血率和血红蛋白水平是我们感兴趣的结果。纳入决定、质量评估和数据提取由两名审稿人独立完成。共有16项研究符合贫血率分析的纳入标准，其中12项研究符合血红蛋白分析的纳入标准。所有纳入的研究都评估了nafeedta强化酱油对贫血率和血红蛋白浓度的影响。结果干预后血红蛋白浓度明显高于无强化酱油组，贫血率明显降低。对于贫血率，16项研究的数据可以合并，合并估计优势比为0.25 (95% CI 0.19-0.35)。对于血红蛋白浓度，12项研究的数据可以合并，合并加权平均差为8.81 g/L (95% CI 5.96-11.67)。结论nafeedta强化酱油对高危人群的贫血控制和预防有积极作用。
{"title":"Effect of NaFeEDTA-Fortified Soy Sauce on Anemia Prevalence in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"J. Huo, Jiyong Yin, Jing Sun, Jian Huang, Z. Lu, Moench-Pfanner Regina, Junshi Chen, Chun-ming Chen","doi":"10.3967/bes2015.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.110","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To assess the effect of sodium iron ethylenediaminetetraacetate (NaFeEDTA)-fortified soy sauce on anemia prevalence in the Chinese population.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000A systematic review was performed to identify potential studies by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane Library, WHO Library, HighWire, CNKI, and other sources. The selection criteria included randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce with that of non-fortified soy sauce. Anemia rates and hemoglobin levels were the outcomes of interest. Inclusion decisions, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria for anemia rate analysis, of which 12 studies met the inclusion criteria for hemoglobin analysis. All included studies assessed the effect of NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce on anemia rates and hemoglobin concentrations.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000After the intervention, the hemoglobin concentration increased and anemia rates decreased significantly as compared with the non-fortified soy sauce groups. For anemia rates, data from 16 studies could be pooled, and the pooled estimate odds ratio was 0.25 (95% CI 0.19-0.35). For hemoglobin concentrations, data from 12 studies could be pooled, and the pooled weighted mean difference was 8.81 g/L (95% CI 5.96-11.67).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000NaFeEDTA-fortified soy sauce has a positive effect on anemia control and prevention in the at-risk population.","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"52 1","pages":"788-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90858274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, a wide range of food-derived phytochemical compounds and their synthetic derivatives have been proposed for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, data available in related literature focus on the anti-cancer properties of compounds derived from edible plants, while very little is known about those derived from non-edible plants. And thus, the underlying mechanisms of their anti-cancer effects are yet to be elucidated. This review collates the available data on the anti-cancer activities of six phytochemical-derived compounds from edible and non-edible plants, i.e. rottlerin, berbamine, sparstolonin B, sulforaphane, plumbagin and 6-shogaol. These compounds are used as bioactive markers for cytotoxicity against tumors. As such, understanding their mode of action will provide the rationale for the combination strategies of these compounds with other drugs in the battle against cancer.
{"title":"Cancer Therapy with Phytochemicals: Present and Future Perspectives.","authors":"M. Tuorkey","doi":"10.3967/bes2015.112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.112","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, a wide range of food-derived phytochemical compounds and their synthetic derivatives have been proposed for cancer treatment. Unfortunately, data available in related literature focus on the anti-cancer properties of compounds derived from edible plants, while very little is known about those derived from non-edible plants. And thus, the underlying mechanisms of their anti-cancer effects are yet to be elucidated. This review collates the available data on the anti-cancer activities of six phytochemical-derived compounds from edible and non-edible plants, i.e. rottlerin, berbamine, sparstolonin B, sulforaphane, plumbagin and 6-shogaol. These compounds are used as bioactive markers for cytotoxicity against tumors. As such, understanding their mode of action will provide the rationale for the combination strategies of these compounds with other drugs in the battle against cancer.","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"235 1","pages":"808-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77159253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Ban, Tao Li, Jin Shen, Jin Li, Pingoan Peng, Heng Ye, L. Zhang
OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of multiple cleaning and disinfection interventions in the homes and kindergartens, in reducing gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses of children. METHODS From October 2010 to September 2011, we performed a prospective, controlled study in China. 408 children under 5 years old were recruited and group randomized into intervention and control groups. Families and kindergartens in the intervention group were provided with antibacterial products for hand hygiene and surface cleaning or disinfection for one year. Each child's illness symptoms and sick leave were recorded every day. RESULTS A total of 393 children completed the study, with similar baseline demographics in each of the 2 groups. Except for abdominal pain, the odds of symptoms (fever, cough and expectoration, runny nose and nasal congestion, diarrhea), illness (acute respiratory illness and gastrointestinal illness), and sick leave per person each month were significantly reduced by interventions. The rates of fever, diarrhea, acute respiratory illness, gastrointestinal illness and sick leave per person per year were significantly decreased as well. CONCLUSION Not only the acute respiratory and gastrointestinal illness but the sick leave rate in children were significantly reduced by multiple interventions.
{"title":"Effects of Multiple Cleaning and Disinfection Interventions on Infectious Diseases in Children: A Group Randomized Trial in China.","authors":"H. Ban, Tao Li, Jin Shen, Jin Li, Pingoan Peng, Heng Ye, L. Zhang","doi":"10.3967/bes2015.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2015.109","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To assess the effectiveness of multiple cleaning and disinfection interventions in the homes and kindergartens, in reducing gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses of children.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000From October 2010 to September 2011, we performed a prospective, controlled study in China. 408 children under 5 years old were recruited and group randomized into intervention and control groups. Families and kindergartens in the intervention group were provided with antibacterial products for hand hygiene and surface cleaning or disinfection for one year. Each child's illness symptoms and sick leave were recorded every day.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000A total of 393 children completed the study, with similar baseline demographics in each of the 2 groups. Except for abdominal pain, the odds of symptoms (fever, cough and expectoration, runny nose and nasal congestion, diarrhea), illness (acute respiratory illness and gastrointestinal illness), and sick leave per person each month were significantly reduced by interventions. The rates of fever, diarrhea, acute respiratory illness, gastrointestinal illness and sick leave per person per year were significantly decreased as well.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Not only the acute respiratory and gastrointestinal illness but the sick leave rate in children were significantly reduced by multiple interventions.","PeriodicalId":9108,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES","volume":"60 1","pages":"779-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73770773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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