C. Briand, U. Posluszny, D. Larson, U. Matthes-Sears
The distribution of Thuja occidentalis L. (eastern white cedar) within its range in northeastern North America is bimodal, as it occurs both on cliffs (dry uplands) and in swamps (wet lowlands). A comparison of the gross architecture of individual trees was made in situ, in order to characterize the architecture of this species and to examine the pattern of architectural variation among sites of the same habitat type and between habitat types. Architectural measurements were made on randomly selected trees growing in three cliff and three swamp sites in southern Ontario. Height, maximum crown diameter, basal stem diameter, angle of initial stem orientation, angle of present growth, number of reiterated axes, number of points of contact with the substrate, and age were determined for each tree. Architectural variation was small among sites of the same habitat type and between cliff and swamp habitats as well. These results confirm other findings that the trees studied were part of a larger rather homogeneous population. Our investigation lends no support to the existence of well-developed upland and lowland architectural forms of T. occidentalis in southern Ontario.
{"title":"Patterns of Architectural Variation in Thuja occidentalis L. (Eastern White Cedar) from Upland and Lowland Sites","authors":"C. Briand, U. Posluszny, D. Larson, U. Matthes-Sears","doi":"10.1086/337911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337911","url":null,"abstract":"The distribution of Thuja occidentalis L. (eastern white cedar) within its range in northeastern North America is bimodal, as it occurs both on cliffs (dry uplands) and in swamps (wet lowlands). A comparison of the gross architecture of individual trees was made in situ, in order to characterize the architecture of this species and to examine the pattern of architectural variation among sites of the same habitat type and between habitat types. Architectural measurements were made on randomly selected trees growing in three cliff and three swamp sites in southern Ontario. Height, maximum crown diameter, basal stem diameter, angle of initial stem orientation, angle of present growth, number of reiterated axes, number of points of contact with the substrate, and age were determined for each tree. Architectural variation was small among sites of the same habitat type and between cliff and swamp habitats as well. These results confirm other findings that the trees studied were part of a larger rather homogeneous population. Our investigation lends no support to the existence of well-developed upland and lowland architectural forms of T. occidentalis in southern Ontario.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"494 - 499"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To determine if patterns of growth and physiology of Thuja occidentalis differed between dry and wet habitats or were site specific within habitats, three cliff and three swamp populations in southern Ontario, Canada, were intensively investigated. The average annual increases in height, basal diameter, and estimated oven dry mass were determined for all trees in four 16 m2 quadrats per site. The net photosynthetic response to photosynthetically active radiation was measured in situ at each site and on potted cliff and swamp saplings kept in a mesic common garden. Possible environmental factors controlling growth, such as tissue nutrient levels and canopy shading, were also investigated. Significant differences were found among the six sites in all three measures of productivity, in the maximum net photosynthetic rate at light saturation (Pmax), in the foliar levels of N, P, Ca, and the N:P ratio, and in the degree of canopy shading. Variations in all these characteristics were site specific and independent of habitat type. Significant differences between cliffs and swamps were found only in the foliar levels of Mg (cliff > swamp). All foliar nutrient levels (with the possible exception of P at one cliff site) were above values considered limiting. Plants in the common garden had the same photosynthetic light response as their in situ counterparts. There was no correspondence among the site-specific patterns of productivity, Pmax, foliar nutrients, and canopy shading. It is concluded that the factors controlling the growth of T. occidentalis are site but not habitat specific. No evidence of ecotypic differentiation was found.
{"title":"Growth and Physiology of Thuja occidentalis L. from Cliffs and Swamps: Is Variation Habitat or Site Specific?","authors":"U. Matthes-Sears, D. Larson","doi":"10.1086/337912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337912","url":null,"abstract":"To determine if patterns of growth and physiology of Thuja occidentalis differed between dry and wet habitats or were site specific within habitats, three cliff and three swamp populations in southern Ontario, Canada, were intensively investigated. The average annual increases in height, basal diameter, and estimated oven dry mass were determined for all trees in four 16 m2 quadrats per site. The net photosynthetic response to photosynthetically active radiation was measured in situ at each site and on potted cliff and swamp saplings kept in a mesic common garden. Possible environmental factors controlling growth, such as tissue nutrient levels and canopy shading, were also investigated. Significant differences were found among the six sites in all three measures of productivity, in the maximum net photosynthetic rate at light saturation (Pmax), in the foliar levels of N, P, Ca, and the N:P ratio, and in the degree of canopy shading. Variations in all these characteristics were site specific and independent of habitat type. Significant differences between cliffs and swamps were found only in the foliar levels of Mg (cliff > swamp). All foliar nutrient levels (with the possible exception of P at one cliff site) were above values considered limiting. Plants in the common garden had the same photosynthetic light response as their in situ counterparts. There was no correspondence among the site-specific patterns of productivity, Pmax, foliar nutrients, and canopy shading. It is concluded that the factors controlling the growth of T. occidentalis are site but not habitat specific. No evidence of ecotypic differentiation was found.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"500 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration were obtained from mature embryos of red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. Embryogenic tissues were produced from both 5- and 20-yr-old seed collections. The basal medium used was von Arnold and Eriksson's (AE) salt formulation supplemented with 1,000 mg/L casein hydrolysate, 250 mg/L L-glutamine, 10 μM each of naphthalene acetic acid and N6-benzyladenine (BA), 2% sucrose, and 0.3% Gelrite Gellan gum. Tissues were incubated in the dark at 26 C. Longterm cultures were maintained on the above medium, but with 5 μM BA. Tissues were cultured on phytohormone-free basal medium containing 1% activated charcoal for 7 d, and for maturation were transferred to basal medium containing 20-50 μM abscisic acid. When embryos appeared to be morphologically similar to fully imbibed zygotic embryos, they were removed for germination. They were partially dried and germinated on 1/2 AE at 24 C under reduced light. Plantlets were transferred to sterile peat moistened with 1/4 AE for further growth.
对红杉(Picea rubens Sarg)成熟胚进行了体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生。胚性组织是从5年和20年的种子收集中产生的。基础培养基为von Arnold and Eriksson (AE)盐配方，添加1000 mg/L酪蛋白水解物、250 mg/L L-谷氨酰胺、10 μM萘乙酸和n6 -苄基ladenine (BA)、2%蔗糖和0.3%凝胶结冷胶。组织在26℃的暗室中孵育，在5 μM BA的培养基上保持长期培养。组织在含1%活性炭的无激素基础培养基上培养7 d，然后转移到含20-50 μM脱落酸的基础培养基中成熟。当胚胎在形态上与完全吸收的合子胚胎相似时，将其取出进行萌发。在24℃、弱光条件下，在1/2 AE上部分干燥发芽。移栽到1/4 AE湿润的无菌泥炭上继续生长。
{"title":"Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration from Mature Zygotic Embryos of Red Spruce","authors":"I. Harry, T. Thorpe","doi":"10.1086/337905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337905","url":null,"abstract":"Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration were obtained from mature embryos of red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. Embryogenic tissues were produced from both 5- and 20-yr-old seed collections. The basal medium used was von Arnold and Eriksson's (AE) salt formulation supplemented with 1,000 mg/L casein hydrolysate, 250 mg/L L-glutamine, 10 μM each of naphthalene acetic acid and N6-benzyladenine (BA), 2% sucrose, and 0.3% Gelrite Gellan gum. Tissues were incubated in the dark at 26 C. Longterm cultures were maintained on the above medium, but with 5 μM BA. Tissues were cultured on phytohormone-free basal medium containing 1% activated charcoal for 7 d, and for maturation were transferred to basal medium containing 20-50 μM abscisic acid. When embryos appeared to be morphologically similar to fully imbibed zygotic embryos, they were removed for germination. They were partially dried and germinated on 1/2 AE at 24 C under reduced light. Plantlets were transferred to sterile peat moistened with 1/4 AE for further growth.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"446 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337905","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Morphological characteristics of leaf adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells in high-level ABA drought-resistant (lines ZPBL 1304, L-155, and Polj 17) and low-level ABA drought-sensitive (lines ZPL 389, B-432, and F-2) lines of maize were investigated. Lines with higher levels of ABA and/or greater drought resistance had more xeromorphic epidermal cells (smaller cell area, smaller cell length, smaller perimeter) either on both leaf surfaces or on the abaxial leaf surface than lines with lower levels of ABA and/or lower drought resistance. The possible relationship between the size of leaf cells and drought resistance is unclear, although the reduction in cell sizes may contribute to turgor maintenance under water stress conditions, as suggested in the literature.
{"title":"Morphological Characteristics of Leaf Epidermal Cells in Lines of Maize that Differ in Endogenous Levels of Abscisic Acid and Drought Resistance","authors":"Z. Ristić, D. Cass","doi":"10.1086/337904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337904","url":null,"abstract":"Morphological characteristics of leaf adaxial and abaxial epidermal cells in high-level ABA drought-resistant (lines ZPBL 1304, L-155, and Polj 17) and low-level ABA drought-sensitive (lines ZPL 389, B-432, and F-2) lines of maize were investigated. Lines with higher levels of ABA and/or greater drought resistance had more xeromorphic epidermal cells (smaller cell area, smaller cell length, smaller perimeter) either on both leaf surfaces or on the abaxial leaf surface than lines with lower levels of ABA and/or lower drought resistance. The possible relationship between the size of leaf cells and drought resistance is unclear, although the reduction in cell sizes may contribute to turgor maintenance under water stress conditions, as suggested in the literature.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"439 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Variation of gender expression and cone production is described quantitatively for Juniperus phoenicea L. populations in southern Spain and Morocco. The species is monoecious, but most populations showed a dichotomy of gender expression at flowering, with predominantly "male" and predominantly "female" plants and few "monoecious" individuals, a functionally subdioecious breeding system. The proportion of female plants in the Spanish populations ranged from 31% (R. B. Donana) to 40% (Cda. Sabinas, 1988) and did not exceed 10% in Morocco. Most plants with femaleness values < .40 failed to set full-sized seed cones or produced very small crops. Individual plants showed a significant constancy of gender expression in consecutive years. Most inconsistencies in sexual behavior involved transitions between the male and female expressions and their respective "inconstant" conditions. Between-year variations in seed-bearing cone production largely reflected changes in female flowering gender of the individual plants; years with large crop production were characterized by increases in average female gender expression for a given gender category and, as a result, a greater percentage of the population producing female cones. Plants differing in gender expression showed no significant differences in size. Male plants always produced fewer than 10 female cones per crop, and inconstant males rarely exceeded 200 female cones; female plants usually had crop sizes above 100 cones, except in the seasons of cone crop failure. Individual plants also differed in annual shoot growth, but these differences were unrelated to both gender expression and cone production in the previous season. Differences among populations accounted for 52% of total variance in female cone size, while the effect of the individual plant accounted for 26%; only 22% was attributable to within-plant variation. A nested model with gender category as the main effect and plant as a nested effect accounted for 88% of total variation in five cone characteristics, but gender effect accounted for ≤ 2%.
{"title":"Gender Variation and Expression of Monoecy in Juniperus phoenicea (L.) (Cupressaceae)","authors":"P. Jordano","doi":"10.1086/337909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337909","url":null,"abstract":"Variation of gender expression and cone production is described quantitatively for Juniperus phoenicea L. populations in southern Spain and Morocco. The species is monoecious, but most populations showed a dichotomy of gender expression at flowering, with predominantly \"male\" and predominantly \"female\" plants and few \"monoecious\" individuals, a functionally subdioecious breeding system. The proportion of female plants in the Spanish populations ranged from 31% (R. B. Donana) to 40% (Cda. Sabinas, 1988) and did not exceed 10% in Morocco. Most plants with femaleness values < .40 failed to set full-sized seed cones or produced very small crops. Individual plants showed a significant constancy of gender expression in consecutive years. Most inconsistencies in sexual behavior involved transitions between the male and female expressions and their respective \"inconstant\" conditions. Between-year variations in seed-bearing cone production largely reflected changes in female flowering gender of the individual plants; years with large crop production were characterized by increases in average female gender expression for a given gender category and, as a result, a greater percentage of the population producing female cones. Plants differing in gender expression showed no significant differences in size. Male plants always produced fewer than 10 female cones per crop, and inconstant males rarely exceeded 200 female cones; female plants usually had crop sizes above 100 cones, except in the seasons of cone crop failure. Individual plants also differed in annual shoot growth, but these differences were unrelated to both gender expression and cone production in the previous season. Differences among populations accounted for 52% of total variance in female cone size, while the effect of the individual plant accounted for 26%; only 22% was attributable to within-plant variation. A nested model with gender category as the main effect and plant as a nested effect accounted for 88% of total variation in five cone characteristics, but gender effect accounted for ≤ 2%.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"161 1","pages":"476 - 485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337909","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) is a herbaceous perennial that reproduces by gametophytic apomixis and is widespread in the cordillera of western North America, ranging from New Mexico to Alaska. In the overall pattern of population structure in A. rosea, the majority of the populations are polyclonal, although the average number of clones per population is relatively small (X̄ = 3.1). In general, clones are restricted to one or two populations (X̄ = 1.1) and, therefore, very few widespread clones exist. The subarctic populations are characterized by relatively low amounts of clonal diversity when compared with those from southern latitudes (X̄ = 2.0/population). Clonal diversity is negatively correlated with latitude, longitude, and elevation of the sites. It seems unlikely that A. rosea survived the last glacial episode in the northern glacial refugium, Beringia, and a more likely scenario for the phytogeographic pattern of clonal diversity is one that envisions A. rosea surviving the Wisconsinan south of the glacial margin or perhaps arising in the same region at the end of the Wisconsinan. New clones probably arise via crossing of facultatively apomictic clones of A. rosea to their sexual progenitors. As most of the eight sexual progenitor taxa are absent from the north, new clones cannot easily arise there. The lack of clonal diversity in the subarctic and arctic could be the result of a combination of recent migration and lack of sexual progenitors in the region.
{"title":"Patterns of Clonal Diversity in Geographically Marginal Populations of Antennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) from Subarctic Alaska and Yukon Territory","authors":"R. J. Bayer","doi":"10.1086/337910","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337910","url":null,"abstract":"Antennaria rosea (Asteraceae: Inuleae) is a herbaceous perennial that reproduces by gametophytic apomixis and is widespread in the cordillera of western North America, ranging from New Mexico to Alaska. In the overall pattern of population structure in A. rosea, the majority of the populations are polyclonal, although the average number of clones per population is relatively small (X̄ = 3.1). In general, clones are restricted to one or two populations (X̄ = 1.1) and, therefore, very few widespread clones exist. The subarctic populations are characterized by relatively low amounts of clonal diversity when compared with those from southern latitudes (X̄ = 2.0/population). Clonal diversity is negatively correlated with latitude, longitude, and elevation of the sites. It seems unlikely that A. rosea survived the last glacial episode in the northern glacial refugium, Beringia, and a more likely scenario for the phytogeographic pattern of clonal diversity is one that envisions A. rosea surviving the Wisconsinan south of the glacial margin or perhaps arising in the same region at the end of the Wisconsinan. New clones probably arise via crossing of facultatively apomictic clones of A. rosea to their sexual progenitors. As most of the eight sexual progenitor taxa are absent from the north, new clones cannot easily arise there. The lack of clonal diversity in the subarctic and arctic could be the result of a combination of recent migration and lack of sexual progenitors in the region.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"486 - 493"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337910","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a mid-Atlantic salt marsh Spartina alterniflora overwinters with two types of aerial biomass, dead culms from the preceding growing season, and young live shoots that emerged in the fall. The importance of both shoot types for the overwintering capability and the quantity of recoverable underground reserves (RUR) available at the beginning of the following growing season was studied. No reduction in the amount of RUR in the plants' underground parts during the winter period was detected. Mobilization of RUR in March is faster than in December. Apparently, the physiological state of S. alterniflora at the onset of winter does not favor a rapid reconversion of the reserves. When both live and dead shoots were removed in December, the plants did not survive the winter. The presence of either live or dead shoots enabled the plants to survive. Though their biomass was much less, the young live shoots performed this function equally as well as the old dead shoots. The live shoots did not add significantly to the RUR through photosynthesis during the winter period, and a role of young live shoots was likely to be the conduction of oxygen to the underground plant parts to support aerobic respiration.
{"title":"The Importance of Dead and Young Live Shoots of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in a Mid-Latitude Salt Marsh for Overwintering and Recoverability of Underground Reserves","authors":"J. L. Gallagher","doi":"10.1086/337913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337913","url":null,"abstract":"In a mid-Atlantic salt marsh Spartina alterniflora overwinters with two types of aerial biomass, dead culms from the preceding growing season, and young live shoots that emerged in the fall. The importance of both shoot types for the overwintering capability and the quantity of recoverable underground reserves (RUR) available at the beginning of the following growing season was studied. No reduction in the amount of RUR in the plants' underground parts during the winter period was detected. Mobilization of RUR in March is faster than in December. Apparently, the physiological state of S. alterniflora at the onset of winter does not favor a rapid reconversion of the reserves. When both live and dead shoots were removed in December, the plants did not survive the winter. The presence of either live or dead shoots enabled the plants to survive. Though their biomass was much less, the young live shoots performed this function equally as well as the old dead shoots. The live shoots did not add significantly to the RUR through photosynthesis during the winter period, and a role of young live shoots was likely to be the conduction of oxygen to the underground plant parts to support aerobic respiration.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"509 - 513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Pigliucci, C. Paoletti, S. Fineschi, M. Malvolti
There is increasing attention in the literature to a more complex view of the phenotype in natural populations. Modern morphometric studies rely on more than single traits, and the classical approaches of size and shape analysis are being coupled with studies on amounts and patterns of phenotypic covariances and correlations, i.e., morphological integration. In this study, we describe the morphometrical differentiation of eight populations of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), focusing on phenotypic integration of two anatomical structures: leaves and fruits. Our results show that (1) the amount of integration (i.e., the overall strength of trait correlations) is higher for fruit than for leaf characters; (2) the patterns of integration (i.e., the direction of trait correlations) are more variable for fruits than for leaves; and (3) the two anatomical structures are completely unrelated to each other in both amounts and patterns of phenotypic integration. These results are discussed in relation to how artificial selection could have acted on the underlying genetic mechanisms of these different aspects of chestnut phenotype.
{"title":"Phenotypic Integration in Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.): Leaves versus Fruits","authors":"M. Pigliucci, C. Paoletti, S. Fineschi, M. Malvolti","doi":"10.1086/337914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337914","url":null,"abstract":"There is increasing attention in the literature to a more complex view of the phenotype in natural populations. Modern morphometric studies rely on more than single traits, and the classical approaches of size and shape analysis are being coupled with studies on amounts and patterns of phenotypic covariances and correlations, i.e., morphological integration. In this study, we describe the morphometrical differentiation of eight populations of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), focusing on phenotypic integration of two anatomical structures: leaves and fruits. Our results show that (1) the amount of integration (i.e., the overall strength of trait correlations) is higher for fruit than for leaf characters; (2) the patterns of integration (i.e., the direction of trait correlations) are more variable for fruits than for leaves; and (3) the two anatomical structures are completely unrelated to each other in both amounts and patterns of phenotypic integration. These results are discussed in relation to how artificial selection could have acted on the underlying genetic mechanisms of these different aspects of chestnut phenotype.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"514 - 521"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A factor that promotes mycelial growth in vitro in Sporisorium reilianum, the head smut fungus of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, was found in the sorghum floral meristem, which consists of the floral primordium, its subtending node, and its surrounding leaf. The biologically active factor is a heat stable component of the primary cell wall, which becomes more available to the fungus after autoclaving. The factor was inactivated by the nonspecific protease, Pronase E. Evidence suggests that the host factor is a glycoprotein associated with the host primary cell wall. Host extract-induced mycelium formation was inhibited by the common sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and associated with this inhibition there was a formation of uronic acid crystals on the surface of the culture medium. Lactose did not inhibit host extract-induced mycelium formation. Mycelia of different types were observed from S. reilianum when cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium containing various carbon sources. Host extract promoted growth of thick clusters of mycelia consisting of vigorously growing long narrow hyphae, which were richly cytoplasmic and had branches at sharp angles (type 1). Other types of mycelia were observed on some fractions of the host extract and some carbohydrates. Some had long curved hyphae with no visible cytoplasm except in their growing tips. These had their septae visible as rings at regular intervals (type 2). A third type had broader hyphae than type 1. These were also cytoplasmic, as type 1, but branched at broader angles. Two other mycelial clusters were actually sporidia joined end to end forming a branching pattern. They differed from each other in the size of individual sporidia in the cluster. Some di- and polysaccharides that have galactose or galacturonic acid as one of the monosaccharides also promoted the formation of type 2 mycelium.
{"title":"A Factor that Promotes Mycelial Development in Sporisorium reilianum In vitro","authors":"S. Bhaskaran, Roberta H. Smith, R. Frederiksen","doi":"10.1086/337906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337906","url":null,"abstract":"A factor that promotes mycelial growth in vitro in Sporisorium reilianum, the head smut fungus of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, was found in the sorghum floral meristem, which consists of the floral primordium, its subtending node, and its surrounding leaf. The biologically active factor is a heat stable component of the primary cell wall, which becomes more available to the fungus after autoclaving. The factor was inactivated by the nonspecific protease, Pronase E. Evidence suggests that the host factor is a glycoprotein associated with the host primary cell wall. Host extract-induced mycelium formation was inhibited by the common sugars sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and associated with this inhibition there was a formation of uronic acid crystals on the surface of the culture medium. Lactose did not inhibit host extract-induced mycelium formation. Mycelia of different types were observed from S. reilianum when cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium containing various carbon sources. Host extract promoted growth of thick clusters of mycelia consisting of vigorously growing long narrow hyphae, which were richly cytoplasmic and had branches at sharp angles (type 1). Other types of mycelia were observed on some fractions of the host extract and some carbohydrates. Some had long curved hyphae with no visible cytoplasm except in their growing tips. These had their septae visible as rings at regular intervals (type 2). A third type had broader hyphae than type 1. These were also cytoplasmic, as type 1, but branched at broader angles. Two other mycelial clusters were actually sporidia joined end to end forming a branching pattern. They differed from each other in the size of individual sporidia in the cluster. Some di- and polysaccharides that have galactose or galacturonic acid as one of the monosaccharides also promoted the formation of type 2 mycelium.","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"453 - 459"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337906","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tertiary fruit remains of Pteleaecarpum, which we recently interpreted as valves of winged capsules of an extinct sapindaceous genus, are now recognized as belonging to a living genus of Tiliaceae. The fossil fruits, which are common in the Tertiary of western North America, Europe, and Asia, are virtually identical in morphology and anatomy to fruits of Craigia W. W. Smith and Evans, an extant tiliaceous genus of southern China. Accordingly, we now present the following new combinations for fossil taxa: Craigia bronnii (Unger) and Craigia oregonensis (Arnold).
我们最近将Pteleaecarpum的第三次果实残余解释为已灭绝的有果属的有翼蒴果的瓣，现在被认为属于铁力科的一个活属。这些果实化石在北美西部、欧洲和亚洲的第三纪很常见，在形态和解剖结构上与中国南方现存的一种蜥蜴属植物Craigia w.w. Smith and Evans的果实几乎相同。据此，我们提出了以下化石分类群的新组合:克雷吉亚bronnii (Unger)和克雷吉亚oregonensis (Arnold)。
{"title":"Fossil Fruits of Pteleaecarpum Weyland-Tiliaceous, not Sapindaceous","authors":"Z. Kvaček, Č. Bůžek, S. Manchester","doi":"10.1086/337915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/337915","url":null,"abstract":"Tertiary fruit remains of Pteleaecarpum, which we recently interpreted as valves of winged capsules of an extinct sapindaceous genus, are now recognized as belonging to a living genus of Tiliaceae. The fossil fruits, which are common in the Tertiary of western North America, Europe, and Asia, are virtually identical in morphology and anatomy to fruits of Craigia W. W. Smith and Evans, an extant tiliaceous genus of southern China. Accordingly, we now present the following new combinations for fossil taxa: Craigia bronnii (Unger) and Craigia oregonensis (Arnold).","PeriodicalId":9213,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Gazette","volume":"152 1","pages":"522 - 523"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/337915","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60238981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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