Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.15.0018
J. Piedrahita, K. Moore, C. Lee, B. Oetamau, B. Weaks, J. Ramsoondar, J. Thomson, J. Vásquez
The development of new technologies that would increase the efficiency for generation of transgenic livestock and would overcome some of the problems associated with random insertion of the transgene will greatly benefit animal agriculture. A potential alternative technology to pronuclear injection for the generation of transgenic pigs involves the isolation, culture and genetic manipulation of cell lines that can be reintroduced into the embryo for participation in the formation of the germ cells We have isolated and cultured pig primordial germ cells (PGC) while maintaining them in an undifferentiated state as determined by morphology and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. More importantly, PGC-derived cells were stably transformed with the green fluorescent protein .marker driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter. After visual identification of transgenic colonies, the pluripotential characteristics of the transgenic PGC-derived cells were tested by chirnaera formation and to date we have identified, by genomic Southern blots, two chimaeric fetuses that contain tissues with the transgene incorporated into their chromosomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a chimaeric transgenic pig fetus obtained via a cultured cell line.
{"title":"Advances in the generation of transgenic pigs via embryo-derived and primordial germ cell-derived cells","authors":"J. Piedrahita, K. Moore, C. Lee, B. Oetamau, B. Weaks, J. Ramsoondar, J. Thomson, J. Vásquez","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.15.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.15.0018","url":null,"abstract":"The development of new technologies that would increase the efficiency for generation of transgenic livestock and would overcome some of the problems associated with random insertion of the transgene will greatly benefit animal agriculture. A potential alternative technology to pronuclear injection for the generation of transgenic pigs involves the isolation, culture and genetic manipulation of cell lines that can be reintroduced into the embryo for participation in the formation of the germ cells We have isolated and cultured pig primordial germ cells (PGC) while maintaining them in an undifferentiated state as determined by morphology and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. More importantly, PGC-derived cells were stably transformed with the green fluorescent protein .marker driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter. After visual identification of transgenic colonies, the pluripotential characteristics of the transgenic PGC-derived cells were tested by chirnaera formation and to date we have identified, by genomic Southern blots, two chimaeric fetuses that contain tissues with the transgene incorporated into their chromosomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a chimaeric transgenic pig fetus obtained via a cultured cell line.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41246306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0026
W. G. Hill, A. Webb
Reproductive performance depends both on the genotype of the pig and the environment which it encounters. Some aspects of this environment, for example the feeding regime, can be specified; other random factors affecting individual pigs cannot. Similarly, there are genetic differences among breeds and animals of the same breed such that there is both genetic and non-genetic variability between pigs of the same breed under the same management system. For traits of reproduction, such as litter size, and its components, such as ovulation rate and embryonic survival, genetic variability is due to segregation of many genes which have, presumably, different effects on each trait and also exist with different frequencies in the population. Whatever type of management system, feeding regime and disease control the pig producer adopts, he can still benefit from the best choice of breeds and crosses among them, and from genetic changes within them. Genetic and non-genetic improvement are not alternatives for they can, and should, proceed together. An awareness of genetic differences may also enable the research worker in other disciplines to use them to advantage in his experiments or, at least, not confound genetic and other effects. Firstly in this chapter some of the evidence on genetic variability in reproductive performance is reviewed and then consideration is given to how it is being used in genetic improvement programmes and how it might be used in the future. Most of the information refers to simple measures such as litter size because data on some aspects, e.g. reproductive performance, are scanty. It is necessary to distinguish between genetic differences in performance observed among and within identifiable populations. These populations can be different breeds, or lines of the same breeds in different herds, as long as they can be identified so that stock can be repeatably drawn from them. For example, breed differences in litter size reflect deviations in the frequency of genes affecting litter size among the populations, and can be utilized by selection between them. However, once this selection is made and populations substituted, the gains are maintained without further cost,
{"title":"Genetics of Reproduction in The Pig","authors":"W. G. Hill, A. Webb","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Reproductive performance depends both on the genotype of the pig and the environment which it encounters. Some aspects of this environment, for example the feeding regime, can be specified; other random factors affecting individual pigs cannot. Similarly, there are genetic differences among breeds and animals of the same breed such that there is both genetic and non-genetic variability between pigs of the same breed under the same management system. For traits of reproduction, such as litter size, and its components, such as ovulation rate and embryonic survival, genetic variability is due to segregation of many genes which have, presumably, different effects on each trait and also exist with different frequencies in the population. Whatever type of management system, feeding regime and disease control the pig producer adopts, he can still benefit from the best choice of breeds and crosses among them, and from genetic changes within them. Genetic and non-genetic improvement are not alternatives for they can, and should, proceed together. An awareness of genetic differences may also enable the research worker in other disciplines to use them to advantage in his experiments or, at least, not confound genetic and other effects. Firstly in this chapter some of the evidence on genetic variability in reproductive performance is reviewed and then consideration is given to how it is being used in genetic improvement programmes and how it might be used in the future. Most of the information refers to simple measures such as litter size because data on some aspects, e.g. reproductive performance, are scanty. It is necessary to distinguish between genetic differences in performance observed among and within identifiable populations. These populations can be different breeds, or lines of the same breeds in different herds, as long as they can be identified so that stock can be repeatably drawn from them. For example, breed differences in litter size reflect deviations in the frequency of genes affecting litter size among the populations, and can be utilized by selection between them. However, once this selection is made and populations substituted, the gains are maintained without further cost,","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48883409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.18.0009
J. Morrell, F. Saravia, W. M. van, H. Rodríguez-Martínez, M. Wallgren
{"title":"The search for the Booroola (FecB) mutation","authors":"J. Morrell, F. Saravia, W. M. van, H. Rodríguez-Martínez, M. Wallgren","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.18.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.18.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43448252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0028
P. Hemsworth
Social environment is generally considered to consist of visual, tactile, olfactory, auditory and other stimuli which together form the means of communication between individual animals of a species. The role of the ' social environment on reproduction of domestic animals is a relatively recent topic for research but with recent developments in animal production it is assuming greater importance. Intensification of animal production has and will continue to produce marked changes in the social environment of the animal and thus it is essential that scientists, advisers and producers are aware of its role in reproduction. In a review of reproductive disorders of pigs, Wrathall (1975) suggested that many of the disorders encountered in intensive pig production originate from neglect or ignorance of the importance of social factors. Thus, failure to provide an environment in which reproduction can proceed naturally and efficiently will result in reproductive failure. It is the object of this chapter to review the current state of knowledge of the role of the social environment on reproduction of the boar, gilt and sow.
{"title":"Social Environment and Reproduction","authors":"P. Hemsworth","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0028","url":null,"abstract":"Social environment is generally considered to consist of visual, tactile, olfactory, auditory and other stimuli which together form the means of communication between individual animals of a species. The role of the ' social environment on reproduction of domestic animals is a relatively recent topic for research but with recent developments in animal production it is assuming greater importance. Intensification of animal production has and will continue to produce marked changes in the social environment of the animal and thus it is essential that scientists, advisers and producers are aware of its role in reproduction. In a review of reproductive disorders of pigs, Wrathall (1975) suggested that many of the disorders encountered in intensive pig production originate from neglect or ignorance of the importance of social factors. Thus, failure to provide an environment in which reproduction can proceed naturally and efficiently will result in reproductive failure. It is the object of this chapter to review the current state of knowledge of the role of the social environment on reproduction of the boar, gilt and sow.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48955390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.16.0009
H. Woelders, A. Matthijs
{"title":"The search for the Booroola (FecB) mutation","authors":"H. Woelders, A. Matthijs","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.16.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.16.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45354107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.18.0018
N. Soede, W. Hazeleger, R. Gerritsen, P. Langendijk, B. Kemp
A number of lactation management strategies can be applied to reduce negative effects of lactation on post-weaning fertility. This paper focuses on effects of lactation length, Intermittent Suckling and Split Weaning on follicle development and subsequent oestrus. It is concluded that a lactation length of less than 3 weeks still leads to suboptimal reproductive performance in our modern sows. Further, both Intermittent Suckling and Split Weaning stimulate lactational follicle development and oestrus, but the variation in response between sows still limits practical application.
{"title":"Ovarian responses to laetation management strategies","authors":"N. Soede, W. Hazeleger, R. Gerritsen, P. Langendijk, B. Kemp","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.18.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.18.0018","url":null,"abstract":"A number of lactation management strategies can be applied to reduce negative effects of lactation on post-weaning fertility. This paper focuses on effects of lactation length, Intermittent Suckling and Split Weaning on follicle development and subsequent oestrus. It is concluded that a lactation length of less than 3 weeks still leads to suboptimal reproductive performance in our modern sows. Further, both Intermittent Suckling and Split Weaning stimulate lactational follicle development and oestrus, but the variation in response between sows still limits practical application.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48868110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0013
A. Flint, P. Saunders, A. J. Ziecikt
One of the most important economic considerations for the commercial pig breeder is the number of pigs marketed per sow per year. With adequate nutritional and environmental regimes, the realization of maximal productivity is limited by the sow's reproductive potential, which in theory can be increased by reducing the farrowing interval (for instance through early weaning) and by achieving a high litter size (by raising ovulation rate and reducing embryonic, perinatal and pre-weaning losses). For a given ovulation tate, litter size is determined by losses at fertilization, during gestation and in the perinatal period. Of these, loss during gestation is quantitatively the most relevant; the majority of this loss occurs before or during embryogenesis, and is termed embryonic mortality. It has been known for some time that embryonic mortality is relatively high in the pig (Hammond, 1914; Corner, 1923; Perry, 1954; Hanly, 1961;
{"title":"Blastocyst–Endometriuminteractions and Their Significance in Embryonic Mortality","authors":"A. Flint, P. Saunders, A. J. Ziecikt","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.11.0013","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most important economic considerations for the commercial pig breeder is the number of pigs marketed per sow per year. With adequate nutritional and environmental regimes, the realization of maximal productivity is limited by the sow's reproductive potential, which in theory can be increased by reducing the farrowing interval (for instance through early weaning) and by achieving a high litter size (by raising ovulation rate and reducing embryonic, perinatal and pre-weaning losses). For a given ovulation tate, litter size is determined by losses at fertilization, during gestation and in the perinatal period. Of these, loss during gestation is quantitatively the most relevant; the majority of this loss occurs before or during embryogenesis, and is termed embryonic mortality. It has been known for some time that embryonic mortality is relatively high in the pig (Hammond, 1914; Corner, 1923; Perry, 1954; Hanly, 1961;","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47377470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-12DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.11.009
F. Ellendorff, N. Parvizi
Domestic animals have been recognized as Nobel prize winning sources of biological material. For example, the ox served to identify oxytocin (du Vingneaud, Barlett and Johl, 1954), the sheep (Burgus et at , 1971) and the pig (Schally et al. , 1971) to characterize gonadotrophin releasing hormones. 'As yet physiologists, in particular neuro-endocrinologists, have only taken limited advantage of them experimentally. Since this symposium is devoted.to pig reproduction, we shall attempt to present what is
{"title":"The Central Nervous System and The Control of Pituitary Hormone Release in The Pig","authors":"F. Ellendorff, N. Parvizi","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.11.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"Domestic animals have been recognized as Nobel prize winning sources of biological material. For example, the ox served to identify oxytocin (du Vingneaud, Barlett and Johl, 1954), the sheep (Burgus et at , 1971) and the pig (Schally et al. , 1971) to characterize gonadotrophin releasing hormones. 'As yet physiologists, in particular neuro-endocrinologists, have only taken limited advantage of them experimentally. Since this symposium is devoted.to pig reproduction, we shall attempt to present what is","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42133007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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