Using companies listed on the Nasdaq Baltic Stock Exchange (2017–2021), we analyze the influence of financial factors on the investment behavior of businesses in small economies. We run a panel regression to examine which financial factors influence corporate investment and study how business investment is affected by the previous year’s cash flow, leverage ratio, asset turnover, liquidity, and sales volume. Our findings reveal robust evidence that the level of the investment of firms is negatively affected by the leverage ratio and positively affected by the asset turnover ratio. We also find that the cash flow to asset ratio has a negative but statistically insignificant affection investment. This implies that businesses in small economies are not interested in the capital market. Companies should consider taking the leverage ratio into account and incorporating it in their investment decision-making models.
{"title":"Navigating Investment Waters: Uncovering the Impact of Financial Factors on Business Behavior in Small Economies","authors":"Ieva Statkevičiūtė, E. Bikas, Viktorija Cohen","doi":"10.5539/res.v16n1p16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v16n1p16","url":null,"abstract":"Using companies listed on the Nasdaq Baltic Stock Exchange (2017–2021), we analyze the influence of financial factors on the investment behavior of businesses in small economies. We run a panel regression to examine which financial factors influence corporate investment and study how business investment is affected by the previous year’s cash flow, leverage ratio, asset turnover, liquidity, and sales volume. Our findings reveal robust evidence that the level of the investment of firms is negatively affected by the leverage ratio and positively affected by the asset turnover ratio. We also find that the cash flow to asset ratio has a negative but statistically insignificant affection investment. This implies that businesses in small economies are not interested in the capital market. Companies should consider taking the leverage ratio into account and incorporating it in their investment decision-making models.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper we analyze the determinants of bank profitability and stability during the period of null or negative policy rates (2012 - 2022) for a large sample of banks established in Euro area countries. The results show that higher capitalization, credit quality and income diversification increase profitability and stability, while other covariates play a role mainly in influencing bank profits, but not bank resilience. Empirical outcomes suggest that the banks specialization has an impact on banks' financial results in periods of null or negative interest rates.
{"title":"Determinants of the Profitability and Stability of Euro Area Banks During the Ice Age of Interest Rates","authors":"S. Rossi, Laura Barbieri, Andrea Lippi","doi":"10.5539/res.v16n1p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v16n1p1","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we analyze the determinants of bank profitability and stability during the period of null or negative policy rates (2012 - 2022) for a large sample of banks established in Euro area countries. The results show that higher capitalization, credit quality and income diversification increase profitability and stability, while other covariates play a role mainly in influencing bank profits, but not bank resilience. Empirical outcomes suggest that the banks specialization has an impact on banks' financial results in periods of null or negative interest rates.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abdulai Muhammed, Hadi Ibrahim, Aurelija Ulbinaitė
The COVID-19 pandemic has left its unprecedented footprints and aftershocks on every aspect of human endeavour, including labour on the move. Against this backdrop, this study aims at providing an extensive comprehension of the footprints of COVID-19 predicament on migrants, refugees and asylum seekers’ (MRAs) lives, work and labour market incorporation experiences in Finland. The study adopted the subtle biographic narrative interviews with MRAs. The findings, though mixed, reveal deepening inequality and insecurity in the labour market of Finland for migrants. Conversely, self-learning, virtual learning, manifestation of hidden talents, development of new hobbies and transferable skills, as well as new healthier lifestyles for MRAs were apparent in the findings. The analysis of the study can serve as both an authentic empirical knowledge to guide migrants’ populations and a reference source for academic purposes; the latter can negotiate the impact of disruptive events and sudden crisis on migrant populations, whose unique circumstances and characteristics require inclusive policies and strategies. The study made original and valuable insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migrants as a significant group in the labour market architecture, however, vulnerable one in terms of precarious work, implying that pandemics and similar eventualities call for (re)designing considerable support systems and extending them to MRAs.
{"title":"The Nuanced Footprints of Covid-19 Predicament on Labour Market Integration of Migrants in Finland","authors":"Abdulai Muhammed, Hadi Ibrahim, Aurelija Ulbinaitė","doi":"10.5539/res.v16n1p29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v16n1p29","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has left its unprecedented footprints and aftershocks on every aspect of human endeavour, including labour on the move. Against this backdrop, this study aims at providing an extensive comprehension of the footprints of COVID-19 predicament on migrants, refugees and asylum seekers’ (MRAs) lives, work and labour market incorporation experiences in Finland. The study adopted the subtle biographic narrative interviews with MRAs. The findings, though mixed, reveal deepening inequality and insecurity in the labour market of Finland for migrants. Conversely, self-learning, virtual learning, manifestation of hidden talents, development of new hobbies and transferable skills, as well as new healthier lifestyles for MRAs were apparent in the findings. The analysis of the study can serve as both an authentic empirical knowledge to guide migrants’ populations and a reference source for academic purposes; the latter can negotiate the impact of disruptive events and sudden crisis on migrant populations, whose unique circumstances and characteristics require inclusive policies and strategies. The study made original and valuable insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migrants as a significant group in the labour market architecture, however, vulnerable one in terms of precarious work, implying that pandemics and similar eventualities call for (re)designing considerable support systems and extending them to MRAs.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140249369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4
欧洲研究评论》第 15 卷第 4 期审稿人致谢
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4","authors":"Paige Dou","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n4p73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n4p73","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 4","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140482584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on European economies, leading to a significant increase in public debt levels. This paper examines the challenges and policy implications of managing public debt and fostering economic growth in Europe post-Covid-19. It provides a conceptual framework by defining and measuring public debt, exploring the relationship between public debt and economic growth, and highlighting the role of public debt in times of crisis. The paper analyzes the impact of Covid-19 on public debt in Europe, including the fiscal response, debt accumulation, and reasons for increased debt levels. It further discusses the challenges posed by high public debt, such as debt sustainability, crowding out private investment, financial stability risks, and constraints on future fiscal policy. The study then presents policy implications for balancing public debt and economic growth, including fiscal consolidation measures, long-term debt management strategies, prioritizing public investments, implementing structural reforms, considering monetary policy, and fostering international cooperation. Additionally, the paper provides case studies of selected European countries, evaluating their approaches, assessing policy effectiveness, and drawing key lessons and best practices. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary of key findings, policy recommendations for European governments, and suggestions for future research directions.
{"title":"Public Debt and Economic Growth after Covid-19 in Europe: Challenges and Policy Implications","authors":"Dimitra Mitsi","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n4p31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n4p31","url":null,"abstract":"The Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on European economies, leading to a significant increase in public debt levels. This paper examines the challenges and policy implications of managing public debt and fostering economic growth in Europe post-Covid-19. It provides a conceptual framework by defining and measuring public debt, exploring the relationship between public debt and economic growth, and highlighting the role of public debt in times of crisis. The paper analyzes the impact of Covid-19 on public debt in Europe, including the fiscal response, debt accumulation, and reasons for increased debt levels. It further discusses the challenges posed by high public debt, such as debt sustainability, crowding out private investment, financial stability risks, and constraints on future fiscal policy. The study then presents policy implications for balancing public debt and economic growth, including fiscal consolidation measures, long-term debt management strategies, prioritizing public investments, implementing structural reforms, considering monetary policy, and fostering international cooperation. Additionally, the paper provides case studies of selected European countries, evaluating their approaches, assessing policy effectiveness, and drawing key lessons and best practices. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary of key findings, policy recommendations for European governments, and suggestions for future research directions.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139211104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Emilie Perreau, Sarah Belouahchi, Davy Castel, Emilie Loup-Escande
Based on ICT, specifically smartphones and their mobile apps, this exploratory study questions the impact of EMIs on employees' perceived stress during workdays. A sample of 15 workers, working at least 3 days a week and divided into one control group (n=5) and one experimental group (n=10), used an EMI application called "Mon Sherpa" for one week. Participants responded to two questionnaires at the beginning of the study: a sociodemographic questionnaire and the PSM-9 (Psychological Stress Measure). They completed the PSM-9 once again in the middle and at the end of the experiment to compare the score's evolution depending on the formed groups. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants of the experimental group (n=9) to identify their perception of the application. The statistical results indicated no effects of the EMIs. However, interviews indicated somatic, behavioral, and cognitive evolution throughout the experiment in the field of stress, anxiety, and invasive thoughts. These conflicting results might be explained by an immediate but not lasting effect of EMIs on work-related stress. It may also be partly explained by some limitations of the study. More cross-disciplinary and larger research is required.
{"title":"Impact of Ecological Momentary Interventions on Regulatory Strategies of Perceived Stress at Work: An Exploratory Study Based on the Application \"MON SHERPA” Used in an Ecological Context","authors":"Emilie Perreau, Sarah Belouahchi, Davy Castel, Emilie Loup-Escande","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n4p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n4p1","url":null,"abstract":"Based on ICT, specifically smartphones and their mobile apps, this exploratory study questions the impact of EMIs on employees' perceived stress during workdays. A sample of 15 workers, working at least 3 days a week and divided into one control group (n=5) and one experimental group (n=10), used an EMI application called \"Mon Sherpa\" for one week. Participants responded to two questionnaires at the beginning of the study: a sociodemographic questionnaire and the PSM-9 (Psychological Stress Measure). They completed the PSM-9 once again in the middle and at the end of the experiment to compare the score's evolution depending on the formed groups. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants of the experimental group (n=9) to identify their perception of the application. The statistical results indicated no effects of the EMIs. However, interviews indicated somatic, behavioral, and cognitive evolution throughout the experiment in the field of stress, anxiety, and invasive thoughts. These conflicting results might be explained by an immediate but not lasting effect of EMIs on work-related stress. It may also be partly explained by some limitations of the study. More cross-disciplinary and larger research is required.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139271233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Getting a grasp of the psycho-affective processes and social anomie leading to counterproductive work behavior (Fox & Spector, 2006) represents a major challenge for researchers and organizations. The Cameroonian context is characterized by widespread impoverishment, which incites some officials to divert the objectives of the prescribed work to their personal interest, with no regard to the damage caused to either the organization or its members (Nyock Ilouga et al., 2018). This study examines the mediating role of emotions in the relationship between empowering leadership and counterproductive work behavior. 156 civil servants of both sexes were selected to complete a questionnaire which includes both the Empowering Leadership Questionnaire (Arnold et al., 2000) and the Job Affective-relative Work questionnaire (Van Katwyk et al., 2000). Our results suggest that the emotions felt by employees mediate the effect of perceived empowering leadership on the counterproductive behavior that employees manifest at work.
{"title":"Emotions Interact With Empowering Leadership to Reduce Counterproductive Work Behavior","authors":"Djigou Jacques, Nyock Ilouga Samuel, Moussa Mouloungui Aude Carine","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n4p14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n4p14","url":null,"abstract":"Getting a grasp of the psycho-affective processes and social anomie leading to counterproductive work behavior (Fox & Spector, 2006) represents a major challenge for researchers and organizations. The Cameroonian context is characterized by widespread impoverishment, which incites some officials to divert the objectives of the prescribed work to their personal interest, with no regard to the damage caused to either the organization or its members (Nyock Ilouga et al., 2018). This study examines the mediating role of emotions in the relationship between empowering leadership and counterproductive work behavior. 156 civil servants of both sexes were selected to complete a questionnaire which includes both the Empowering Leadership Questionnaire (Arnold et al., 2000) and the Job Affective-relative Work questionnaire (Van Katwyk et al., 2000). Our results suggest that the emotions felt by employees mediate the effect of perceived empowering leadership on the counterproductive behavior that employees manifest at work.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139274076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3
《欧洲研究评论》第15卷第3期审稿人致谢
{"title":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3","authors":"Paige Dou","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n3p89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p89","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewer Acknowledgements for Review of European Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75658650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert John Zagar, Steve A. Varela, Joseph W. Kovach, S. Tippins, Brad Randmark, Aaron Richards, Kenneth G. Busch
Based on 95 years of data involving 320,051 patients, prisoners, students, and workers across 212 studies, there is a “7-point violence profile” (violence, deception, depression, antisocial behavior, paranoid or schizophrenic thinking, and addiction-alcoholism) on equations (Ask Standard Predictor of Violence Potential) and internet computer-scored tests (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI-2/A]) that is similar for male or female, adult, or teen, violence prone or suicidal. Using conventional methods, traditional decision-makers believe that their 39% success rate in finding violence-prone individuals is better than the 97% hit rate of equations and computer tests. Given the $3,834,988.08 cost of 1 killer (2021 US$), lawyers can lead in broadening the liability net to include all who should predict or prevent violence-prone events to save US yearly $13,000,000,000 and 471,000 victims. When a critical mass of attorneys and victims collect payouts resulting in higher insurance and taxes, decision-makers will enthusiastically embrace equations and computer tests.
{"title":"Violent-Offenders: Be Leaders and Take Them to Court to Save Lives and Expense","authors":"Robert John Zagar, Steve A. Varela, Joseph W. Kovach, S. Tippins, Brad Randmark, Aaron Richards, Kenneth G. Busch","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n3p34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p34","url":null,"abstract":"Based on 95 years of data involving 320,051 patients, prisoners, students, and workers across 212 studies, there is a “7-point violence profile” (violence, deception, depression, antisocial behavior, paranoid or schizophrenic thinking, and addiction-alcoholism) on equations (Ask Standard Predictor of Violence Potential) and internet computer-scored tests (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI-2/A]) that is similar for male or female, adult, or teen, violence prone or suicidal. Using conventional methods, traditional decision-makers believe that their 39% success rate in finding violence-prone individuals is better than the 97% hit rate of equations and computer tests. Given the $3,834,988.08 cost of 1 killer (2021 US$), lawyers can lead in broadening the liability net to include all who should predict or prevent violence-prone events to save US yearly $13,000,000,000 and 471,000 victims. When a critical mass of attorneys and victims collect payouts resulting in higher insurance and taxes, decision-makers will enthusiastically embrace equations and computer tests.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86660125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the double standard evident in the attitudes of sixteenth-century Spanish conquistadores towards Native American culture. The study investigates why the conquistadores condemned Native rituals as barbarous while perpetrating their own brutal acts against the Natives. It is argued that this inconsistency stemmed from a racialized worldview rooted in ethnocentrism, shaped by the historical influence of Islam on the Iberian Peninsula, Spanish culture including Catholicism, and their encounters with Native Americans. This racialized thinking, although distinct from modern biological racism, justified Spanish imperialism as a holy mission. By examining relevant sources, the paper reveals the complex factors that contributed to this discriminatory mindset and highlights its significance in understanding the success of the Spanish conquest of Indigenous peoples.
{"title":"The Roots of Spanish Racialized Thinking in Colonial America, 1400–1600","authors":"Shao-Lung Lin","doi":"10.5539/res.v15n3p61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p61","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the double standard evident in the attitudes of sixteenth-century Spanish conquistadores towards Native American culture. The study investigates why the conquistadores condemned Native rituals as barbarous while perpetrating their own brutal acts against the Natives. It is argued that this inconsistency stemmed from a racialized worldview rooted in ethnocentrism, shaped by the historical influence of Islam on the Iberian Peninsula, Spanish culture including Catholicism, and their encounters with Native Americans. This racialized thinking, although distinct from modern biological racism, justified Spanish imperialism as a holy mission. By examining relevant sources, the paper reveals the complex factors that contributed to this discriminatory mindset and highlights its significance in understanding the success of the Spanish conquest of Indigenous peoples.","PeriodicalId":92134,"journal":{"name":"Review of European studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86968201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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