Copolymerisation of styrene and isoprene by constant potential electrolysis in dichloromethane was achieved at different polymerisation potentials. Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the rate and the yield of polymerisation has been discussed. The composition of the copolymers was found to be affected by the vibration as well as the polymerisation potential (Epol). At Epol=+3.30 V we found that r1=r2 and mole percents of isoprene and styrene in copolymer were equal to each other. Equality was also observed on reacted monomer concentrations, at that potential, which can be called critical polymerisation potential. At Epol values above or below the critical polymerisation potential none of the above-mentioned properties were equal. Monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the integrated Lewis-Mayo equation. Ultrasonic vibration as well as polymerisation potential was found to affect reactivity ratios.
{"title":"Effects of ultrasonic vibration on the electroinitiated copolymerisation of styrene and isoprene","authors":"U. Akbulut, L. Toppare, B. Yurttaş","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180415","url":null,"abstract":"Copolymerisation of styrene and isoprene by constant potential electrolysis in dichloromethane was achieved at different polymerisation potentials. Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the rate and the yield of polymerisation has been discussed. The composition of the copolymers was found to be affected by the vibration as well as the polymerisation potential (Epol). At Epol=+3.30 V we found that r1=r2 and mole percents of isoprene and styrene in copolymer were equal to each other. Equality was also observed on reacted monomer concentrations, at that potential, which can be called critical polymerisation potential. At Epol values above or below the critical polymerisation potential none of the above-mentioned properties were equal. Monomer reactivity ratios were determined by the integrated Lewis-Mayo equation. Ultrasonic vibration as well as polymerisation potential was found to affect reactivity ratios.","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83894721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Introduction to microlithography. Edited by L. F. Thompson, C. G . Willson and M. J. Bowden, ACS Symposium Series No. 219, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1983. pp. ix + 363, price £42.95 (USA & Cunada), $51.95 (export). ISBN 0-8412-0775-5","authors":"L. Thompson, J. Cowie","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180426","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73279414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ring-opening polymerization: Kinetics, mechanisms and synthesis. Edited by J. E. McGrath, ACS Symposium Series No. 286, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1985. pp. ix + 398, price $74.95 (USA & Canada), $89.95 (export) ISBN 0-8412-0926-X","authors":"K. J. Ivin","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180416","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75262511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Colloidal phenomena—advanced topics. C. S. Hirtzel and Raj Rajagopalan, Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1985. pp. xv + 318, price $36.00 ISBN 0-8155-1013-X","authors":"J. Gregory","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180433","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73958010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Polymers in medicine: Biochemical and pharmacological applications, (Polymer science & technology, Volume 23). Edited by E. Chiellini and P. Guisti, Plenum Press, New York, 1983. pp. x + 420, price $69.00 ($57.50 USA & Canada). ISBN 0‐306‐41360‐4","authors":"C. Finch","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180418","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77091876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The diffusion of water into typical epoxide and polyester materials has been studied as a function of temperature, temperature cycles and polymer structure. A reversible uptake characterised by a diffusion coefficient and an equilibrium absorption was accompanied by an irreversible water uptake due to hydrolysis. Polyesters showed a pronounced tendency to degradation, particularly above room temperature. This preliminary investigation was conducted within the broader scope of a study dealing with the feasibility of embedding nuclear wastes in polymer matrices. The results obtained thus far are encouraging, notably with epoxide networks.
{"title":"Behaviour of Composites Used in the Confinement of Nuclear Wastes 1 ‐ Water Absorption of Polymer Matrices","authors":"E. Nicaise, A. Gandini, H. Cheradame","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180409","url":null,"abstract":"The diffusion of water into typical epoxide and polyester materials has been studied as a function of temperature, temperature cycles and polymer structure. A reversible uptake characterised by a diffusion coefficient and an equilibrium absorption was accompanied by an irreversible water uptake due to hydrolysis. Polyesters showed a pronounced tendency to degradation, particularly above room temperature. This preliminary investigation was conducted within the broader scope of a study dealing with the feasibility of embedding nuclear wastes in polymer matrices. The results obtained thus far are encouraging, notably with epoxide networks.","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75373650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A theoretical and experimental analysis of the preferred conformations of homo-peptides from Cα,α-dialkylated glycines revealed that these compounds are characterised by a marked structural versatility. Fully extended (C5-conformations). folded (of theβ-bend type), and 310-helical structures are adopted as a function of side-chain nature. Dimethylated and cyclic side chains favour folded and helical structures, whereas diethylated and longer acyclic side chains favour the fully extended structure. By means of conformational energy calculations the preferred screw sense of the helical structure of homo-peptides from a representative chiral acyclic residue is also anticipated.
{"title":"Structural Versatility of Homo‐peptides from Cα,α‐dialkylated Glycines","authors":"C. Toniolo","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180404","url":null,"abstract":"A theoretical and experimental analysis of the preferred conformations of homo-peptides from Cα,α-dialkylated glycines revealed that these compounds are characterised by a marked structural versatility. Fully extended (C5-conformations). folded (of theβ-bend type), and 310-helical structures are adopted as a function of side-chain nature. Dimethylated and cyclic side chains favour folded and helical structures, whereas diethylated and longer acyclic side chains favour the fully extended structure. By means of conformational energy calculations the preferred screw sense of the helical structure of homo-peptides from a representative chiral acyclic residue is also anticipated.","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74538648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The analysis of polymers by direct mass spectrometry is reviewed, and the principles of the method and some experimental aspects are discussed. Both pyrolysis and desorption methods are described. The mass spectrometric method provides the characterisation of intractable materials and their detection at the submicrogram level; the simultaneous identification and detection of additives or oligomers contained in polymer samples; the identification of components of polymer mixtures, the sequential analysis of copolymers; the identification of the primary thermal fragmentation products of polymers. Direct mass spectrometry has been widely applied to the structural analysis of synthetic and natural polymers. Published work covers nearly all classes of polymers.
{"title":"Direct Mass Spectrometry of Polymers","authors":"G. Montaudo","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180406","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of polymers by direct mass spectrometry is reviewed, and the principles of the method and some experimental aspects are discussed. Both pyrolysis and desorption methods are described. The mass spectrometric method provides the characterisation of intractable materials and their detection at the submicrogram level; the simultaneous identification and detection of additives or oligomers contained in polymer samples; the identification of components of polymer mixtures, the sequential analysis of copolymers; the identification of the primary thermal fragmentation products of polymers. Direct mass spectrometry has been widely applied to the structural analysis of synthetic and natural polymers. Published work covers nearly all classes of polymers.","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77699970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Peptide and protein reviews, Volume 3. Edited by M. T. W. Hearn, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984. pp. 225, price $63.00. ISBN 0-8247-7241-5","authors":"B. Malcolm","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180424","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180424","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80353917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The synthesis of polymeric photoinitiators having side-chain cyclohexylphenylketone as well as benzophenone moieties at different distances from the backbone is described. Study of the activity of the former systems, in the ultraviolet initiated polymerisation of acrylic monomers, indicates that a remarkable increase in the polymerisation rate is observed when the cyclohexylphenylketone chromophore is attached to the main chain through an ethereal linkage rather than an ester group. In the case of the latter systems, considerable improvement is observed in the photoinitiating activity with respect to the corresponding low molecular weight model compounds in the polymerisation of acrylic monomers. Moreover, in general the copolymers of benzophenone-containing monomers show higher activity than the corresponding homopolymers. These results are discussed in terms of photoexcitation energy migration along the polymer chain, as well as of intramolecular hydrogen abstraction from both main and side chains. This last occurrence seems to be the main activation process, as suggested by a strict correlation between activity and hydrogen-donating properties of the co-units in the copolymers, Photophysical evidence supporting this point is also reported. Finally, the synthesis of polymeric photoinitiators, containing both benzophenone and tertiary amine groups in the same macromolecule, has been accomplished via copolymerisation of 4-acryloxybenzophenone with 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)styrene. Preliminary data concerning photoinitiating activity of these last copolymers indicate that conformational mobility affects the formation capability of exciplexes and then the activity itself.
{"title":"Polymeric Photoinitiators Containing Side-chain Ketoaromatic Moieties for Fast Ultraviolet Initiated Polymerisation of Acrylic Monomers","authors":"C. Carlini","doi":"10.1002/PI.4980180407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/PI.4980180407","url":null,"abstract":"The synthesis of polymeric photoinitiators having side-chain cyclohexylphenylketone as well as benzophenone moieties at different distances from the backbone is described. Study of the activity of the former systems, in the ultraviolet initiated polymerisation of acrylic monomers, indicates that a remarkable increase in the polymerisation rate is observed when the cyclohexylphenylketone chromophore is attached to the main chain through an ethereal linkage rather than an ester group. In the case of the latter systems, considerable improvement is observed in the photoinitiating activity with respect to the corresponding low molecular weight model compounds in the polymerisation of acrylic monomers. Moreover, in general the copolymers of benzophenone-containing monomers show higher activity than the corresponding homopolymers. These results are discussed in terms of photoexcitation energy migration along the polymer chain, as well as of intramolecular hydrogen abstraction from both main and side chains. This last occurrence seems to be the main activation process, as suggested by a strict correlation between activity and hydrogen-donating properties of the co-units in the copolymers, Photophysical evidence supporting this point is also reported. Finally, the synthesis of polymeric photoinitiators, containing both benzophenone and tertiary amine groups in the same macromolecule, has been accomplished via copolymerisation of 4-acryloxybenzophenone with 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)styrene. Preliminary data concerning photoinitiating activity of these last copolymers indicate that conformational mobility affects the formation capability of exciplexes and then the activity itself.","PeriodicalId":9298,"journal":{"name":"British Polymer Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89241817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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