Because of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in the mentoring process of immigrant youths were needed to maintain contact and educational continuity and prevent learning loss. The research question was: How do mentors working with immigrant youths in a time of crisis, in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic, describe their experiences with the mentoring process, feelings of empowerment, difficulty, and satisfaction? And how do they perceive the mentor's role and support for the youths in various areas? This was a quantitative study involving 119 mentors. The study was conducted in Israel in 2021. The results show that mentors who reported high self-efficacy felt that they helped the youths to a great extent, both personally and professionally, and that they managed difficulties when they arose. For mentors who expressed low self-efficacy had trouble, the means of all parameters checked were significantly lower. The mentors’ sense of self-efficacy influenced the type of support they offered their students.
{"title":"The Experience of the Mentoring Process and the Sense of Self-Efficacy, Difficulty, and Satisfaction of Mentors Working With Immigrant Youths in the Shadow of the Coronavirus","authors":"G. Zilka","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n3p72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p72","url":null,"abstract":"Because of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in the mentoring process of immigrant youths were needed to maintain contact and educational continuity and prevent learning loss. The research question was: How do mentors working with immigrant youths in a time of crisis, in the shadow of the COVID-19 pandemic, describe their experiences with the mentoring process, feelings of empowerment, difficulty, and satisfaction? And how do they perceive the mentor's role and support for the youths in various areas? This was a quantitative study involving 119 mentors. The study was conducted in Israel in 2021. The results show that mentors who reported high self-efficacy felt that they helped the youths to a great extent, both personally and professionally, and that they managed difficulties when they arose. For mentors who expressed low self-efficacy had trouble, the means of all parameters checked were significantly lower. The mentors’ sense of self-efficacy influenced the type of support they offered their students.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72836646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aurelija Ulbinaitė, Tadas Gudaitis, Mykolas Baranauska
Purpose We research Generation Y personal finance management skills by integrating three financial literacy measurement perspectives: financial knowledge, behaviour, and attitude towards sustainability. Design/methodology/approach A financial literacy measurement approach aligned with the OECD methodologies and comparative approach to evaluate the financial literacy competence of the Lithuanian youth (N=426) in the global context were applied. Analysis of variance using Levene’s test for equality of variances and t-test for equality of means were employed to check for the differences in Generation Y financial literacy patterns. The correlation between all three financial literacy perspectives was evaluated. Findings The results unfold Lithuanian millennials’ intermediate level financial literacy competence: moderate financial knowledge, positive financial behaviour, and more positive financial attitude towards sustainability, where the latter exceeds the global sustainability concern. Furthermore, our tests indicate the differences in Generation Y financial knowledge in terms of gender and education and the differences in their attitude on financial sustainability in terms of gender, education, income source, and monthly income. Moreover, our research evidences the statistically significant proportional relationship between Generation Y financial behaviour and their attitude towards the sustainability principles application in the financial services. Originality/value In terms of financial literacy, global research extensively focuses on selected countries; Lithuania, the Baltic States, or Eastern and Central European countries are seldom considered. Previous research identifies the existing differences between age groups when evaluating their financial literacy and level of personal finance planning skills. In contrast, our research contributes to increasing the body of knowledge of financial sustainability literacy, and to a better understanding of financial literacy by shedding light on the patterns of Generation Y in Lithuania and provides roots for developing insights for both finance literacy policy makers and financial service providers.
{"title":"Personal Finance Management Skills and Financial Sustainability Literacy Knowledge of Generation Y: An Empirical Analysis in Lithuania","authors":"Aurelija Ulbinaitė, Tadas Gudaitis, Mykolas Baranauska","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n3p16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p16","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose \u0000 \u0000We research Generation Y personal finance management skills by integrating three financial literacy measurement perspectives: financial knowledge, behaviour, and attitude towards sustainability. \u0000 \u0000Design/methodology/approach \u0000 \u0000A financial literacy measurement approach aligned with the OECD methodologies and comparative approach to evaluate the financial literacy competence of the Lithuanian youth (N=426) in the global context were applied. Analysis of variance using Levene’s test for equality of variances and t-test for equality of means were employed to check for the differences in Generation Y financial literacy patterns. The correlation between all three financial literacy perspectives was evaluated. \u0000 \u0000Findings \u0000 \u0000The results unfold Lithuanian millennials’ intermediate level financial literacy competence: moderate financial knowledge, positive financial behaviour, and more positive financial attitude towards sustainability, where the latter exceeds the global sustainability concern. Furthermore, our tests indicate the differences in Generation Y financial knowledge in terms of gender and education and the differences in their attitude on financial sustainability in terms of gender, education, income source, and monthly income. Moreover, our research evidences the statistically significant proportional relationship between Generation Y financial behaviour and their attitude towards the sustainability principles application in the financial services. \u0000 \u0000Originality/value \u0000 \u0000In terms of financial literacy, global research extensively focuses on selected countries; Lithuania, the Baltic States, or Eastern and Central European countries are seldom considered. Previous research identifies the existing differences between age groups when evaluating their financial literacy and level of personal finance planning skills. In contrast, our research contributes to increasing the body of knowledge of financial sustainability literacy, and to a better understanding of financial literacy by shedding light on the patterns of Generation Y in Lithuania and provides roots for developing insights for both finance literacy policy makers and financial service providers.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84871218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work aims to examine the issue of troubles and anomalies that affect the development path when it has abandoned the regular path of a constant and contained growth with minimal impact on nature. Because any alternative is indeed fruitless; the alternative, in fact, is the fall into the so-called sub-world, in which the constant line of development is caught in the conjuncture cycle and appears taken by inflation or deflation. Nevertheless, ‘every cloud has a silver lining’... Indeed, these anomalies of the sub-world are by no means offensive instruments but rather a kind of cure, if we do not awkwardly oppose their manifestation. Thus, any resistance to these anomalies, starting from inflation and deflation, may then be responsible for the growing malaise produced by their permanence within the economic scenario. Therefore, not accepting the penalties to be paid in order to leave the sub-world was the cause of the twenty-year inflation that afflicted the world during the 60s and 70s of the last century. But worse than that, the hyperinflation has occupied the economic scenario and then attempts were made to fight inflation with an abnormal increase of money circulation. Inflation and deflation are care treatments requiring a sacrifice (convalescence) to be released from monetary malaise. Even deflation, which we must consider a dangerous disease, if neglected cannot be solved through the usual melting pot based on hyper-Keynesian actions and increased liquidity. Not only this isn’t the right way to face the problem, but we seriously risk the syndrome that affected Japan, which has been fighting deflation for twenty years without success. The cure that can put us back on the path of constant growth with minimal damage to nature, is instead to simply follow the natural settings that ask for a recessionary turn, even hard, to really start the solution. Because both deflation and inflation are natural messages that warn the community that things in the economy are going badly and a direction change is needed soon, even going through a severe recession. The community is the referent of natural world on the issue of life survival on the planet and a good government should listen to its community, without looking for alternative and wrong escape routes. The community may accept the recession, because the natural message of conjuncture is perceived in advance as necessary and therefore the only possible decision is to bear the costs required by recovery.
{"title":"The Theory of Economic Sustainability in a Scenario Influenced by Inflation or Deflation","authors":"Giovanni Antonio Cossiga","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n3p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p1","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims to examine the issue of troubles and anomalies that affect the development path when it has abandoned the regular path of a constant and contained growth with minimal impact on nature. Because any alternative is indeed fruitless; the alternative, in fact, is the fall into the so-called sub-world, in which the constant line of development is caught in the conjuncture cycle and appears taken by inflation or deflation. Nevertheless, ‘every cloud has a silver lining’... Indeed, these anomalies of the sub-world are by no means offensive instruments but rather a kind of cure, if we do not awkwardly oppose their manifestation. Thus, any resistance to these anomalies, starting from inflation and deflation, may then be responsible for the growing malaise produced by their permanence within the economic scenario. Therefore, not accepting the penalties to be paid in order to leave the sub-world was the cause of the twenty-year inflation that afflicted the world during the 60s and 70s of the last century. But worse than that, the hyperinflation has occupied the economic scenario and then attempts were made to fight inflation with an abnormal increase of money circulation. Inflation and deflation are care treatments requiring a sacrifice (convalescence) to be released from monetary malaise. Even deflation, which we must consider a dangerous disease, if neglected cannot be solved through the usual melting pot based on hyper-Keynesian actions and increased liquidity. Not only this isn’t the right way to face the problem, but we seriously risk the syndrome that affected Japan, which has been fighting deflation for twenty years without success. The cure that can put us back on the path of constant growth with minimal damage to nature, is instead to simply follow the natural settings that ask for a recessionary turn, even hard, to really start the solution. Because both deflation and inflation are natural messages that warn the community that things in the economy are going badly and a direction change is needed soon, even going through a severe recession. The community is the referent of natural world on the issue of life survival on the planet and a good government should listen to its community, without looking for alternative and wrong escape routes. The community may accept the recession, because the natural message of conjuncture is perceived in advance as necessary and therefore the only possible decision is to bear the costs required by recovery.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86789541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was designed to explore if alcohol consumption patterns had changes among Icelanders following the pandemic restrictions and lockdown in two times points. Questioners was carried out in May 2020 five months after the pandemic and restrictions COVID-19 were established in Iceland and again ten months later in March 2021. The research questions were as follows. Firstly, did individuals drink more or less alcoholic beverages than usual in the last two months than last twelve months before? Secondly, have individuals been drunk (5 or more drinks in the same sitting) more often or less in the last two months than last twelve months before? And thirdly, participants were also asked about their background, such as gender, age, education, work, marital status, household and monthly income related to those questions. Quantitative methods were used, the data collection was conducted in May 2020 and March 2021. In the year 2020, a random sample of 850 participants answered questions about their alcohol consumption at the time point compared to last twelve months for May of 2020 and in March 2021 another 864 randomly selected participants answered the same survey. The participants answered the questions on a five-point Likert scale. The data was analysed descriptively. More than a half of the participants did not experience any changing in their alcohol consumption. Further, participants experienced less frequent drinking and fewer drinks during the pandemic and lockdown compering to the last twelve months before the survey both 2020 and 2021. Interesting results of this study include the fact that alcohol consumption seems to increase between the two years or as the epidemic progressed. Further, the participants who answered the survey and lived with their families, i.e. spouses and children, reported the most changes in their alcohol consumption between the years of 2020 and 2021.
{"title":"Alcohol Use Before and During Pandemics and Quarantine Restrictions in Iceland. COVID-19, 2020 –2021","authors":"Jóna Ólafsdóttir","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n2p17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n2p17","url":null,"abstract":"This study was designed to explore if alcohol consumption patterns had changes among Icelanders following the pandemic restrictions and lockdown in two times points. Questioners was carried out in May 2020 five months after the pandemic and restrictions COVID-19 were established in Iceland and again ten months later in March 2021. The research questions were as follows. Firstly, did individuals drink more or less alcoholic beverages than usual in the last two months than last twelve months before? Secondly, have individuals been drunk (5 or more drinks in the same sitting) more often or less in the last two months than last twelve months before? And thirdly, participants were also asked about their background, such as gender, age, education, work, marital status, household and monthly income related to those questions. \u0000 \u0000Quantitative methods were used, the data collection was conducted in May 2020 and March 2021. In the year 2020, a random sample of 850 participants answered questions about their alcohol consumption at the time point compared to last twelve months for May of 2020 and in March 2021 another 864 randomly selected participants answered the same survey. The participants answered the questions on a five-point Likert scale. The data was analysed descriptively. \u0000 \u0000More than a half of the participants did not experience any changing in their alcohol consumption. Further, participants experienced less frequent drinking and fewer drinks during the pandemic and lockdown compering to the last twelve months before the survey both 2020 and 2021. Interesting results of this study include the fact that alcohol consumption seems to increase between the two years or as the epidemic progressed. Further, the participants who answered the survey and lived with their families, i.e. spouses and children, reported the most changes in their alcohol consumption between the years of 2020 and 2021.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83339054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2
《欧洲研究评论》第15卷第2期审稿人致谢
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2","authors":"Paige Dou","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n2p42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n2p42","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74620316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study examines the causal factors of the lingering conflict between farmers-herders in the Adamawa. Specifically, it emphasizes issues, dynamics, context, causalities and exit options. The application of the conflict wheel theory suggests, the negative consequences of desertification and decline in ecological resources has in this case informed an unhealthy competition for access to mutual ecological resources between farmers-herders as one of the factors that brought about the deadly conflict. Further analysis reveals the context which has consistently increased in scope, cannot be divorced from existential socio-economic, political, and cultural realities of the Nigerian state. While Causalities seem to be multidimensional encompassing, conflict between two production systems, government inactivity and pre-existing security challenges in the region amongst others discussed. Given the central role of the state in enforcing law and social stability, it is imperative that government at various levels review pre-existing strategies and adopt robust and inclusive strategies. Similarly, the importance of counter desertification and conservative policies cannot be downplayed, and climate conscious pastoral and herding initiatives will also go a long way in averting future ecological resource-based conflicts.
{"title":"Application of Conflict Wheel Model in the Analysis of Farmers-Herders Conflict in Adamawa State, Nigeria","authors":"Mustapha Salihu, C. Enwere","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n2p34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n2p34","url":null,"abstract":"The study examines the causal factors of the lingering conflict between farmers-herders in the Adamawa. Specifically, it emphasizes issues, dynamics, context, causalities and exit options. The application of the conflict wheel theory suggests, the negative consequences of desertification and decline in ecological resources has in this case informed an unhealthy competition for access to mutual ecological resources between farmers-herders as one of the factors that brought about the deadly conflict. Further analysis reveals the context which has consistently increased in scope, cannot be divorced from existential socio-economic, political, and cultural realities of the Nigerian state. While Causalities seem to be multidimensional encompassing, conflict between two production systems, government inactivity and pre-existing security challenges in the region amongst others discussed. Given the central role of the state in enforcing law and social stability, it is imperative that government at various levels review pre-existing strategies and adopt robust and inclusive strategies. Similarly, the importance of counter desertification and conservative policies cannot be downplayed, and climate conscious pastoral and herding initiatives will also go a long way in averting future ecological resource-based conflicts.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73598468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the relationships among friends and ethnicity of older adults. Friends includes friend numbers and their quality of relationships with friends of older adults in the current study. Data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) survey (Waite et al., 2020) were used. The NSHAP study sampled persons 57-85 years of age (n=3005). The respondents completed a telephone survey in which they reported their background information (e.g., income, gender, race, age, health, retirement status, and marital status) and social network characteristics. It was hypothesized that older adults’ ethnicity differentially influenced family relations. In comparison to Anglo older adults, African and Hispanic older adults have weaker (smaller number and less cohesive) family culture. In order to identify the associations between ethnicity and friend relations, multiple regression analysis was used. Results revealed that African American and Hispanic older adults reported larger numbers of close friends, higher quality of friend in general, and higher frequency of contact with them compared to Anglo older adults. The current study’s findings build on a convoy model to account for how older adults’ ethnicity is differentially associated with their quality and size in friend relationship for future research is to examine more diverse in friend and ethnicity variables which explain the dynamic relationships between older adults’ demographic factors and friend network.
这项研究考察了老年人的朋友和种族之间的关系。在目前的研究中，朋友包括朋友的数量和他们与老年人朋友关系的质量。数据来自国家社会生活、健康和老龄化项目(NSHAP)调查(Waite et al.， 2020)。NSHAP研究抽样了57-85岁的人(n=3005)。受访者完成了一项电话调查，报告了他们的背景信息(如收入、性别、种族、年龄、健康状况、退休状况和婚姻状况)和社会网络特征。据推测，老年人的种族对家庭关系的影响是不同的。与盎格鲁老年人相比，非洲裔和西班牙裔老年人的家庭文化更弱(数量更少，凝聚力更弱)。为了确定种族与朋友关系之间的关联，我们使用多元回归分析。结果显示，与盎格鲁老年人相比，非裔美国人和西班牙裔老年人报告的亲密朋友数量更多，朋友质量更高，与他们接触的频率更高。目前的研究结果建立在一个车队模型上，以解释老年人的种族与他们的朋友关系的质量和规模之间的差异。未来的研究将检验更多不同的朋友和种族变量，这些变量可以解释老年人的人口统计因素与朋友网络之间的动态关系。
{"title":"Older Adults’ Friends and Ethnicity","authors":"Hyunsook Kang","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n2p10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n2p10","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the relationships among friends and ethnicity of older adults. Friends includes friend numbers and their quality of relationships with friends of older adults in the current study. Data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) survey (Waite et al., 2020) were used. The NSHAP study sampled persons 57-85 years of age (n=3005). The respondents completed a telephone survey in which they reported their background information (e.g., income, gender, race, age, health, retirement status, and marital status) and social network characteristics. It was hypothesized that older adults’ ethnicity differentially influenced family relations. In comparison to Anglo older adults, African and Hispanic older adults have weaker (smaller number and less cohesive) family culture. In order to identify the associations between ethnicity and friend relations, multiple regression analysis was used. \u0000 \u0000Results revealed that African American and Hispanic older adults reported larger numbers of close friends, higher quality of friend in general, and higher frequency of contact with them compared to Anglo older adults. The current study’s findings build on a convoy model to account for how older adults’ ethnicity is differentially associated with their quality and size in friend relationship for future research is to examine more diverse in friend and ethnicity variables which explain the dynamic relationships between older adults’ demographic factors and friend network.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89039671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of parents’ educational levels on young adults’ financial behavior. A sample of students enrolled on degree programs in Economics was considered to avoid the problem of financial illiteracy. The results obtained reveal that the educational levels of both parents influence young adults’ financial behavior but in significantly different ways: a father with a university degree seems to influence his male offspring’s financial behavior positively, while a mother with a university degree seems to influence her female offspring’s financial behavior negatively. This evidence may lead to reflection on intervention to ensure that tomorrow's women have the same opportunities for successful financial planning as men.
{"title":"Does the Educational Level of Parents Influence Their (Adult) Offspring’s Financial Behavior?","authors":"Lippi Andrea","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n2p27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n2p27","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of parents’ educational levels on young adults’ financial behavior. A sample of students enrolled on degree programs in Economics was considered to avoid the problem of financial illiteracy. The results obtained reveal that the educational levels of both parents influence young adults’ financial behavior but in significantly different ways: a father with a university degree seems to influence his male offspring’s financial behavior positively, while a mother with a university degree seems to influence her female offspring’s financial behavior negatively. This evidence may lead to reflection on intervention to ensure that tomorrow's women have the same opportunities for successful financial planning as men.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135394307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Hanseatic League was a commercial federation of guilds and cities in the Baltic region that dominated trade in northern Europe during the later Middle Ages. At its peak, it linked traders and market towns from England to Russia and most ports in between. It worked to remove trade barriers and provide security to its members. Employing an analytically structured approach, this study analyzes secondary sources to investigate the relationships between the members of the Hanse as well as the primary motivations driving the formation of the Hanseatic League. When this is analyzed as a federation style of interorganizational relationship, the five defining key contingencies become apparent: (1) power asymmetries in the High Middle Ages existed for the merchants with the balance of power in favor of monarchs; (2) individual guilds found it beneficial to establish ongoing relationships with other guilds; (3) economies of scope and scale allowed for efficiencies that would lead to trade dominance; (4) merchants sought more stable and predictable open access to markets across northern Europe; and (5) with the decline of feudalism, guilds sought to increase the acceptance and privilege of their community. The Hanseatic League’s formation was also based on a sixth key factor: security for its members.
{"title":"Interorganizational Relationships in Medieval Trade: An Analysis of the Hanseatic League","authors":"Eric G. Kirb","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n2p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n2p1","url":null,"abstract":"The Hanseatic League was a commercial federation of guilds and cities in the Baltic region that dominated trade in northern Europe during the later Middle Ages. At its peak, it linked traders and market towns from England to Russia and most ports in between. It worked to remove trade barriers and provide security to its members. Employing an analytically structured approach, this study analyzes secondary sources to investigate the relationships between the members of the Hanse as well as the primary motivations driving the formation of the Hanseatic League. When this is analyzed as a federation style of interorganizational relationship, the five defining key contingencies become apparent: (1) power asymmetries in the High Middle Ages existed for the merchants with the balance of power in favor of monarchs; (2) individual guilds found it beneficial to establish ongoing relationships with other guilds; (3) economies of scope and scale allowed for efficiencies that would lead to trade dominance; (4) merchants sought more stable and predictable open access to markets across northern Europe; and (5) with the decline of feudalism, guilds sought to increase the acceptance and privilege of their community. The Hanseatic League’s formation was also based on a sixth key factor: security for its members.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81886019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We explore the role of social capital in explaining reproductive behaviour and its differences among the European countries. We adopt a comprehensive concept of social capital that combines several elementary indicators and estimate its impact on the probability of having a first or a further child among reproductive-age women currently in a partnership union. We cluster countries in four groups and discuss the results in terms of different welfare state regimes. Data come from the 2014 EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (N=15,735) which we analysed through a generalized ordered logit model. Our findings support the hypothesis that women who can count on higher level of social capital show higher chance to give birth to a baby and this holds both for each country group and for Europe as a whole. By showing the importance of operationalize a complex and multivariate definition of social capital we contributed to the debate about its relationship with individual reproductive behaviour.
{"title":"Having Children in Europe: The Role of Social Capital","authors":"A. De Rose, G. Guagnano","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n1p24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n1p24","url":null,"abstract":"We explore the role of social capital in explaining reproductive behaviour and its differences among the European countries. We adopt a comprehensive concept of social capital that combines several elementary indicators and estimate its impact on the probability of having a first or a further child among reproductive-age women currently in a partnership union. We cluster countries in four groups and discuss the results in terms of different welfare state regimes. Data come from the 2014 EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey (N=15,735) which we analysed through a generalized ordered logit model. Our findings support the hypothesis that women who can count on higher level of social capital show higher chance to give birth to a baby and this holds both for each country group and for Europe as a whole. By showing the importance of operationalize a complex and multivariate definition of social capital we contributed to the debate about its relationship with individual reproductive behaviour.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91204778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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