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Thoracic ultrasound for pneumothorax and infectious effusion: from equine beginnings to clinical cornerstone. 胸腔超声波治疗气胸和感染性渗出物:从马开始到临床基石。
IF 2 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0153-2023
Casper Falster, Elise Noël-Savina, Thomas Gille, Pia Pietersen

Routine clinical application of thoracic ultrasound has greatly enhanced the process of diagnosing and treating patients with pneumothorax and infectious effusion by minimising radiation exposure and facilitating prompt diagnosis https://bit.ly/3FO6jBg.

胸腔超声的常规临床应用极大地改进了气胸和感染性渗出患者的诊断和治疗过程,最大限度地减少了辐射暴露,并有助于及时诊断 https://bit.ly/3FO6jBg。
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引用次数: 0
A young boy with diabetic ketoacidosis and non-resolving pneumonia. 一名患有糖尿病酮症酸中毒和难治性肺炎的小男孩。
IF 2 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0161-2023
Rakesh Kodati, Narendra Kumar Narahari, Anuradha Tadepalli, Nishika Madireddy, Bhaskar Kakarla, Paramjyothi Gongati

Classic radiological signs of invasive fungal disease, especially pulmonary mucormycosis in a predisposed individual should alert the physician to initiate empiric anti-fungal therapy. https://bit.ly/40gt4Hm.

侵袭性真菌病的典型放射学症状,尤其是易感人群的肺粘孢子菌病,应提醒医生启动经验性抗真菌治疗。https://bit.ly/40gt4Hm。
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引用次数: 0
Diagnosing and managing pleural disease. 诊断和处理胸膜疾病。
IF 2.3 Q2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0230-2023
Brian D Kent

This issue of Breathe focuses on the management of pleural disease https://bit.ly/4a7dh1S.

本期《呼吸》聚焦胸膜疾病的治疗 https://bit.ly/4a7dh1S。
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引用次数: 0
Malignant pleural disease. 恶性胸膜疾病。
IF 2 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0145-2023
Laura M Piggott, Conor Hayes, John Greene, Deirdre B Fitzgerald

Malignant pleural disease represents a growing healthcare burden. Malignant pleural effusion affects approximately 1 million people globally per year, causes disabling breathlessness and indicates a shortened life expectancy. Timely diagnosis is imperative to relieve symptoms and optimise quality of life, and should give consideration to individual patient factors. This review aims to provide an overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis and suggested diagnostic pathways in malignant pleural disease, to outline management options for malignant pleural effusion and malignant pleural mesothelioma, highlighting the need for a holistic approach, and to discuss potential challenges including non-expandable lung and septated effusions.

恶性胸膜疾病造成的医疗负担日益加重。全球每年约有 100 万人受到恶性胸腔积液的影响,导致失能性呼吸困难,并预示着预期寿命的缩短。及时诊断是缓解症状、优化生活质量的当务之急,并应考虑患者的个体因素。本综述旨在概述恶性胸膜疾病的流行病学、发病机制和建议的诊断途径,概述恶性胸腔积液和恶性胸膜间皮瘤的治疗方案,强调综合治疗的必要性,并讨论包括肺不张和隔膜积液在内的潜在挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Chronic cough: is the end nigh? 慢性咳嗽:末日即将来临?
IF 2 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0165-2023
Barnaby Hirons, Richard Turner, Peter S P Cho, Surinder S Birring

Chronic cough (lasting more than 8 weeks) is a common condition with substantial psychosocial impact. Despite huge efforts following robust guidelines, chronic cough in many patients remains refractory or unexplained (RU-CC). Recent insights support a significant role for cough hypersensitivity in RU-CC, including neuropathophysiological evidence from inhalational cough challenge testing, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and airway nerve biopsy. Along with improved approaches to measuring cough, this knowledge has developed in tandem with repurposing neuromodulator medications, including gabapentin, and evidence for non-pharmacological treatments. Most significantly, there is now a pipeline for novel classes of drugs specifically for chronic cough. The P2X3 receptor antagonist gefapixant is the first such drug to be approved in Europe. However, challenges persist. The field of chronic cough needs more robust epidemiological data, enhanced diagnostic tools, further well-designed clinical trials accounting for the effects of placebo, and treatments with minimal side-effects. Addressing these challenges are novel chronic cough registries, improved International Classification of Diseases (10th revision) coding, genetic testing options and further mechanistic studies. This Viewpoint article discusses these facets and considers how, whilst the end of chronic cough may not be imminent for all patients, the evolving landscape looks increasingly optimistic.

慢性咳嗽(持续时间超过 8 周)是一种常见病,对社会心理有很大影响。尽管人们按照严格的指南做出了巨大努力,但许多患者的慢性咳嗽仍然是难治性或原因不明(RU-CC)。最近的研究表明,咳嗽超敏反应在 RU-CC 中起着重要作用,包括吸入性咳嗽挑战测试、功能磁共振成像和气道神经活检所提供的神经病理生理学证据。随着咳嗽测量方法的改进,这些知识也与包括加巴喷丁在内的神经调节药物的再利用以及非药物治疗的证据同步发展。最重要的是,现在已经有了专门治疗慢性咳嗽的新型药物。P2X3 受体拮抗剂 gefapixant 是欧洲批准的第一种此类药物。然而,挑战依然存在。慢性咳嗽领域需要更可靠的流行病学数据、更先进的诊断工具、进一步设计完善的临床试验(考虑安慰剂的影响)以及副作用最小的治疗方法。为应对这些挑战,需要建立新型慢性咳嗽登记处、改进国际疾病分类(第 10 次修订)编码、提供基因检测方案以及开展进一步的机理研究。这篇 "视点 "文章讨论了这些方面的问题,并认为虽然慢性咳嗽的终结对所有患者来说并非迫在眉睫,但不断发展的前景看起来越来越乐观。
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引用次数: 0
Preview of the Lung Science Conference 2024. 2024 年肺科学大会预览。
IF 2.3 Q2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0226-2023
Sara Cuevas Ocaña, Pauline Bardin, Rui Marçalo, Heleen Demeyer

LSC 2024 offers access to cutting-edge scientific sessions, the opportunity to network with international experts, the possibility to present and discuss the latest findings, and be mentored by ERS leaders. We are looking forward to welcoming you there! https://bit.ly/3Rxr7SH.

LSC 2024 提供了参加前沿科学会议的机会、与国际专家交流的机会、展示和讨论最新研究成果的机会,以及接受 ERS 领导指导的机会。我们期待您的光临!https://bit.ly/3Rxr7SH。
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引用次数: 0
The contemporary management of spontaneous pneumothorax in adults. 成人自发性气胸的现代治疗方法。
IF 2 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0135-2023
Matthew Shorthose, Eleanor Barton, Steven Walker

Spontaneous pneumothorax is a common presentation, and there has been a recent surge of research into the condition. With the recent publication of the new British Thoracic Society guidelines and the upcoming European Respiratory Society guidelines, we provide a concise up-to-date summary of clinical learning points. In particular we focus on the role of conservative or ambulatory management, as well as treatment options for persistent air leak and guidance for when to refer to thoracic surgeons for the prevention of the recurrence of pneumothorax.

Educational aims: To give up-to-date guidance on the acute management of spontaneous pneumothorax, including the role of conservative or ambulatory managementTo discuss the different treatment options for persistent air leak.To guide physicians on when to refer patients to thoracic surgeons for the prevention of the recurrence of pneumothorax.

自发性气胸是一种常见病,近年来对这种疾病的研究也在不断深入。最近,英国胸科学会发布了新的指南,欧洲呼吸学会也即将发布指南,因此我们提供了一份简明扼要的最新临床学习要点摘要。我们特别关注保守治疗或非卧床治疗的作用、持续漏气的治疗方案以及何时转诊胸外科医生以预防气胸复发的指导:就自发性气胸的急性处理提供最新指导,包括保守或非卧床处理的作用;讨论持续漏气的不同治疗方案;指导医生何时将患者转诊至胸外科医生以预防气胸复发。
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引用次数: 0
Use of exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis and monitoring of childhood asthma: myth or maxim? 在诊断和监测儿童哮喘时使用呼出的一氧化氮:神话还是格言?
IF 2 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0236-2022
Anna Fraser, Ruaraidh Simpson, Steve Turner

Asthma is a common condition in children. This review describes the evidence from the literature and international asthma guidelines for using fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) in the diagnosis and monitoring of childhood asthma. The accuracy of FENO measuring devices could be further improved, the difference in FENO results between devices are equivalent to what is considered a clinically important difference. For diagnosing asthma no guideline currently recommends FENO is used as the first test, but many recommend FENO as part of a series of tests. A cut-off of 35 ppb is widely recommended as being supportive of an asthma diagnosis, but evidence from children at risk of asthma suggests that a lower threshold of 25 ppb may be more appropriate. Nine randomised clinical trials including 1885 children have added FENO to usual asthma care and find that exacerbations are reduced when care is guided by FENO (OR for exacerbation compared to usual care 0.77, 95% CI 0.62-0.94). What is not clear is what cut-off(s) of FENO should be used to trigger a change in treatment. After 30 years of intensive research there is not sufficient evidence to recommend FENO for routine diagnosing and monitoring asthma in children.

Educational aims: To give the reader an overview of literature that supports and does not support the role of FENO in diagnosing asthma in children.To give the reader an overview of literature that supports and does not support the role of FENO in monitoring asthma in children.To give the reader an understanding of the role of FENO in international guidelines for diagnosing and monitoring asthma in children.

哮喘是一种常见的儿童疾病。本综述介绍了文献和国际哮喘指南中关于使用分数呼出一氧化氮(FENO)诊断和监测儿童哮喘的证据。FENO 测量设备的准确性有待进一步提高,不同设备之间的 FENO 结果差异相当于临床上的重要差异。在诊断哮喘方面,目前没有任何指南建议将 FENO 作为首次检测,但许多指南建议将 FENO 作为一系列检测的一部分。35 ppb 的临界值被广泛推荐为哮喘诊断的支持性指标,但来自哮喘高危儿童的证据表明,25 ppb 的较低临界值可能更为合适。包括 1885 名儿童在内的九项随机临床试验在常规哮喘护理的基础上增加了 FENO,结果发现,在 FENO 的指导下进行护理可减少病情恶化(与常规护理相比,病情恶化的 OR 值为 0.77,95% CI 为 0.62-0.94)。目前尚不清楚的是,应该使用哪种 FENO 临界值来触发治疗的改变。经过 30 年的深入研究,目前还没有足够的证据建议将 FENO 用于儿童哮喘的常规诊断和监测:向读者概述支持和不支持 FENO 在诊断儿童哮喘中的作用的文献。向读者概述支持和不支持 FENO 在监测儿童哮喘中的作用的文献。
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引用次数: 0
The European Respiratory Society led training programme improves self-reported competency and increases the use of thoracic ultrasound. 欧洲呼吸学会主导的培训计划提高了自我报告的能力,并增加了胸部超声波的使用。
IF 2.3 Q2 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-16 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0160-2023
Pia Iben Pietersen, Lars Konge, Rahul Bhatnagar, Marek Slavicky, Najib M Rahman, Nick Maskell, Laurence Crombag, Nathalie Tabin, Christian B Laursen, Anders Bo Nielsen

Thoracic ultrasound has become a well-implemented diagnostic tool for assessment and monitoring of patients with respiratory symptoms or disease. However, ultrasound examinations are user dependent and sufficient competencies are needed. The European Respiratory Society (ERS) hosts a structured and evidence-based training programme in thoracic ultrasound. This study aimed to explore and discuss the self-reported activity and self-reported competency of the participants during the ERS course. Online surveys were sent to the training programme participants before the second part of the course (practical part of the course), and before and 3 months after the third part of the course (final certification exam). A total of 77 participants completed the surveys. The self-reported frequency of thoracic ultrasound examinations increased during the course, and in the final survey more than 90% of the participants used thoracic ultrasound on weekly basis. The self-reported competency (on technical execution of the thoracic ultrasound examination and overall competency) also increased. The ERS thoracic ultrasound training programme forms the basis of broad theoretical knowledge and sufficient practical skills that seem to lead to behavioural changes, whereby a large proportion of the participants implemented ultrasound in their clinical practice.

胸腔超声已成为一种应用广泛的诊断工具,用于评估和监测有呼吸道症状或疾病的患者。然而,超声波检查依赖于使用者,需要足够的能力。欧洲呼吸学会(ERS)主办了一项结构严谨、以证据为基础的胸部超声培训计划。本研究旨在探讨和讨论 ERS 课程期间学员的自我报告活动和自我报告能力。在第二部分课程(课程的实践部分)之前、第三部分课程(最终认证考试)之前和之后三个月,向培训课程的学员发送了在线调查问卷。共有 77 名学员完成了调查。自我报告的胸部超声检查频率在课程期间有所增加,在最后的调查中,超过 90% 的学员每周都使用胸部超声检查。学员自我报告的能力(胸部超声检查的技术执行能力和整体能力)也有所提高。ERS 胸部超声培训课程为学员提供了广博的理论知识和充足的实践技能,这似乎能改变学员的行为,使大部分学员在临床实践中使用超声检查。
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引用次数: 0
A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions in resource-constrained settings. 在资源有限的情况下诊断和管理恶性胸腔积液的实用方法。
IF 2 Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.0140-2023
Jane A Shaw, Elizabeth H Louw, Coenraad F N Koegelenberg

No pleural intervention in a patient with confirmed malignant pleural effusion (MPE) prolongs life, but even the recommended interventions for diagnosis and palliation can be costly and therefore unavailable in large parts of the world. However, there is good evidence to guide clinicians working in low- and middle-income countries on the most cost-effective and clinically effective strategies for the diagnosis and management of MPE. Transthoracic ultrasound-guided closed pleural biopsy is a safe method of pleural biopsy with a diagnostic yield approaching that of thoracoscopy. With the use of pleural fluid cytology and ultrasound-guided biopsy, ≥90% of cases can be diagnosed. Cases with an associated mass lesion are best suited to an ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration with/without core needle biopsy. Those with diffuse pleural thickening and/or nodularity should have an Abrams needle (<1 cm thickening) or core needle (≥1 cm thickening) biopsy of the area of interest. Those with insignificant pleural thickening should have an ultrasound-guided Abrams needle biopsy close to the diaphragm. The goals of management are to alleviate dyspnoea, prevent re-accumulation of the pleural effusion and minimise re-admissions to hospital. As the most cost-effective strategy, we suggest early use of indwelling pleural catheters with daily drainage for 14 days, followed by talc pleurodesis if the lung expands. The insertion of an intercostal drain with talc slurry is an alternative strategy which is noninferior to thoracoscopy with talc poudrage.

Educational aims: To provide clinicians practising in resource-constrained settings with a practical evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions.To explain how to perform an ultrasound-guided closed pleural biopsy.To explain the cost-effective use of indwelling pleural catheters.

对确诊为恶性胸腔积液(MPE)的患者进行任何胸腔干预都不会延长患者的生命,但即使是推荐的诊断和缓解干预措施也可能成本高昂,因此在世界上大部分地区都无法获得。不过,有充分的证据可以指导中低收入国家的临床医生采用最具成本效益和临床效果的策略来诊断和治疗 MPE。经胸超声引导封闭式胸膜活检是一种安全的胸膜活检方法,其诊断率接近胸腔镜检查。通过胸腔积液细胞学检查和超声引导下活检,≥90%的病例可以确诊。伴有肿块病变的病例最适合在超声引导下进行细针穿刺活检。有弥漫性胸膜增厚和/或结节的病例应进行艾氏针穿刺(教育目的:为资源有限的临床医生提供一个良好的学习机会:为在资源有限的环境中执业的临床医生提供实用的循证方法,用于诊断和管理恶性胸腔积液。解释如何在超声引导下进行闭合胸膜活检。
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引用次数: 0
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