Pub Date : 2013-03-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.11
Eduvie Martin Obada, Olaniyan Isaac Oladejo
Assessment of groundwater quality fro m the rocks of the Basement Co mplex in the southern parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria was carried out. Forty samp les fro m boreholes, hand-dug wells and springs were collected during the dry and raining seasons for chemical and bacteriological analyses. The essence of the study is to assess the quality and the portability of the groundwater using the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The results of the water samples analyses indicate a lo w total mineralization. However, results of some hand dug wells suggest that the water might have been contaminated due to human activities and closeness to pit latrines/soak-away and other domestic refuse dumps. The Piper's trilinear and Schoeller diagrams showed that the groundwater in the study area can be classified to be Ca-Na-HCO3 fresh water.
{"title":"Groundwater Quality Appraisal in Southern Parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"Eduvie Martin Obada, Olaniyan Isaac Oladejo","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.11","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of groundwater quality fro m the rocks of the Basement Co mplex in the southern parts of Kaduna State, Nigeria was carried out. Forty samp les fro m boreholes, hand-dug wells and springs were collected during the dry and raining seasons for chemical and bacteriological analyses. The essence of the study is to assess the quality and the portability of the groundwater using the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water. The results of the water samples analyses indicate a lo w total mineralization. However, results of some hand dug wells suggest that the water might have been contaminated due to human activities and closeness to pit latrines/soak-away and other domestic refuse dumps. The Piper's trilinear and Schoeller diagrams showed that the groundwater in the study area can be classified to be Ca-Na-HCO3 fresh water.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.04
E. Marciotto, G. Fisch
The Alcântara Launch Center is located near the Brazilian Northeastern coastline downwind of a cliff 40 m high. Furthermore, the flow transition fro m open ocean past by the coastline generated an internal boundary layer (IBL) due to the roughness step change. The flow is main ly driven by the Trades, although the interaction with land-sea circulat ion may not be negligible. These features modify the ocean wind ocean profile as measured over land at the coastal site. We present here an ongoing research aiming to characterize the wind profile, wh ich would serve as input flow profile in wind tunnel experiments and for gas dispersion studies. We analyzed the data of wind speed and direction collected between 1995 and 1999 by six aerovanes mounted in a 70-m height tower located about 200 m downwind the cliff. To study the diurnal and annual patterns of the wind profile the stored mean values of 10 min were monthly and hourly averaged. A simple estimate of the IBL height by assuming a dependence on the upwind distance of the shore as suggested in the literature were carried out. IBL height ranges from 30 to 40 m at tower location and being higher between 10 and 15 Local Time (LT). The wind profile power-la w shows an alpha exponent greater (up to 0.35) than those encountered in the literature (about 0.10-0.11) for open ocean wind profile. The step change in the surface roughness cannot alone exp lain such a change in the alpha exponent. Other causes such as temperature step change and the cliff elevation certainly p lay a ro le to be still addressed.
{"title":"Investigation of Approaching Ocean Flow and its Interaction with Land Internal Boundary Layer","authors":"E. Marciotto, G. Fisch","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.04","url":null,"abstract":"The Alcântara Launch Center is located near the Brazilian Northeastern coastline downwind of a cliff 40 m high. Furthermore, the flow transition fro m open ocean past by the coastline generated an internal boundary layer (IBL) due to the roughness step change. The flow is main ly driven by the Trades, although the interaction with land-sea circulat ion may not be negligible. These features modify the ocean wind ocean profile as measured over land at the coastal site. We present here an ongoing research aiming to characterize the wind profile, wh ich would serve as input flow profile in wind tunnel experiments and for gas dispersion studies. We analyzed the data of wind speed and direction collected between 1995 and 1999 by six aerovanes mounted in a 70-m height tower located about 200 m downwind the cliff. To study the diurnal and annual patterns of the wind profile the stored mean values of 10 min were monthly and hourly averaged. A simple estimate of the IBL height by assuming a dependence on the upwind distance of the shore as suggested in the literature were carried out. IBL height ranges from 30 to 40 m at tower location and being higher between 10 and 15 Local Time (LT). The wind profile power-la w shows an alpha exponent greater (up to 0.35) than those encountered in the literature (about 0.10-0.11) for open ocean wind profile. The step change in the surface roughness cannot alone exp lain such a change in the alpha exponent. Other causes such as temperature step change and the cliff elevation certainly p lay a ro le to be still addressed.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"18-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-03-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.03
Bianca Luhm Crivellaro, N. Dias, Tomas Chor
A field experiment designed to test sensor separation effects by means of mult iple thermocouple measurements co-located with a sonic anemo meter, a fast gas analyzer and a slow set of CO2 and hu midity sensors is described. The data allo wed the experimental determination of decorrelat ion between scalars, both because of instrumental effects (mostly sensor separation) and physical ones (mostly large-scale ABL processes associated with flu x entrain ment at the top). The large-scale effects are mo re important in terms of the decorrelation they produce, and yet their effect on the measured flu xes is not too large, on account of the high-pass filtering nature of the multip licat ion by the vertical velocity fluctuation, with its inherently higher-frequency range.
{"title":"Spectral Effects on Scalar Correlations and Fluxes","authors":"Bianca Luhm Crivellaro, N. Dias, Tomas Chor","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20130301.03","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment designed to test sensor separation effects by means of mult iple thermocouple measurements co-located with a sonic anemo meter, a fast gas analyzer and a slow set of CO2 and hu midity sensors is described. The data allo wed the experimental determination of decorrelat ion between scalars, both because of instrumental effects (mostly sensor separation) and physical ones (mostly large-scale ABL processes associated with flu x entrain ment at the top). The large-scale effects are mo re important in terms of the decorrelation they produce, and yet their effect on the measured flu xes is not too large, on account of the high-pass filtering nature of the multip licat ion by the vertical velocity fluctuation, with its inherently higher-frequency range.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"13-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.02
N. Salem, A. Farhan, Akl M. Awwad
A new biosorbent from Prunus avium (sweet cherry) leaves was used to remove cadmiu m(II) fro m aqueous solutions. The biosorption of cadmiu m(II) was found to be dependent on solution pH, initial metal ion concentrations, biosorbent dose, and contact time. The experimental equilibriu m b iosorption data were analyzed by two widely used two-parameters, Lang muir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmu ir model gave a better fit than the Freundlich model. The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption process of the cadmiu m ions followed well pseudo-second-order model. It was concluded that Prunus avium leaves powder can be used as an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution.
{"title":"Biosorption of Cadmium (II) from Aqueous Solutions by Prunus A vium Leaves","authors":"N. Salem, A. Farhan, Akl M. Awwad","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.02","url":null,"abstract":"A new biosorbent from Prunus avium (sweet cherry) leaves was used to remove cadmiu m(II) fro m aqueous solutions. The biosorption of cadmiu m(II) was found to be dependent on solution pH, initial metal ion concentrations, biosorbent dose, and contact time. The experimental equilibriu m b iosorption data were analyzed by two widely used two-parameters, Lang muir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Langmu ir model gave a better fit than the Freundlich model. The kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption process of the cadmiu m ions followed well pseudo-second-order model. It was concluded that Prunus avium leaves powder can be used as an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"123-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.04
S. Abdollahi
One of the main environmental issue these days is acid rain and its effects on the human and environment. Acid rain effects are more dominant in countries such as United States, Canada, and Europe due to acidic nature of soils in some parts of their lands as well as heavy pollution resulted from vast industrial activities which are conducted through these countries. Contrary to these facts, Iran situation regarding acid rain is totally different and in spite of high pollution in cities and industrial areas, the water of lakes and streams are not acidic. Data collected in this research show that the pH and alkalinity of the lake water and soils are almost high. Some of the lakes in Fars County are dried and the rest are not in normal situation. Lakes of Barmshoor, Droodzan, and Haftbarm have pH around 7.93 -8.07 and alkalinity around 186 to 220 mg/L CaCO3. The soils around the lakes have pH in the range of 7.69-7.89 and alkalinity 208-235 mg/L CaCO3. Therefore both the soil and the water have high alkaline buffer capacity to resist acid rain because; most part of the Fars County consist of calcite, dolomite and some alkaline salts. Pollution load indexes for Al, Zn and Cu for both lake water and related soils are close to one (1.063-1.54) which means no considerable metal pollutions are created by acid rain in Fars County. In fact, high pH and alkalinity of the water and soil make metal salts mostly insoluble and limit the availability of the free metals. The pH changes of rain water show gradual increase of pH during raining. If the sample of rain water is left alone, its pH decreases by residence time.
{"title":"Acid Rain and Its Effects on the Lakes of Fars County in Iran","authors":"S. Abdollahi","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.04","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main environmental issue these days is acid rain and its effects on the human and environment. Acid rain effects are more dominant in countries such as United States, Canada, and Europe due to acidic nature of soils in some parts of their lands as well as heavy pollution resulted from vast industrial activities which are conducted through these countries. Contrary to these facts, Iran situation regarding acid rain is totally different and in spite of high pollution in cities and industrial areas, the water of lakes and streams are not acidic. Data collected in this research show that the pH and alkalinity of the lake water and soils are almost high. Some of the lakes in Fars County are dried and the rest are not in normal situation. Lakes of Barmshoor, Droodzan, and Haftbarm have pH around 7.93 -8.07 and alkalinity around 186 to 220 mg/L CaCO3. The soils around the lakes have pH in the range of 7.69-7.89 and alkalinity 208-235 mg/L CaCO3. Therefore both the soil and the water have high alkaline buffer capacity to resist acid rain because; most part of the Fars County consist of calcite, dolomite and some alkaline salts. Pollution load indexes for Al, Zn and Cu for both lake water and related soils are close to one (1.063-1.54) which means no considerable metal pollutions are created by acid rain in Fars County. In fact, high pH and alkalinity of the water and soil make metal salts mostly insoluble and limit the availability of the free metals. The pH changes of rain water show gradual increase of pH during raining. If the sample of rain water is left alone, its pH decreases by residence time.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"137-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.01
A. Amori, A. Makinde
The issue of access to portable public water supply in the last three decades has been a topical issue of high interest to several individuals, communities, organizations and governments. In the face of dwindling and depleting water resources, there is the general concern of how people will have unhindered access to portable water supply. This paper against this background examined differences in public perception of access to portable water supply on the basis of some socio-economic and demographic factors such as gender, socio-economic background and marital status. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in public perception based on gender while there were no differences on the basis of marital status and socio-economic background. The implications of these findings for water resources management was discussed and recommendation made as to how access to public water supply can be easily guaranteed and sustained over time.
{"title":"Evaluation of Access to Public Water Supply in Two Major Cities in Nigeria","authors":"A. Amori, A. Makinde","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.01","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of access to portable public water supply in the last three decades has been a topical issue of high interest to several individuals, communities, organizations and governments. In the face of dwindling and depleting water resources, there is the general concern of how people will have unhindered access to portable water supply. This paper against this background examined differences in public perception of access to portable water supply on the basis of some socio-economic and demographic factors such as gender, socio-economic background and marital status. The findings showed that there was a significant difference in public perception based on gender while there were no differences on the basis of marital status and socio-economic background. The implications of these findings for water resources management was discussed and recommendation made as to how access to public water supply can be easily guaranteed and sustained over time.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"148-151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.04
Olusola T. Olabode, M. Eduvie, I. Olaniyan
The Middle Niger Basin lies in the sedimentary terrains of the middle part of Nigeria. It has an area coverage of about 27,000km 2 . The area falls under the middle Nigeria climat ic belt which is mainly tropical with an average rain fall of about 1250mm. This paper evaluates the hydrogeological potential of the terrain. The methods of investigation include analysis of meteorological, drilling, pu mping tests and water quality data. A total of about 50 boreholes located in the area were selected for study. Results of the analyses of the data showed that groundwater occurs both in confined and semi -confined conditions. Depth to water rarely exceeds 50m, though in some few cases may be over 70m. Averagely, well yield varies between 1.08 and 19m 3 /hr. Transmissivity values obtained using various methods vary between 1.365 and 393m 2 /day. Hydrochemical analyses of groundwater samples showed poor mineralizat ion with low TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) rarely over 300mg/ l. The water is fresh, soft and free of chemical pollution and therefore suitable for many purposes.
{"title":"Evaluation of Groundwater Resources of the Middle Niger (Bida) Basin of Nigeria","authors":"Olusola T. Olabode, M. Eduvie, I. Olaniyan","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.04","url":null,"abstract":"The Middle Niger Basin lies in the sedimentary terrains of the middle part of Nigeria. It has an area coverage of about 27,000km 2 . The area falls under the middle Nigeria climat ic belt which is mainly tropical with an average rain fall of about 1250mm. This paper evaluates the hydrogeological potential of the terrain. The methods of investigation include analysis of meteorological, drilling, pu mping tests and water quality data. A total of about 50 boreholes located in the area were selected for study. Results of the analyses of the data showed that groundwater occurs both in confined and semi -confined conditions. Depth to water rarely exceeds 50m, though in some few cases may be over 70m. Averagely, well yield varies between 1.08 and 19m 3 /hr. Transmissivity values obtained using various methods vary between 1.365 and 393m 2 /day. Hydrochemical analyses of groundwater samples showed poor mineralizat ion with low TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) rarely over 300mg/ l. The water is fresh, soft and free of chemical pollution and therefore suitable for many purposes.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"166-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.01
A. Benzecry
As a result of commercial and industrial activit ies conducted in the absence of environmental regulations and enforcement in the past, sediments contaminated by organic compounds, heavy metals, and other potentially to xic chemicals have accu mulated in many of the world's deepwater and wet land environ ments. These sediment-borne contaminants can eventually become incorporated into aquatic food webs and adversely affect ecological receptors like benthic organisms and fish, and u ltimately pose a risk to hu man health. This laboratory research tested a commercial product AquaBlok TM (patented, composite-aggregate technology comprised of a solid core, an outer layer of clay material, and polymers) as an in-situ capping technology that could be used to remediate and/or manage contaminated sediments in the New Jersey Hackensack Meadowlands, a superfund site. In a greenhouse setting, tubs containing representative Meadowland marsh soil and water were capped with AquaBlok. This research not only examined the potential use of this product as an in-situ capping material and possible substrate for flora co lonization, but also examined the imp rovements of the same patented, clay mineral-based composite aggregate technology (SubmerSeed TM ) as an alternative to tradit ional means of wetland p lant propagation. At the end of a two-year period, both the sediment/cap and vegetation plant tissues were examined for metallic contaminants (including Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn). Overall, capping provided a less contaminated substrate. Results indicated that AquaBlok cap alone did not allow contaminants in the sediment belo w to breakthrough. Nevertheless, vegetation colonization was restricted to a limited number of plant species. Furthermore, plants growing in AquaBlok were less robust with lower dry weight and s maller root system than plants growing in uncapped sediments despite the fact that their tissue contained smaller amounts of metallic contaminants. The improvements of the clay mineral-based composite aggregate technology (Sub merSeeds) as an alternative to trad itional means of plant propagation worked very well in successfully delivering aquatic plant seeds into permanently inundated conditions.
{"title":"Greenhouse Experimental Methods Towards in-situ Burial and Restoration of Contaminated Sites in Submerged Wetlands","authors":"A. Benzecry","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120205.01","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of commercial and industrial activit ies conducted in the absence of environmental regulations and enforcement in the past, sediments contaminated by organic compounds, heavy metals, and other potentially to xic chemicals have accu mulated in many of the world's deepwater and wet land environ ments. These sediment-borne contaminants can eventually become incorporated into aquatic food webs and adversely affect ecological receptors like benthic organisms and fish, and u ltimately pose a risk to hu man health. This laboratory research tested a commercial product AquaBlok TM (patented, composite-aggregate technology comprised of a solid core, an outer layer of clay material, and polymers) as an in-situ capping technology that could be used to remediate and/or manage contaminated sediments in the New Jersey Hackensack Meadowlands, a superfund site. In a greenhouse setting, tubs containing representative Meadowland marsh soil and water were capped with AquaBlok. This research not only examined the potential use of this product as an in-situ capping material and possible substrate for flora co lonization, but also examined the imp rovements of the same patented, clay mineral-based composite aggregate technology (SubmerSeed TM ) as an alternative to tradit ional means of wetland p lant propagation. At the end of a two-year period, both the sediment/cap and vegetation plant tissues were examined for metallic contaminants (including Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Zn). Overall, capping provided a less contaminated substrate. Results indicated that AquaBlok cap alone did not allow contaminants in the sediment belo w to breakthrough. Nevertheless, vegetation colonization was restricted to a limited number of plant species. Furthermore, plants growing in AquaBlok were less robust with lower dry weight and s maller root system than plants growing in uncapped sediments despite the fact that their tissue contained smaller amounts of metallic contaminants. The improvements of the clay mineral-based composite aggregate technology (Sub merSeeds) as an alternative to trad itional means of plant propagation worked very well in successfully delivering aquatic plant seeds into permanently inundated conditions.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"114-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.03
Adeolu O. Aderemi, Tope C. Falade
Landfill is the simp lest and most commonly used method of disposing municipal solid waste (MSW). In Nigeria, they are better categorized as open dumps, sited for convenience and usually involve the pitching of waste in pre-existing pits . In Lagos, the most populated city in Nigeria, most of these open pits are located near residential quarters and therefore pose a threat to public health and the environ ment. The absence of containment systems at the sites allo ws the possible percolation of leachate into groundwater. In addit ion, the methane gas generated as a result of bacterial degradation of waste is not collected and poses a potential fire hazard. The sites harbour nu merous scrap tyres which not only fuel the fires but are also breeding grounds for disease transmitting vermin. Landfill fires especially those involving tyres emit dioxin which can cause reproductive impairment and cancer in hu mans at extremely low concentrations. Scavenging birds at these sites are potential carriers of diseases. This paper examines the potential environ mental and health risks posed by some unsanitary MSW landfills in Lagos, Nigeria and calls for the need to start adopting modern waste management pract ices to ensure the protection of public health and the environment.
{"title":"Environmental and Health Concerns Associated with the Open Dumping of Municipal Solid Waste: A Lagos, Nigeria Experience","authors":"Adeolu O. Aderemi, Tope C. Falade","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.03","url":null,"abstract":"Landfill is the simp lest and most commonly used method of disposing municipal solid waste (MSW). In Nigeria, they are better categorized as open dumps, sited for convenience and usually involve the pitching of waste in pre-existing pits . In Lagos, the most populated city in Nigeria, most of these open pits are located near residential quarters and therefore pose a threat to public health and the environ ment. The absence of containment systems at the sites allo ws the possible percolation of leachate into groundwater. In addit ion, the methane gas generated as a result of bacterial degradation of waste is not collected and poses a potential fire hazard. The sites harbour nu merous scrap tyres which not only fuel the fires but are also breeding grounds for disease transmitting vermin. Landfill fires especially those involving tyres emit dioxin which can cause reproductive impairment and cancer in hu mans at extremely low concentrations. Scavenging birds at these sites are potential carriers of diseases. This paper examines the potential environ mental and health risks posed by some unsanitary MSW landfills in Lagos, Nigeria and calls for the need to start adopting modern waste management pract ices to ensure the protection of public health and the environment.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"160-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.06
D. P. Nagarajappa, Sateesh. G. Muttagi, B. Lokeshappa, A. Dikshit
Polycyclic aro matic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified to be one of the major to xic air pollutants in urban environment. PA Hs are mostly formed during incomp lete combustion or pyrolysis of organic material. According to National ambient air quality Indian standard, benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) concentration Part iculate matter (PM10) in amb ient air in the Peenya industrial area Bangalore met ropolitan in India has been determined. Air samp les for the analysis of BaP in suspended particles have been collected (as 24 h sample once in a month) at selected monitoring sites within the Peenya industrial monitoring network. In this research work, the results of PM10 were collected between February 2011 and April 2011. The Ben zo(a)pyrene concentrations of the eight sampling sites ranged fro m zero to 0.0490ng/ m 3 . Spatial variations were predo minantly due to the different strengths of source emission. The total Benzo (a)pyrene concentrations at Kongovi Monitoring Station site was higher than those at other seven sites during monitoring period, observing the results obtained during the period of a whole year, it was concluded that, the concentrations of BaP were much h igher during winter season at almost all measuring sites.
{"title":"Study on Evaluvation of Benzo (a) Pyrene Soluble Fraction in Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter in Peenya Industrial Area by GCMS","authors":"D. P. Nagarajappa, Sateesh. G. Muttagi, B. Lokeshappa, A. Dikshit","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120206.06","url":null,"abstract":"Polycyclic aro matic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified to be one of the major to xic air pollutants in urban environment. PA Hs are mostly formed during incomp lete combustion or pyrolysis of organic material. According to National ambient air quality Indian standard, benzo (a) pyrene (BaP) concentration Part iculate matter (PM10) in amb ient air in the Peenya industrial area Bangalore met ropolitan in India has been determined. Air samp les for the analysis of BaP in suspended particles have been collected (as 24 h sample once in a month) at selected monitoring sites within the Peenya industrial monitoring network. In this research work, the results of PM10 were collected between February 2011 and April 2011. The Ben zo(a)pyrene concentrations of the eight sampling sites ranged fro m zero to 0.0490ng/ m 3 . Spatial variations were predo minantly due to the different strengths of source emission. The total Benzo (a)pyrene concentrations at Kongovi Monitoring Station site was higher than those at other seven sites during monitoring period, observing the results obtained during the period of a whole year, it was concluded that, the concentrations of BaP were much h igher during winter season at almost all measuring sites.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"182-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：