Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0001
R. Krisher
There is still much we do not understand about the metabolic requirements of oocytes and embryos. Their remarkable metabolic plasticity during in vitro culture has hampered our ability to make significant advances in culture media design that would better support optimal physiology. A new tool, metabolomics, may revolutionize what we know about the interactions between embryos and their culture environment. Armed with this knowledge, we may design more effective culture systems as well as discover metabolic biomarkers that predict oocyte and embryo viability. The objectives of this review are to introduce oocyte and embryo metabolism, review the current state of knowledge in the field, discuss the possibility that oocyte and embryo metabolism is significantly more complex than we have previously realized, examine a metabolomics dataset, and discuss how metabolomics may play a role in furthering our understanding of this exciting field that so significantly impacts the success of in vitro embryo production.
{"title":"Oocyte and embryo metabolomics","authors":"R. Krisher","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0001","url":null,"abstract":"There is still much we do not understand about the metabolic requirements of oocytes and embryos. Their remarkable metabolic plasticity during in vitro culture has hampered our ability to make significant advances in culture media design that would better support optimal physiology. A new tool, metabolomics, may revolutionize what we know about the interactions between embryos and their culture environment. Armed with this knowledge, we may design more effective culture systems as well as discover metabolic biomarkers that predict oocyte and embryo viability. The objectives of this review are to introduce oocyte and embryo metabolism, review the current state of knowledge in the field, discuss the possibility that oocyte and embryo metabolism is significantly more complex than we have previously realized, examine a metabolomics dataset, and discuss how metabolomics may play a role in furthering our understanding of this exciting field that so significantly impacts the success of in vitro embryo production.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49471829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.019
A. Honaramooz
In 2002, we reported that small fragments of testis tissue from immature mouse, pig or goat donors grafted in recipient mice undergo development, maturation and complete spermatogenesis, including the generation of fertilisation-competent murine, porcine or caprine sperm. Testis tissue xenografting (TTX) was then successfully applied using a range of donor species including laboratory/domestic/non-domestic animals and primates. This system offers a novel in vivo model for the study of testis function, and a previously unavailable opportunity to produce sperm in the grafts from immature donors of diverse species. The TTX model also provides easier access for experimental manipulation of the grafted testis tissue or its environment in the recipient mouse; something that is not feasible in many donor species. This application will allow analysis of, for instance, the effects of new hormone regimens, drugs or toxicants on testis function, without experimentation in the target species. Grafting of fresh or preserved testis tissue also can be used as an invaluable tool for the conservation of fertility from immature individuals of valuable or endangered animals. Reviewed here are an overview of the contributions by the author and colleagues and a critical examination of the salient literature on TTX especially using ruminant donors, as well as examples of its variety of current and potential applications for research in male reproductive biology and technologies using ruminant models. The challenges facing optimisation of TTX model as well as its field/experimental uses, along with insights and suggested remedies, are also discussed.
{"title":"Potential and challenges of testis tissue xenografting from diverse ruminant species","authors":"A. Honaramooz","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.019","url":null,"abstract":"In 2002, we reported that small fragments of testis tissue from immature mouse, pig or goat donors grafted in recipient mice undergo development, maturation and complete spermatogenesis, including the generation of fertilisation-competent murine, porcine or caprine sperm. Testis tissue xenografting (TTX) was then successfully applied using a range of donor species including laboratory/domestic/non-domestic animals and primates. This system offers a novel in vivo model for the study of testis function, and a previously unavailable opportunity to produce sperm in the grafts from immature donors of diverse species. The TTX model also provides easier access for experimental manipulation of the grafted testis tissue or its environment in the recipient mouse; something that is not feasible in many donor species. This application will allow analysis of, for instance, the effects of new hormone regimens, drugs or toxicants on testis function, without experimentation in the target species. Grafting of fresh or preserved testis tissue also can be used as an invaluable tool for the conservation of fertility from immature individuals of valuable or endangered animals. Reviewed here are an overview of the contributions by the author and colleagues and a critical examination of the salient literature on TTX especially using ruminant donors, as well as examples of its variety of current and potential applications for research in male reproductive biology and technologies using ruminant models. The challenges facing optimisation of TTX model as well as its field/experimental uses, along with insights and suggested remedies, are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41513546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.033
Graeme Martin, Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
Changes in the nutrition of mature rams and goat bucks lead to profound responses in testicular size and therefore the rate of production of spermatozoa. These effects are largely due to changes in the size of the seminiferous tubules and in the efficiency of spermatogenesis. With the exception of severe undernutrition, the effects on spermatogenic function are not accompanied by similar changes in endocrine function of the testes, as measured by the production of testosterone or inhibin. In rams, moderate changes in nutrition affect gonadotrophin secretion for only a few weeks, whereas testicular growth is affected for several months. In mature male goats during the non-breeding season, nutrition-induced testicular growth does not seem to be associated with a gonadotrophin response. Such observations have led us to develop the hypothesis that nutrition-driven testicular growth is at least partly independent of changes in gonadotrophin secretion. The energetic components of the diet, rather than the protein content, seem to be responsible for affecting gonadotrophin secretion in rams. The volatile fatty acids, and not glucose, are the active factors, although intracerebral insulin may also play a role. Where these substrates act and whether they are also involved in the gonadotrophin-independent pathways requires testing. In conclusion, nutritional signals exert powerful effects on the reproductive system of mature male ruminants, and the responses are partly independent of changes in gonadotrophin secretion. In the gonads, the gametogenic tissue responds rapidly to changes in nutrition, but the endocrine compartments are less affected. Variations in the expression of the nutritional responses among sexes, breeds and species probably reflect variations in the role of this environmental factor as a modulator of reproductive function.
{"title":"Nutritional influences on reproduction in mature male sheep and goats","authors":"Graeme Martin, Stephen W. Walkden-Brown","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.033","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in the nutrition of mature rams and goat bucks lead to profound responses in testicular size and therefore the rate of production of spermatozoa. These effects are largely due to changes in the size of the seminiferous tubules and in the efficiency of spermatogenesis. With the exception of severe undernutrition, the effects on spermatogenic function are not accompanied by similar changes in endocrine function of the testes, as measured by the production of testosterone or inhibin. In rams, moderate changes in nutrition affect gonadotrophin secretion for only a few weeks, whereas testicular growth is affected for several months. In mature male goats during the non-breeding season, nutrition-induced testicular growth does not seem to be associated with a gonadotrophin response. Such observations have led us to develop the hypothesis that nutrition-driven testicular growth is at least partly independent of changes in gonadotrophin secretion. The energetic components of the diet, rather than the protein content, seem to be responsible for affecting gonadotrophin secretion in rams. The volatile fatty acids, and not glucose, are the active factors, although intracerebral insulin may also play a role. Where these substrates act and whether they are also involved in the gonadotrophin-independent pathways requires testing. In conclusion, nutritional signals exert powerful effects on the reproductive system of mature male ruminants, and the responses are partly independent of changes in gonadotrophin secretion. In the gonads, the gametogenic tissue responds rapidly to changes in nutrition, but the endocrine compartments are less affected. Variations in the expression of the nutritional responses among sexes, breeds and species probably reflect variations in the role of this environmental factor as a modulator of reproductive function.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49262427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0006
R. Prather, A. Brown, L. Spate, B. Redel, K. Whitworth, J. Whyte
{"title":"Transcriptional profiling of oocyte maturation and embryonic development elucidates metabolism and control of development","authors":"R. Prather, A. Brown, L. Spate, B. Redel, K. Whitworth, J. Whyte","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45082155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0020
J. Frank, F. Bazer, R. Burghardt, K. Bayless, G. A. Johnson
{"title":"Integrin α is necessary for the attachment of trophectoderm cells to osteopontin to mediate adhesion of the conceptus to the uterus during implantation in pigs","authors":"J. Frank, F. Bazer, R. Burghardt, K. Bayless, G. A. Johnson","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45438621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0003
W. Flowers, K. Stewart, T. Gal, S. Novak, M. Dyck, R. Kirkwood, H. Nagase, D. Woolley
1Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA; 2TriOak Foods, Inc., Oakville, IA 52646; 3Swine Reproduction-Development Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada; 4R.N. Kirkwood, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
1北卡罗来纳州立大学动物科学系，北卡罗来纳州罗利27695-7621;2TriOak Foods, Inc.， Oakville, IA 52646;3加拿大阿尔伯塔大学农业、食品与营养科学系，加拿大埃德蒙顿t6g2p5;4沃特。柯克伍德，动物和兽医科学学院，阿德莱德大学，罗斯沃西，SA 5371，澳大利亚
{"title":"Boar seminal plasma proteins and their relevance to reproductive technologies","authors":"W. Flowers, K. Stewart, T. Gal, S. Novak, M. Dyck, R. Kirkwood, H. Nagase, D. Woolley","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0003","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA; 2TriOak Foods, Inc., Oakville, IA 52646; 3Swine Reproduction-Development Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada; 4R.N. Kirkwood, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42887288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.017
M. Madan, B. Prakash
{"title":"Reproductive endocrinology and biotechnology applications among buffaloes","authors":"M. Madan, B. Prakash","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43901790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.014
G. Bó, L. Cutaia, L. Peres, D. Pindnato, D. Marana, P. Baruselli
{"title":"Technologies for fixed-time artificial insemination and their influence on reproductive performance of Bos indicus cattle","authors":"G. Bó, L. Cutaia, L. Peres, D. Pindnato, D. Marana, P. Baruselli","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46365597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0015
P. Langendijk, O. Peltoniemi
{"title":"How does nutrition influence luteal function and early embryo survival","authors":"P. Langendijk, O. Peltoniemi","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.19.0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46438940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.003
L. Salamonsen, H. Nagase, D. Woolley
Trophoblast invasiveness in ruminants is limited to fusion of migrating binucleate cells with uterine epithelium, but considerable tissue remodelling and angiogenesis occurs within the endometrium at implantation. Such processes are elsewhere associated with an altered balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). ProMMPs-1, -2, -3 are secreted by cultured ovine endometrial stromal, but not epithelial, cells and expression of proMMP-1 and proMMP-3 is inhibited by interferon tau, the dominant preimplantation trophoblast product, independently of its effects on prostaglandin production. Messenger RNA for TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 is expressed in endometrium throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Both TIMP-1 mRNA (0.9 kb transcript) and TIMP-2 mRNA (1.0 kb transcript) expression increase at day 12 through to day 20, suggesting a role in preventing trophoblast invasion. Expression of the 3.5 kb transcript for TIMP-2 decreases from day 16 and is undetectable on day 20. Uterine flushings from both nonpregnant and pregnant ewes on day 16 after oestrus contain proMMP-2, possibly transudated from plasma, and proMMP-9, but concentrations are higher in pregnancy. These enzymes are also detected in conditioned medium following culture of trophoblasts at days 16-20. Whether the trophoblast MMPs have a role in implantation in sheep remains to be established. The production of MMPs and TIMPs in the endometrium and the changes associated with implantation events suggest that they contribute to the marked edometrial remodelling associated with early placentation.
{"title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors at the ovine trophoblast-uterine interface.","authors":"L. Salamonsen, H. Nagase, D. Woolley","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.003","url":null,"abstract":"Trophoblast invasiveness in ruminants is limited to fusion of migrating binucleate cells with uterine epithelium, but considerable tissue remodelling and angiogenesis occurs within the endometrium at implantation. Such processes are elsewhere associated with an altered balance of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). ProMMPs-1, -2, -3 are secreted by cultured ovine endometrial stromal, but not epithelial, cells and expression of proMMP-1 and proMMP-3 is inhibited by interferon tau, the dominant preimplantation trophoblast product, independently of its effects on prostaglandin production. Messenger RNA for TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 is expressed in endometrium throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Both TIMP-1 mRNA (0.9 kb transcript) and TIMP-2 mRNA (1.0 kb transcript) expression increase at day 12 through to day 20, suggesting a role in preventing trophoblast invasion. Expression of the 3.5 kb transcript for TIMP-2 decreases from day 16 and is undetectable on day 20. Uterine flushings from both nonpregnant and pregnant ewes on day 16 after oestrus contain proMMP-2, possibly transudated from plasma, and proMMP-9, but concentrations are higher in pregnancy. These enzymes are also detected in conditioned medium following culture of trophoblasts at days 16-20. Whether the trophoblast MMPs have a role in implantation in sheep remains to be established. The production of MMPs and TIMPs in the endometrium and the changes associated with implantation events suggest that they contribute to the marked edometrial remodelling associated with early placentation.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":"49 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67228655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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