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Disposable 3D Printed Electrode for the Electrochemical Detection of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Aqueous Solution and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva 一次性3D打印电极用于水溶液中delta -9-四氢大麻酚和唾液中11- no -9-羧基四氢大麻酚的电化学检测
Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.17063/BJFS9(4)Y2020521-533
Érica Naomi Oiye, M. F. Ribeiro, B. Ferreira, Rodrigo de Castro Baker Botelho, M. F. D. Oliveira
Currently, marijuana or cannabis is the most consumed drug worldwide, and is also the one with the highest number of seizures, with 354 tons seized in Brazil in 2017. The increase in its consumption has been called attention, not only by the authorities, due to accidents caused when driving under the influence of the drug, but also by companies that carry out toxicological analyzes on their employees. For this, rapid tests, such as colorimetric tests, are generally used to analyze the urine of users. The need for agile and proper identification of drugs of abuse has encouraged the scientific community to improve and to develop new methodologies. Electrochemical methods appear as a cheap, portable and easy to use alternative. The use of biodegradable materials for the development of disposable electrodes has become paramount today. The use of 3D printers emerges as an alternative for the manufacture of these electrodes and the use of saliva instead of urine, has also been a priority because it is a less invasive sample and difficult to adulterate. In this work, a three dimensional device was created in an innovative way containing the three electrodes, working, counter and reference, in conductive material. The device was then used to detect the active principle present in cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, in aqueous solution, and its metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC, in samples of real saliva, both through cyclic voltammetry. The positive results show that the proposed device can be used, as well as those already found on the market, for the identification of drug use and in the forensic field. 522 Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics 9(4):521-533 (2020) E. N. Oiye et al.
目前,大麻是全球消费量最大的毒品,也是缉获量最高的毒品,2017年巴西缉获了354吨大麻。其消费量的增加不仅引起了当局的注意,因为在药物作用下驾驶时发生了事故,而且还引起了对其员工进行毒性分析的公司的注意。为此,快速测试,如比色测试,通常用于分析用户的尿液。由于需要迅速和适当地查明滥用药物,因此鼓励科学界改进和发展新的方法。电化学方法是一种廉价、便携和易于使用的替代方法。使用可生物降解材料开发一次性电极已成为当今最重要的。使用3D打印机作为制造这些电极的另一种选择,使用唾液代替尿液,也一直是一个优先考虑的问题,因为它是一个侵入性较小的样本,很难掺假。在这项工作中,以一种创新的方式创建了一个三维装置,其中包含导电材料中的三个电极,工作电极,计数器和参考电极。然后使用该装置通过循环伏安法检测大麻水溶液中的活性成分- δ -9-四氢大麻酚及其代谢物- 11-不-9-羧基四氢大麻酚在真实唾液样品中的活性成分。积极的结果表明,所提出的设备可以使用,以及那些已经在市场上发现,用于识别药物使用和法医领域。[22]李建军等。中国生物医学工程学报[j] . vol . 11(4):521-533(2020)。
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引用次数: 5
O Uso da Amostragem Internacional na Determinação da Massa Líquida de Entorpecentes (Cocaína, “Crack” e Maconha) Apreendidos 使用国际抽样来确定缉获的麻醉药品(可卡因、快克和大麻)的净质量
Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.17063/BJFS9(4)Y2020551-569
Flávio de Souza Cotomácio
Por força de lei, os laudos periciais de constatação provisória de substâncias entorpecentes apreendidas pelas polícias estaduais, civil e militar, bem como pelas guardas municipais, especialmente a maconha, a cocaína e o “crack”, devem informar as respectivas massas líquidas dessas substâncias. A grande quantidade de unidades brutas apreendidas, individualmente embaladas, inviabiliza o procedimento de desembalagem de todas elas para a determinação da massa líquida da apreensão. Com a finalidade de agilizar esse mister, o presente trabalho apresenta uma nova proposta para o cálculo da massa líquida aproximada a partir de uma amostra obtida por amostragem intencional em uma planilha Excel automatizada.
根据法律,对州、民事和军事警察以及市政警卫查获的麻醉药品,特别是大麻、可卡因和快克可卡因的临时鉴定报告必须报告这些物质各自的液体质量。由于查获的毛件数量众多,单独包装,因此无法对所有毛件进行拆封,以确定查获的净质量。为了简化这一问题,本文提出了一种新的方法,通过在自动Excel电子表格中有意抽样获得的样本来计算近似的净质量。
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引用次数: 0
Importance of Ultra-pure Water for Sample Collection in Vitriolage Cases - Forensic Concern for Corrosives Examination 超纯水对采集样品的重要性——对腐蚀检验的法医学关注
Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.17063/BJFS9(4)Y2020582-600
P. Choudhary, K. Verma, Rohan Verma, Rachna Chandela
Vitriolage, a heinous crime committed with intention to disfigure a person has come into view as an extremely brutal gender-based crime especially against young women in India and also another part of world mainly in South Asia over the past few years. India is facing an alarming situation of crime against women such as rape, domestic violence, dowry deaths etc. In recent year‟s cases of vitriolage are on the rise in India. By understanding the gravity of crime, section 326A and 326B was incorporated in the prevailing Indian Penal Code and came into effect from 3 February 2013. Forensic Science Laboratory, Delhi receives a number of cases pertaining to acid attacks every year. We present here five such cases which were received for forensic examination. The exhibits were analyzed using Ion Chromatography apart from classical tests in order to strengthen the forensic reports and play vital role in conviction of the accused. This paper encompasses the necessity and importance of controlled samples treated with the quality of water used in analysis, importance of packing of exhibits and role of investigating agencies/police in collection of exhibits, which play crucial role in proving the sanctity of the forensic examination.
在过去的几年里,蓄意毁容的令人发指的罪行被认为是一种极其残酷的基于性别的犯罪,尤其是针对印度和世界其他地区的年轻女性,主要是南亚。印度正面临着强奸、家庭暴力、嫁妆死亡等针对妇女犯罪的惊人情况。近年来,印度的辱骂案件呈上升趋势。通过了解犯罪的严重性,第326A和326B条被纳入现行的《印度刑法典》,并于2013年2月3日生效。法医科学实验室,德里每年都会收到一些与硫酸袭击有关的案件。我们在这里提出了五个这样的案件,这些案件已收到法医检查。除了传统的检验方法外,还采用离子色谱法对证物进行分析,以加强法医报告,并在定罪中发挥重要作用。本文论述了用分析用水的质量处理对照样品的必要性和重要性、物证包装的重要性以及调查机构/警察在物证收集中的作用,这些在证明法医检验的神圣性方面起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Bancos de Perfis Genéticos Criminais no Brasil: Histórico e Evolução 巴西犯罪基因档案银行:历史与演变
Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.17063/BJFS9(4)Y2020499-520
A. D. L. D. Silva, Higgor Gonçalves Dornelas, Sordaini Maria Caligiorn, P. Marinho
A impunidade tem despontado como um dos principais motivos do aumento da criminalidade no Brasil, principalmente devido à dificuldade dos processos investigativos em apontar a autoria de delitos. A indisponibilidade e a falta de transparência de dados da segurança pública e a alta taxa de subnotificação nos registros oficiais são alguns entraves que dificultam a avaliação da eficiência das políticas de segurança pública. Para o agravamento da situação, amostras coletadas em locais de crime pela Perícia Criminal podem não ser prontamente armazenadas nos bancos de DNA forense, ou quando o são, na maioria das vezes, não se obtém perfil genético compatível com os já cadastrados, diminuindo, assim, os índices nacionais de elucidação de autoria dos crimes. Dessa forma, o objetivo do artigo é apresentar um histórico sobre a implementação e evolução dos bancos de dados de perfis genéticos no Brasil. O processo de construção do banco de dados de DNA forense demonstra um avanço na qualidade das investigações policiais, encaixando-se perfeitamente como meio de prova no processo penal, somando-se às demais evidências necessárias à persecução penal. As técnicas de identificação baseadas na análise do DNA estão cada vez mais sendo empregadas no Brasil em amostras relacionadas a vestígios biológicos coletados em locais de crime, porém longe do patamar alcançado em países como os EUA e Reino Unido, que possuem milhões de perfis genéticos em seus bancos de dados, o que reflete nos seus altos índices de elucidação de crimes.
有罪不罚已成为巴西犯罪增加的主要原因之一,这主要是由于调查程序难以确定犯罪的肇事者。公共安全数据的不可用性和缺乏透明度以及官方记录中漏报率高是阻碍评估公共安全政策效率的一些障碍。对日益恶化的形势,在犯罪现场采集的标本的犯罪实验室可能不是立即存储在银行的法证DNA,或者是,大多数时候,他有没有相适应的基因图谱已经注册,经国家,从而,收视率的路线图。因此,本文的目的是介绍巴西遗传概况数据库的实施和发展的历史。建立法医DNA数据库的过程显示了警方调查质量的提高,完美地适合作为刑事诉讼的证据手段,增加了刑事起诉所需的其他证据。根据分析进行DNA鉴定技术越来越女管家在巴西的样品有关的生物学证据收集在犯罪现场,但离坐标来实现在美国和英国这样的国家,拥有数以万计的基因资料的数据库,投射到高指数经犯罪。
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引用次数: 0
Application of Chemometric Tools on Cannabis Samples Analyzed by the FTIR-ATR Method 化学计量工具在FTIR-ATR法分析大麻样品中的应用
Pub Date : 2020-09-19 DOI: 10.17063/BJFS9(4)Y2020477-498
Marina González, Bruna Tassi Borille, Maíra Kerpel dos Santos, R. Gorziza, Mariana Fernandes Ramos, Natalia Rose, M. Fett, R. S. Ortiz, F. Camargo, M. Ferrão, R. Limberger
Marijuana is the most popular form of Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae), popularly known, in Brazil, as the illicit drug. It is composed of the plant’s aerial parts, such as the leaves and the inflorescences, which are dried, pressed and prepared as a mixture for smoking. Cannabis is the most consumed and illegally trafficked drug in the world, with an increasing number of users every year. The plant can be grown indoor and outdoor, and these differences may influence the drug’s potency. In addition, marijuana can be mixed with diluents and/or adulterants such as aromatic plants, soil, commercial tobacco and feces that may contribute to cases of addiction and lead to serious health risks to its consumers. Studies involving the chemical profile of drug samples are important to provide evidence for trafficking, supporting the materiality of the crimes. The aim of this study is to analyze cannabis and marijuana seized samples by FTIR-ATR (range 1800-880 cm), combined with unsupervised chemometric tools, to differentiate the plant’s cultivation forms and to suggest the use of diluents. PCA and HCA showed relevant trends of separation between seized 478 Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics 9(4):477-498 (2020) M. González et al. samples from indoor and outdoor cultivation. Additionally, differences between samples containing pure cannabis and samples including diluents were observed, grouping the samples by their chemical similarity. The use of FTIR-ATR, combined with chemometric tools, can generate fast and sensitive data, providing relevant information for chemical profiles of drug abuse.
大麻是大麻科(Cannabaceae)中最受欢迎的一种,在巴西被普遍认为是非法药物。它是由植物的空气部分组成的,比如叶子和花序,它们被干燥、压制并准备成一种用于吸烟的混合物。大麻是世界上消费最多和非法贩运最多的毒品,吸食人数每年都在增加。这种植物可以在室内和室外种植,这些差异可能会影响药物的效力。此外,大麻可能与稀释剂和/或掺假物混合,如芳香植物、土壤、商业烟草和粪便,这些可能导致成瘾病例,并对其消费者造成严重的健康风险。涉及毒品样本化学特征的研究对于为贩运提供证据、支持犯罪的实质性十分重要。本研究的目的是通过FTIR-ATR(范围1800-880 cm)结合无监督化学计量工具分析大麻和大麻缉获样本,以区分植物的种植形式并建议使用稀释剂。PCA和HCA显示了在查获的478个巴西法医学、医学法和生物伦理学杂志9(4):477-498 (2020)M. González等室内和室外培养样本之间分离的相关趋势。此外,还观察到含有纯大麻的样品和含有稀释剂的样品之间的差异,根据化学相似性对样品进行分组。FTIR-ATR结合化学计量工具,可以生成快速、灵敏的数据,为药物滥用的化学特征提供相关信息。
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引用次数: 0
Voltammetric Determination of LSD with a Schiff Base – Chemically Modified Electrode in Aqueous Solution 希夫碱修饰电极伏安法测定水溶液中LSD的含量
Pub Date : 2020-09-11 DOI: 10.17063/bjfs9(4)y2020440-458
M. F. Ribeiro, Érica Naomi Oiye, Juliana Midori Toia Katayama, J. W. C. Júnior, E. R. Dockal, M. F. D. Oliveira
In recent years, practical, inexpensive, and highly specific electroanalytical methods based on modified electrodes have been increasingly developed for forensic science. Simple modification of the carbon paste electrode with Schiff base complexes has become a promising strategy to detect and quantify narcotics. In this context, we aimed to develop voltammetric methods to quantify lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by using a carbon paste electrode modified with the complex [UO2(Ac-ophen)]·H2O. The use of an aqueous solution of KCl as supporting electrolyte makes the methodology less polluting, which contrasts with methods that still employ toxic solvents. The developed method for Differential Pulse Voltammetry provides a linear response at various concentrations of LSD and affords analytical curves with standard deviation, detection, and quantification limits around 2.45, 0.625, and 2.08 μmol L, respectively. The recovery values of 103 and 108% prove that the developed method is suitable for application in forensic science.
近年来,基于修饰电极的实用、廉价、高特异性的电分析方法在法医科学中得到了越来越多的发展。利用希夫碱配合物对碳糊电极进行简单修饰已成为一种很有前途的毒品检测和定量方法。在此背景下,我们的目的是建立伏安法,通过使用配合物[UO2(Ac-ophen)]·H2O修饰的碳糊电极来定量麦角酸二乙基酰胺(LSD)。与仍然使用有毒溶剂的方法相比,使用氯化钾水溶液作为支撑电解质使该方法污染更少。所建立的差分脉冲伏安法在不同浓度的LSD下具有良好的线性响应,分析曲线的标准偏差、检测限和定量限分别在2.45、0.625和2.08 μmol L左右。回收率分别为103和108%,证明该方法适用于法医学。
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引用次数: 3
O Uso do Drone de Baixo Custo em Aerofotogrametria e sua Aplicação na Perícia Ambiental Criminal 低成本无人机在航空摄影测量中的应用及其在刑事环境取证中的应用
Pub Date : 2020-09-11 DOI: 10.17063/bjfs9(4)y2020459-476
A. Cotomácio, Bruno Lazzari De Lima
O presente estudo tem o objetivo evidenciar a possibilidade da obtenção de elementos técnicos de aplicação pericial com o uso da tecnologia de aquisição de imagens por meio de veículos aéreos não tripulados, a fim de se produzir relevante prova material por meio do laudo pericial criminal. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma aeronave remotamente pilotada (ARP), popularmente conhecida como drone, de baixo custo de aquisição, oportunizando a produção de um ortomosaico mediante processamento digital. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram a caracterização da supressão de vegetação decorrente do parcelamento irregular do solo, sendo posteriormente discutidas as necessidades e limitações do uso de aeronaves de baixo custo para fotogrametria.
本研究旨在强调利用无人机图像采集技术获取法医应用技术要素的可能性,以便通过法医报告产生相关物证。因此,它使用了一种远程驾驶飞机(ARP),通常被称为无人机,低成本的获取,提供了通过数字处理生产正拼接的机会。所获得的结果使我们能够描述由于不规则的土壤分割而抑制植被的特征,随后讨论了使用低成本飞机进行摄影测量的需要和限制。
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引用次数: 1
ESTUDO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO, GEOGRÁFICO E MULTIVARIADO DOS CASOS DE SUICÍDIO NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL, ENTRE 2017 E 2019 2017年至2019年巴西大南州自杀病例的流行病学、地理和多元研究
Pub Date : 2020-09-05 DOI: 10.17063/bjfs9(4)y2020419-439
Maria Cristina Franck, R. P. Limberger
O suicidio e um grave problema de saude publica no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e esse trabalho objetivou determinar o perfil epidemiologico e geografico, incluindo correlacoes entre as variaveis relacionadas as vitimas de 2017 a 2019. A partir dos registros periciais, foram consultados os boletins de ocorrencia gerando um estudo descritivo e transversal, com analises de correspondencia multipla e modelos de regressao logistica (α=0,05). Foram registrados 4.017 suicidios (11,8 casos/100 mil habitantes/ano), em sua maioria, do sexo masculino (79,8%) e da raca branca (90,5%). Os idosos (60 anos ou mais) apresentaram a maior taxa, 26,2/100 mil habitantes/ano. O periodo da noite mostrou-se associado aos adolescentes, ao uso de arma de fogo e as vitimas com historico policial positivo. Os dias uteis associaram-se aos idosos, as vitimas com ausencia parental no registro de nascimento e ao periodo da manha. Ter historico policial positivo associou-se ao sexo masculino, a faixa etaria adulta, a ausencia parental e ao periodo da noite. As regioes Vale do Rio Pardo, Medio Alto Uruguai e Fronteira Noroeste apresentaram as maiores taxas do estado (21,6, 19,5 e 17,7/100 mil habitantes/ano, respectivamente). A causa atribuida com mais frequencia foi a depressao (26,3%) e o meio mais empregado pelas vitimas foi o enforcamento (73,0%). O trabalho pericial pode auxiliar os servicos de saude na compreensao e enfrentamento desse fenomeno com dados locais, atuais e importantes correlacoes, estimulando novos estudos e medidas preventivas onde ha maior incidencia e direcionados a populacao mais vulneravel.
在大南州,自杀是一个严重的公共健康问题,本研究旨在确定流行病学和地理概况,包括2017年至2019年与受害者相关的变量之间的相关性。从专家记录中检索事件报告,生成描述性和横断面研究,分析多重对应和logistic回归模型(α= 0.05)。自杀率为4017例(11.8例/10万居民/年),其中男性(79.8%)和白人(90.5%)居多。老年人(60岁及以上)的比例最高,为26.2 /10万居民/年。晚上的时间与青少年、枪支的使用和有积极警察历史的受害者有关。有用的日子与老年人、父母不在出生记录上的受害者和早上有关。阳性警察史与男性、成年年龄、父母缺席和夜间时间有关。Vale do里约热内卢Pardo、Medio Alto uruguay和Fronteira Noroeste地区的发病率在该州最高(分别为21.6、19.5和17.7 /10万居民/年)。最常见的原因是抑郁(26.3%),最常见的原因是上吊(73.0%)。专家工作可以帮助卫生服务部门了解和应对这一现象,利用当地数据、当前和重要的相关性,鼓励新的研究和预防措施,在发病率较高的地方,针对最脆弱的人群。
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引用次数: 3
Do Lie Detection Tools Really Catch Liars? 测谎工具真的能抓到说谎者吗?
Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.17063/bjfs9(3)y2020373-393
Bruno M Salles
Lying is ubiquitous in every society. However, in forensic contexts lies must be revealed so that investigations/judgments can be fair and effective. Objective: For this reason, distinct tools (verbal and nonverbal) of lie detection were examined. Method: this study presents a non-systematic qualitative review of the main techniques of lie detection and credibility assessment, dividing them into verbal and nonverbal approaches. Results: CBCA and RM showed the best performance in distinguishing between truth and lie within verbal tools. Lack of empirical support made SCAN not recommended for lie detection applications. Moreover, studies have shown that people guided by BAI are less accurate in detecting lies than untrained people. Ekman’s Deception Theory (EDT) showed more effective predictions about nonverbal deception cues than BAI. However, the lack of standardization in the use of EDT predictions to detect lies can be seen as a weakness of the method. Conclusion: Future efforts may be aimed at developing a tool that uses both verbal and nonverbal predictions to obtain greater accuracy in detecting lies than currently available methods.
说谎在每个社会都是无处不在的。然而,在法医环境中,谎言必须被揭露,以便调查/判决能够公平和有效。目的:出于这个原因,不同的测谎工具(口头和非口头)进行了检查。方法:本研究对测谎和可信度评估的主要技术进行了非系统的定性回顾,并将其分为言语和非言语两种方法。结果:CBCA和RM在言语工具的真假区分中表现最好。缺乏经验支持使得SCAN不推荐用于测谎应用。此外,研究表明,受BAI指导的人在识别谎言方面不如未经训练的人准确。Ekman的欺骗理论(EDT)对非语言欺骗线索的预测比BAI更有效。然而,在使用EDT预测来检测谎言方面缺乏标准化可以被视为该方法的一个弱点。结论:未来的努力可能旨在开发一种同时使用语言和非语言预测的工具,以获得比现有方法更高的谎言检测精度。
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引用次数: 0
As Ciências Forenses no Brasil Monárquico: Breve Histórico da Oficialização e Institucionalização da Função Pericial nas Investigações Criminais 君主制巴西的法医学:刑事调查中专家职能正规化和制度化的简史
Pub Date : 2020-06-29 DOI: 10.17063/bjfs9(3)y2020394-418
A. Giovanelli
O presente artigo procura apontar os marcos históricos do processo de oficialização da atuação de especialistas na esfera criminal, bem como a institucionalização da perícia oficial no âmbito da polícia. Nele procuramos analisar como os lapsos contidos nas leis foram preenchidos pela atuação prática dos peritos. Esse processo ocorreu de forma gradativa no período monárquico e coincidiu com o desenvolvimento científico da medicina legal no país. A oficialização da perícia na esfera criminal ocorreu como uma resposta aos anseios da sociedade pelo estabelecimento de regras claras para a persecução penal, a atribuição de penas "justas" e a possibilidade ampla de defesa pelo acusado. Entretanto, o processo de institucionalização da perícia oficial sofreu diversos revezes decorrentes da profissionalização tardia da polícia, o que gerou embates com representantes da academia e dúvidas em relação à isenção dos peritos oficiais, até o fim do período monárquico.
本文旨在指出刑事领域专家行动正规化过程中的历史里程碑,以及警察内部官方专门知识的制度化。在这篇文章中,我们分析了法律中的漏洞是如何通过专家的实际行动来填补的。这一过程在君主时期逐渐发生,与国家法医学的科学发展相吻合。刑事领域专门知识的正式化是对社会渴望建立明确的刑事起诉规则、给予“公平”惩罚和被告广泛辩护的可能性的回应。然而,由于警察专业化的后期,官方专门知识的制度化过程遭受了几次挫折,这导致了与学术界代表的冲突和对官方专家豁免的怀疑,直到君主制时期结束。
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引用次数: 1
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Brazilian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Medical Law and Bioethics
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