Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.004
T. Fair
During her lifetime, the ovarian environment of female domestic farm animals is subject to biochemical changes brought about by multiple factors, including husbandry practices, production demands and disease, which may ultimately impair oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development. The lactating dairy cow appears to be particularly challenged in this respect and many investigations have been carried out to characterize the underlying physiology and to identify biomarkers and indicators in readily accessible body fluids. The use of metabolomics-based techniques has identified biomarkers in follicular fluid and is being expanded for oocyte and embryo selection.
{"title":"Metabolomics and fertility in cattle: A promising predictor","authors":"T. Fair","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.004","url":null,"abstract":"During her lifetime, the ovarian environment of female domestic farm animals is subject to biochemical changes brought about by multiple factors, including husbandry practices, production demands and disease, which may ultimately impair oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development. The lactating dairy cow appears to be particularly challenged in this respect and many investigations have been carried out to characterize the underlying physiology and to identify biomarkers and indicators in readily accessible body fluids. The use of metabolomics-based techniques has identified biomarkers in follicular fluid and is being expanded for oocyte and embryo selection.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41584864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.041
F. Rhodes, L. Fitzpatrick, K. Entwistle, J. Kinder
{"title":"Pulsatile hormone secretion during the first ovarian follicular wave in Bos indicus heifers","authors":"F. Rhodes, L. Fitzpatrick, K. Entwistle, J. Kinder","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.3.041","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45154287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.2.007
William Hansel, HW Alila, J. P. Dowd, RA MilvaeJ
The ready accessibility of the bovine corpus luteum by enucleation through a slit in the anterior vagina (Casida, 1960) enabled researchers to conduct studies in vitro with accurately dated luteal tissue, without slaughtering the donor animals. These studies have led to the accumulation of a large part of the knowledge upon which our current concepts of control of the corpus luteum are based. In our own laboratory, an in-vitro technique, based on measurements of progesterone produced in a 2-h period by slices of bovine luteal tissue was developed in the early 1960s to study the roles of the pituitary hormones on progesterone synthesis. Luteinizing hormone (LH) proved to be the only significant pituitary luteotrophin (Hansel & Seifart, 1967). Soon thereafter, it was established that LH exerts its luteotrophic effects through the cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger system (Savard, 1973). However, there were some reasons to doubt that all of the luteotrophic effects were mediated by cAMP. In bovine luteal slices, levels of LH too low to cause measurable increases in cAMP resulted in increased progesterone synthesis, and progesterone responses to increasing concentrations of LH continued to rise after cAMP production had plateaued. These same techniques also proved useful in early studies on the mechanism(s) of luteolysis in cattle. As early as 1966, Armstrong & Black showed that the steroidogenic ability of LH in bovine luteal slices was lost between the 16th and 18th day of the cycle. Following the demonstrations of the luteolytic effects of prostaglandin (PG) F-2a in sheep (McCracken et al., 1971) and cattle (Hansel et al., 1973), the effects of adding PGF-2a to bovine (Hansel et al., 1973) and ovine (Fletcher & Niswender, 1982) luteal tissue were studied in vitro. Surprisingly, PGF-2a stimulated rather than inhibited progesterone synthesis in vitro by bovine luteal tissues. However, synthesis was inhibited in ovine luteal tissues. This and other fundamental differences between ovine and bovine luteal tissues continue to be matters of considerable interest. Over the years, this simple and useful technique has evolved into sophisticated techniques for cell dispersion and cell separation by fluorescence activated cell sorting. In addition, the development of the instrumentation for measurement of intracellular calcium by computer-driven spectrofluorometers has made it possible to study the role of calcium in the control of steroidogenesis in separated cells.
通过阴道前切口摘除牛黄体(Casida, 1960)，使研究人员能够在不屠宰供体动物的情况下，用准确日期的黄体组织进行体外研究。这些研究已经积累了很大一部分知识，我们目前的黄体控制概念是基于这些知识。在我们自己的实验室，在20世纪60年代早期，基于测量牛黄体组织切片在2小时内产生的黄体酮，开发了一种体外技术，以研究垂体激素对黄体酮合成的作用。黄体生成素(LH)被证明是唯一显著的垂体促黄体激素(Hansel & Seifart, 1967)。此后不久，人们发现LH通过环AMP (cAMP)第二信使系统发挥促黄体发育作用(Savard, 1973)。然而，有一些理由怀疑所有的黄体促生作用都是由cAMP介导的。在牛黄体切片中，黄体生成素水平过低而不能引起可测量的cAMP增加，导致黄体酮合成增加，而黄体酮对黄体生成素浓度增加的反应在cAMP产生趋于稳定后继续上升。这些相同的技术在早期对牛体内黄体溶解机制的研究中也被证明是有用的。早在1966年,阿姆斯特朗&黑色显示steroidogenic能力的LH牛黄体片丢了16到18天的周期。继前列腺素(PG) F-2a在绵羊(McCracken et al.， 1971)和牛(Hansel et al.， 1973)中显示了黄体溶解作用之后，在体外研究了在牛(Hansel et al.， 1973)和羊(Fletcher & Niswender, 1982)黄体组织中添加PGF-2a的效果。令人惊讶的是，PGF-2a刺激而不是抑制牛黄体组织体外孕酮合成。然而，在羊黄体组织中，合成被抑制。羊和牛黄体组织之间的这个和其他基本差异仍然是相当感兴趣的问题。多年来，这种简单而有用的技术已经发展成为通过荧光激活细胞分选进行细胞分散和细胞分离的复杂技术。此外，通过计算机驱动的荧光光谱仪测量细胞内钙的仪器的发展，使得研究钙在分离细胞中控制甾体生成的作用成为可能。
{"title":"Differential origin and control mechanisms in small and large bovine luteal cells","authors":"William Hansel, HW Alila, J. P. Dowd, RA MilvaeJ","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.2.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.2.007","url":null,"abstract":"The ready accessibility of the bovine corpus luteum by enucleation through a slit in the anterior vagina (Casida, 1960) enabled researchers to conduct studies in vitro with accurately dated luteal tissue, without slaughtering the donor animals. These studies have led to the accumulation of a large part of the knowledge upon which our current concepts of control of the corpus luteum are based. In our own laboratory, an in-vitro technique, based on measurements of progesterone produced in a 2-h period by slices of bovine luteal tissue was developed in the early 1960s to study the roles of the pituitary hormones on progesterone synthesis. Luteinizing hormone (LH) proved to be the only significant pituitary luteotrophin (Hansel & Seifart, 1967). Soon thereafter, it was established that LH exerts its luteotrophic effects through the cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger system (Savard, 1973). However, there were some reasons to doubt that all of the luteotrophic effects were mediated by cAMP. In bovine luteal slices, levels of LH too low to cause measurable increases in cAMP resulted in increased progesterone synthesis, and progesterone responses to increasing concentrations of LH continued to rise after cAMP production had plateaued. These same techniques also proved useful in early studies on the mechanism(s) of luteolysis in cattle. As early as 1966, Armstrong & Black showed that the steroidogenic ability of LH in bovine luteal slices was lost between the 16th and 18th day of the cycle. Following the demonstrations of the luteolytic effects of prostaglandin (PG) F-2a in sheep (McCracken et al., 1971) and cattle (Hansel et al., 1973), the effects of adding PGF-2a to bovine (Hansel et al., 1973) and ovine (Fletcher & Niswender, 1982) luteal tissue were studied in vitro. Surprisingly, PGF-2a stimulated rather than inhibited progesterone synthesis in vitro by bovine luteal tissues. However, synthesis was inhibited in ovine luteal tissues. This and other fundamental differences between ovine and bovine luteal tissues continue to be matters of considerable interest. Over the years, this simple and useful technique has evolved into sophisticated techniques for cell dispersion and cell separation by fluorescence activated cell sorting. In addition, the development of the instrumentation for measurement of intracellular calcium by computer-driven spectrofluorometers has made it possible to study the role of calcium in the control of steroidogenesis in separated cells.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42842055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.011
Jeremy G. Thompson, M. Lane, R. Gilchrist
{"title":"Metabolism of the bovine cumulus-oocyte complex and influence on subsequent developmental competence","authors":"Jeremy G. Thompson, M. Lane, R. Gilchrist","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.011","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43337799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.025
B. Campbell, J. Hernandez-Medrano, A. McNeilly, R. Webb, H. Picton
The purpose of this review is to illustrate the critical value of integration of both in vitro and whole animal approaches in order to make real progress in terms of understanding the underlying mechanisms controlling ovarian follicle development and also in utilising domestic ruminants as models for the human in the translational development of interventions to address infertility. In terms of mechanistic aspects, this review concentrates on interactions between members of the TGFβ super family derived from both somatic cells (AMH) and the oocyte (BMP6, BMP15, GDF9) and illustrates how integration of in vitro and in vivo approaches has allowed us to propose a functional relationship between these factors in regulating the progression of follicles through the gonadotrophin-responsive to dependent phases of follicle development. In this section, a new in situ direct ovarian perfusion system is introduced.. In terms of translational aspects, this review details the integration of in vitro and in vivo approaches in order to develop methods in sheep that allow high rates of restoration of ovarian function and fertility following whole ovarian cryopreservation and autotransplantation in adult animals. This methodology should be of value to women at risk of premature ovarian failure. It is concluded that, given the vastly increased cost of ruminant research in developed countries, that meetings such as the RRS can play a critical role in encouraging international collaboration in order to ensure the continued exploitation of monovulatory ruminants as valuable experimental models.
{"title":"Ovarian function in domestic ruminants: Mechanistic and translational aspects","authors":"B. Campbell, J. Hernandez-Medrano, A. McNeilly, R. Webb, H. Picton","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.025","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this review is to illustrate the critical value of integration of both in vitro and whole animal approaches in order to make real progress in terms of understanding the underlying mechanisms controlling ovarian follicle development and also in utilising domestic ruminants as models for the human in the translational development of interventions to address infertility. In terms of mechanistic aspects, this review concentrates on interactions between members of the TGFβ super family derived from both somatic cells (AMH) and the oocyte (BMP6, BMP15, GDF9) and illustrates how integration of in vitro and in vivo approaches has allowed us to propose a functional relationship between these factors in regulating the progression of follicles through the gonadotrophin-responsive to dependent phases of follicle development. In this section, a new in situ direct ovarian perfusion system is introduced.. In terms of translational aspects, this review details the integration of in vitro and in vivo approaches in order to develop methods in sheep that allow high rates of restoration of ovarian function and fertility following whole ovarian cryopreservation and autotransplantation in adult animals. This methodology should be of value to women at risk of premature ovarian failure. It is concluded that, given the vastly increased cost of ruminant research in developed countries, that meetings such as the RRS can play a critical role in encouraging international collaboration in order to ensure the continued exploitation of monovulatory ruminants as valuable experimental models.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45509761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.005
W. Thatcher, Jep Sanlos
{"title":"Control of ovarian follicular and corpus luteum development for the synchronization of ovulation in cattle","authors":"W. Thatcher, Jep Sanlos","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47387280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.008
D. Blache, L. M. Chagas, G. Martin
{"title":"Nutritional inputs into the reproductive neuroendocrine control system - a multidimensional perspective","authors":"D. Blache, L. M. Chagas, G. Martin","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44913343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.012
Jan-Dirk Haeger, N. Hambruch, C. Pfarrer
This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the development and function of the bovine placenta, starting with the gross anatomical morphology and histology. In addition, detailed information on trophoblast giant cell formation (TGC) and the complex interplay of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, integrins and growth factor systems is given. Drugs and pathological conditions (e.g. cloned placenta, retained placenta) are also reviewed. Knowledge derived from cell culture studies is embedded and set in proportion to the data gained from in vivo experiments. Finally, new discoveries and the major challenges for future work on the bovine placenta close the circle, in order to provide a complete picture of what is known about this fascinating, synepitheliochorial organ.
{"title":"Placental development and its control in cattle","authors":"Jan-Dirk Haeger, N. Hambruch, C. Pfarrer","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.8.012","url":null,"abstract":"This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the development and function of the bovine placenta, starting with the gross anatomical morphology and histology. In addition, detailed information on trophoblast giant cell formation (TGC) and the complex interplay of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, integrins and growth factor systems is given. Drugs and pathological conditions (e.g. cloned placenta, retained placenta) are also reviewed. Knowledge derived from cell culture studies is embedded and set in proportion to the data gained from in vivo experiments. Finally, new discoveries and the major challenges for future work on the bovine placenta close the circle, in order to provide a complete picture of what is known about this fascinating, synepitheliochorial organ.","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45180882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.003
H. Rodríguez-Martínez, A. Barth
{"title":"In vitro evaluation of sperm quality related to in vivo function and fertility","authors":"H. Rodríguez-Martínez, A. Barth","doi":"10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.6.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43853720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-05DOI: 10.1530/biosciprocs.6.020
P. Lonergan
Over the past 30 years, basic and applied studies on classical and advanced embryo technologies have generated a vast literature on factors regulating oocyte and embryo development and quality. In addition, over this period, commercial bovine embryo transfer has become a large international business. It is well recognised that bovine embryos derived in vivo are of superior quality to those derived from in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture. Relatively little has changed in the techniques of producing embryos in vivo although there is increasing evidence of the importance of, for example, peripheral and follicular endocrine profiles for the subsequent developmental competence of the embryo. The in vitro production of ruminant embryos is a three-step process involving oocyte maturation, oocyte fertilization and in vitro culture. Only 30-40% of such oocytes reach the blastocyst stage, at which they can be transferred to a recipient or frozen for future use. We know now that the quality of the oocyte is crucial in determining the proportion of immature oocytes that form blastocysts while the post-fertilization culture environment has a major influence on the quality of the blastocyst. Use of sexed-sorted sperm in conjunction with in vitro embryo production is a potentially efficient means of obtaining offspring of the desired sex. Concerns regarding the use of sexed semen technology include the apparent lower fertility of sorted sperm, the lower survival of sorted sperm after cryopreservation and the reduced number of sperm that could be separated in a specified time period. Assessment of embryo quality is a challenge. Morphological assessment is at present the most popular method for embryo selection prior to transfer. Other non-invasive assessment methods include the timing of the first cleavage division which has been linked to developmental ability. Quantitative examination of gene expression is an additional valuable tool to assess the viability of cultured embryos. A substantial amount of evidence exists to demonstrate that the culture conditions to which the embryo is exposed, particularly in the postfertilization period, can have perturbing effects on the pattern of gene expression in the embryo with potentially important long-term consequences. Collectively, in vivo and in vitro studies support the notion that the environment of the embryo is critical for its future. The identification and characterization of the short-term effects of in vitro culture
{"title":"State-of-the-art embryo technologies in cattle","authors":"P. Lonergan","doi":"10.1530/biosciprocs.6.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1530/biosciprocs.6.020","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past 30 years, basic and applied studies on classical and advanced embryo technologies have generated a vast literature on factors regulating oocyte and embryo development and quality. In addition, over this period, commercial bovine embryo transfer has become a large international business. It is well recognised that bovine embryos derived in vivo are of superior quality to those derived from in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture. Relatively little has changed in the techniques of producing embryos in vivo although there is increasing evidence of the importance of, for example, peripheral and follicular endocrine profiles for the subsequent developmental competence of the embryo. The in vitro production of ruminant embryos is a three-step process involving oocyte maturation, oocyte fertilization and in vitro culture. Only 30-40% of such oocytes reach the blastocyst stage, at which they can be transferred to a recipient or frozen for future use. We know now that the quality of the oocyte is crucial in determining the proportion of immature oocytes that form blastocysts while the post-fertilization culture environment has a major influence on the quality of the blastocyst. Use of sexed-sorted sperm in conjunction with in vitro embryo production is a potentially efficient means of obtaining offspring of the desired sex. Concerns regarding the use of sexed semen technology include the apparent lower fertility of sorted sperm, the lower survival of sorted sperm after cryopreservation and the reduced number of sperm that could be separated in a specified time period. Assessment of embryo quality is a challenge. Morphological assessment is at present the most popular method for embryo selection prior to transfer. Other non-invasive assessment methods include the timing of the first cleavage division which has been linked to developmental ability. Quantitative examination of gene expression is an additional valuable tool to assess the viability of cultured embryos. A substantial amount of evidence exists to demonstrate that the culture conditions to which the embryo is exposed, particularly in the postfertilization period, can have perturbing effects on the pattern of gene expression in the embryo with potentially important long-term consequences. Collectively, in vivo and in vitro studies support the notion that the environment of the embryo is critical for its future. The identification and characterization of the short-term effects of in vitro culture","PeriodicalId":93083,"journal":{"name":"Bioscientifica proceedings","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47324676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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