Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0141-2023
David White, Andrew Bush, Alan R Smyth, Jayesh Mahendra Bhatt
E-cigarettes are products delivering nicotine via inhalation and are devised to mimic tobacco smoking. While they were initially introduced as a device putatively to aid with smoking cessation, their use is now far broader than that. Use by children is significantly increasing. There is growing evidence of the potential harms of vaping. E-liquids used for e-cigarettes contain a wide range of harmful substances, and the clinical consequences of this are now being increasingly demonstrated, such as the rise in cases of e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury. In addition, early use may result in long-term nicotine addiction. Vaping companies utilise marketing methods that distinctly target young people, and weak legislation in the UK allows them free rein to expose children to vaping. In this review we demonstrate why children must be protected from vaping. We must have stringent legislation to prevent easy access to e-cigarettes, including banning the convenience and affordability disposable vapes provide, and prevent marketing that does not warn about the potential health effects. The Australia approach of prescription or pharmacy only access for smoking cessation should be considered to limit exposure of children and minimise use by nonsmokers.
{"title":"Why and how should children be protected from the deluge of vaping related media and marketing overexposure?","authors":"David White, Andrew Bush, Alan R Smyth, Jayesh Mahendra Bhatt","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0141-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0141-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>E-cigarettes are products delivering nicotine <i>via</i> inhalation and are devised to mimic tobacco smoking. While they were initially introduced as a device putatively to aid with smoking cessation, their use is now far broader than that. Use by children is significantly increasing. There is growing evidence of the potential harms of vaping. E-liquids used for e-cigarettes contain a wide range of harmful substances, and the clinical consequences of this are now being increasingly demonstrated, such as the rise in cases of e-cigarette- or vaping-associated lung injury. In addition, early use may result in long-term nicotine addiction. Vaping companies utilise marketing methods that distinctly target young people, and weak legislation in the UK allows them free rein to expose children to vaping. In this review we demonstrate why children must be protected from vaping. We must have stringent legislation to prevent easy access to e-cigarettes, including banning the convenience and affordability disposable vapes provide, and prevent marketing that does not warn about the potential health effects. The Australia approach of prescription or pharmacy only access for smoking cessation should be considered to limit exposure of children and minimise use by nonsmokers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138828288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0157-2023
Pedro Barbosa, Mariana Vieira, João Pedro Ramos, Raquel Duarte
Language plays a crucial role in shaping discourses and responses related to disease, particularly tuberculosis (TB). Stigmatising language and attitudes surrounding TB can lead to discrimination and marginalisation of affected individuals, creating barriers to seeking proper diagnosis and treatment. The terminology used to describe TB-affected individuals can be disempowering and criminalising, reinforcing an "othering" of those affected. To combat this, engaging with TB-affected communities is essential to co-construct a neutral and inclusive vocabulary that respects the dignity of individuals and fosters empathy and support. Thus, an inclusive language approach empowers affected individuals as active participants in their health management, encouraging open communication and the development of support networks. By adopting a neutral and inclusive language system, healthcare providers and communities can work together to remove unnoticed hurdles and align with the World Health Organization's TB care and prevention goals.
{"title":"Unveiling the power of neutral and inclusive language in tuberculosis prevention and care.","authors":"Pedro Barbosa, Mariana Vieira, João Pedro Ramos, Raquel Duarte","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0157-2023","DOIUrl":"10.1183/20734735.0157-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Language plays a crucial role in shaping discourses and responses related to disease, particularly tuberculosis (TB). Stigmatising language and attitudes surrounding TB can lead to discrimination and marginalisation of affected individuals, creating barriers to seeking proper diagnosis and treatment. The terminology used to describe TB-affected individuals can be disempowering and criminalising, reinforcing an \"othering\" of those affected. To combat this, engaging with TB-affected communities is essential to co-construct a neutral and inclusive vocabulary that respects the dignity of individuals and fosters empathy and support. Thus, an inclusive language approach empowers affected individuals as active participants in their health management, encouraging open communication and the development of support networks. By adopting a neutral and inclusive language system, healthcare providers and communities can work together to remove unnoticed hurdles and align with the World Health Organization's TB care and prevention goals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230157"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10862121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139729048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0153-2023
Casper Falster, Elise Noël-Savina, Thomas Gille, Pia Pietersen
Routine clinical application of thoracic ultrasound has greatly enhanced the process of diagnosing and treating patients with pneumothorax and infectious effusion by minimising radiation exposure and facilitating prompt diagnosis https://bit.ly/3FO6jBg.
{"title":"Thoracic ultrasound for pneumothorax and infectious effusion: from equine beginnings to clinical cornerstone.","authors":"Casper Falster, Elise Noël-Savina, Thomas Gille, Pia Pietersen","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0153-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0153-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Routine clinical application of thoracic ultrasound has greatly enhanced the process of diagnosing and treating patients with pneumothorax and infectious effusion by minimising radiation exposure and facilitating prompt diagnosis</b> https://bit.ly/3FO6jBg.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729822/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138828286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Classic radiological signs of invasive fungal disease, especially pulmonary mucormycosis in a predisposed individual should alert the physician to initiate empiric anti-fungal therapy. https://bit.ly/40gt4Hm.
{"title":"A young boy with diabetic ketoacidosis and non-resolving pneumonia.","authors":"Rakesh Kodati, Narendra Kumar Narahari, Anuradha Tadepalli, Nishika Madireddy, Bhaskar Kakarla, Paramjyothi Gongati","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0161-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0161-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Classic radiological signs of invasive fungal disease, especially pulmonary mucormycosis in a predisposed individual should alert the physician to initiate empiric anti-fungal therapy.</b> https://bit.ly/40gt4Hm.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230161"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729818/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138828263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0230-2023
Brian D Kent
This issue of Breathe focuses on the management of pleural disease https://bit.ly/4a7dh1S.
本期《呼吸》聚焦胸膜疾病的治疗 https://bit.ly/4a7dh1S。
{"title":"Diagnosing and managing pleural disease.","authors":"Brian D Kent","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0230-2023","DOIUrl":"10.1183/20734735.0230-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>This issue of <i>Breathe</i> focuses on the management of pleural disease</b> https://bit.ly/4a7dh1S.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230230"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729826/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138828264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0165-2023
Barnaby Hirons, Richard Turner, Peter S P Cho, Surinder S Birring
Chronic cough (lasting more than 8 weeks) is a common condition with substantial psychosocial impact. Despite huge efforts following robust guidelines, chronic cough in many patients remains refractory or unexplained (RU-CC). Recent insights support a significant role for cough hypersensitivity in RU-CC, including neuropathophysiological evidence from inhalational cough challenge testing, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and airway nerve biopsy. Along with improved approaches to measuring cough, this knowledge has developed in tandem with repurposing neuromodulator medications, including gabapentin, and evidence for non-pharmacological treatments. Most significantly, there is now a pipeline for novel classes of drugs specifically for chronic cough. The P2X3 receptor antagonist gefapixant is the first such drug to be approved in Europe. However, challenges persist. The field of chronic cough needs more robust epidemiological data, enhanced diagnostic tools, further well-designed clinical trials accounting for the effects of placebo, and treatments with minimal side-effects. Addressing these challenges are novel chronic cough registries, improved International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) coding, genetic testing options and further mechanistic studies. This Viewpoint article discusses these facets and considers how, whilst the end of chronic cough may not be imminent for all patients, the evolving landscape looks increasingly optimistic.
{"title":"Chronic cough: is the end nigh?","authors":"Barnaby Hirons, Richard Turner, Peter S P Cho, Surinder S Birring","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0165-2023","DOIUrl":"10.1183/20734735.0165-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic cough (lasting more than 8 weeks) is a common condition with substantial psychosocial impact. Despite huge efforts following robust guidelines, chronic cough in many patients remains refractory or unexplained (RU-CC). Recent insights support a significant role for cough hypersensitivity in RU-CC, including neuropathophysiological evidence from inhalational cough challenge testing, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and airway nerve biopsy. Along with improved approaches to measuring cough, this knowledge has developed in tandem with repurposing neuromodulator medications, including gabapentin, and evidence for non-pharmacological treatments. Most significantly, there is now a pipeline for novel classes of drugs specifically for chronic cough. The P2X3 receptor antagonist gefapixant is the first such drug to be approved in Europe. However, challenges persist. The field of chronic cough needs more robust epidemiological data, enhanced diagnostic tools, further well-designed clinical trials accounting for the effects of placebo, and treatments with minimal side-effects. Addressing these challenges are novel chronic cough registries, improved International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) coding, genetic testing options and further mechanistic studies. This Viewpoint article discusses these facets and considers how, whilst the end of chronic cough may not be imminent for all patients, the evolving landscape looks increasingly optimistic.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10862122/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139729002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2024-02-13DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0145-2023
Laura M Piggott, Conor Hayes, John Greene, Deirdre B Fitzgerald
Malignant pleural disease represents a growing healthcare burden. Malignant pleural effusion affects approximately 1 million people globally per year, causes disabling breathlessness and indicates a shortened life expectancy. Timely diagnosis is imperative to relieve symptoms and optimise quality of life, and should give consideration to individual patient factors. This review aims to provide an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis and suggested diagnostic pathways in malignant pleural disease, to outline management options for malignant pleural effusion and malignant pleural mesothelioma, highlighting the need for a holistic approach, and to discuss potential challenges including non-expandable lung and septated effusions.
{"title":"Malignant pleural disease.","authors":"Laura M Piggott, Conor Hayes, John Greene, Deirdre B Fitzgerald","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0145-2023","DOIUrl":"10.1183/20734735.0145-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malignant pleural disease represents a growing healthcare burden. Malignant pleural effusion affects approximately 1 million people globally per year, causes disabling breathlessness and indicates a shortened life expectancy. Timely diagnosis is imperative to relieve symptoms and optimise quality of life, and should give consideration to individual patient factors. This review aims to provide an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis and suggested diagnostic pathways in malignant pleural disease, to outline management options for malignant pleural effusion and malignant pleural mesothelioma, highlighting the need for a holistic approach, and to discuss potential challenges including non-expandable lung and septated effusions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230145"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10862126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139729003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0226-2023
Sara Cuevas Ocaña, Pauline Bardin, Rui Marçalo, Heleen Demeyer
LSC 2024 offers access to cutting-edge scientific sessions, the opportunity to network with international experts, the possibility to present and discuss the latest findings, and be mentored by ERS leaders. We are looking forward to welcoming you there! https://bit.ly/3Rxr7SH.
LSC 2024 提供了参加前沿科学会议的机会、与国际专家交流的机会、展示和讨论最新研究成果的机会,以及接受 ERS 领导指导的机会。我们期待您的光临!https://bit.ly/3Rxr7SH。
{"title":"Preview of the Lung Science Conference 2024.","authors":"Sara Cuevas Ocaña, Pauline Bardin, Rui Marçalo, Heleen Demeyer","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0226-2023","DOIUrl":"10.1183/20734735.0226-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>LSC 2024 offers access to cutting-edge scientific sessions, the opportunity to network with international experts, the possibility to present and discuss the latest findings, and be mentored by ERS leaders. We are looking forward to welcoming you there!</b> https://bit.ly/3Rxr7SH.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230226"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10790179/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139477990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0236-2022
Anna Fraser, Ruaraidh Simpson, Steve Turner
Asthma is a common condition in children. This review describes the evidence from the literature and international asthma guidelines for using fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in the diagnosis and monitoring of childhood asthma. The accuracy of FENO measuring devices could be further improved, the difference in FENO results between devices are equivalent to what is considered a clinically important difference. For diagnosing asthma no guideline currently recommends FENO is used as the first test, but many recommend FENO as part of a series of tests. A cut-off of 35 ppb is widely recommended as being supportive of an asthma diagnosis, but evidence from children at risk of asthma suggests that a lower threshold of 25 ppb may be more appropriate. Nine randomised clinical trials including 1885 children have added FENO to usual asthma care and find that exacerbations are reduced when care is guided by FENO (OR for exacerbation compared to usual care 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.94). What is not clear is what cut-off(s) of FENO should be used to trigger a change in treatment. After 30 years of intensive research there is not sufficient evidence to recommend FENO for routine diagnosing and monitoring asthma in children.
Educational aims: To give the reader an overview of literature that supports and does not support the role of FENO in diagnosing asthma in children.To give the reader an overview of literature that supports and does not support the role of FENO in monitoring asthma in children.To give the reader an understanding of the role of FENO in international guidelines for diagnosing and monitoring asthma in children.
{"title":"Use of exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis and monitoring of childhood asthma: myth or maxim?","authors":"Anna Fraser, Ruaraidh Simpson, Steve Turner","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0236-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0236-2022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Asthma is a common condition in children. This review describes the evidence from the literature and international asthma guidelines for using fractional exhaled nitric oxide (<i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub>) in the diagnosis and monitoring of childhood asthma. The accuracy of <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> measuring devices could be further improved, the difference in <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> results between devices are equivalent to what is considered a clinically important difference. For diagnosing asthma no guideline currently recommends <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> is used as the first test, but many recommend <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> as part of a series of tests. A cut-off of 35 ppb is widely recommended as being supportive of an asthma diagnosis, but evidence from children at risk of asthma suggests that a lower threshold of 25 ppb may be more appropriate. Nine randomised clinical trials including 1885 children have added <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> to usual asthma care and find that exacerbations are reduced when care is guided by <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> (OR for exacerbation compared to usual care 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.94). What is not clear is what cut-off(s) of <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> should be used to trigger a change in treatment. After 30 years of intensive research there is not sufficient evidence to recommend <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> for routine diagnosing and monitoring asthma in children.</p><p><strong>Educational aims: </strong>To give the reader an overview of literature that supports and does not support the role of <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> in diagnosing asthma in children.To give the reader an overview of literature that supports and does not support the role of <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> in monitoring asthma in children.To give the reader an understanding of the role of <i>F</i><sub>ENO</sub> in international guidelines for diagnosing and monitoring asthma in children.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"220236"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10729813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138828287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01Epub Date: 2024-01-16DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0135-2023
Matthew Shorthose, Eleanor Barton, Steven Walker
Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common presentation, and there has been a recent surge of research into the condition. With the recent publication of the new British Thoracic Society guidelines and the upcoming European Respiratory Society guidelines, we provide a concise up-to-date summary of clinical learning points. In particular we focus on the role of conservative or ambulatory management, as well as treatment options for persistent air leak and guidance for when to refer to thoracic surgeons for the prevention of the recurrence of pneumothorax.
Educational aims: To give up-to-date guidance on the acute management of spontaneous pneumothorax, including the role of conservative or ambulatory managementTo discuss the different treatment options for persistent air leak.To guide physicians on when to refer patients to thoracic surgeons for the prevention of the recurrence of pneumothorax.
{"title":"The contemporary management of spontaneous pneumothorax in adults.","authors":"Matthew Shorthose, Eleanor Barton, Steven Walker","doi":"10.1183/20734735.0135-2023","DOIUrl":"10.1183/20734735.0135-2023","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common presentation, and there has been a recent surge of research into the condition. With the recent publication of the new British Thoracic Society guidelines and the upcoming European Respiratory Society guidelines, we provide a concise up-to-date summary of clinical learning points. In particular we focus on the role of conservative or ambulatory management, as well as treatment options for persistent air leak and guidance for when to refer to thoracic surgeons for the prevention of the recurrence of pneumothorax.</p><p><strong>Educational aims: </strong>To give up-to-date guidance on the acute management of spontaneous pneumothorax, including the role of conservative or ambulatory managementTo discuss the different treatment options for persistent air leak.To guide physicians on when to refer patients to thoracic surgeons for the prevention of the recurrence of pneumothorax.</p>","PeriodicalId":9292,"journal":{"name":"Breathe","volume":"19 4","pages":"230135"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10790175/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139477993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}