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To Boldly Remember Where We Have Already Been 勇敢地记住我们已经去过的地方
Journal of applied history
Pub Date : 2020-09-28 DOI: 10.1163/25895893-BJA10009
Nathaniel L. Moir
This article revisits the Cutter Incident in the United States in April 1955 when mass-produced doses of polio vaccine containing insufficiently inactivated (killed) live polio virus were released to the U.S. public. The Cutter Incident also affected subsequent vaccine development and these lessons remain relevant in the international quest to create a rapidly developed vaccine for COVID-19. The Cutter Incident shows how things can go wrong when a vaccine is manufactured in haste and without adequate safety precautions during mass-production. In the article’s later section, liability without fault, among other consequences resulting from the incident, are also assessed in the context of current vaccine development through Operation Warp Speed, the public-private partnership funded by the U.S. government to develop a remedy for COVID-19.
本文回顾了1955年4月在美国发生的卡特事件，当时大量生产的脊髓灰质炎疫苗向美国公众发放了含有未充分灭活(杀死)脊髓灰质炎活病毒的脊髓灰质炎疫苗。卡特事件还影响了随后的疫苗开发，这些经验教训在国际上寻求快速开发COVID-19疫苗的过程中仍然具有重要意义。卡特事件表明，在大规模生产过程中，如果匆忙生产疫苗，没有充分的安全预防措施，事情可能会出问题。在文章的后半部分，该事件造成的无过错责任以及其他后果也将在美国政府资助的“曲速行动”(Operation Warp Speed)疫苗开发的背景下进行评估。曲速行动是一项公私合作计划，旨在开发COVID-19的补救措施。
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引用次数: 3
The Historical Context of “A Westphalia for the Middle East?” “中东的威斯特伐利亚”的历史背景?
Journal of applied history
Pub Date : 2020-06-16 DOI: 10.1163/25895893-bja10004
Derek Croxton
This article considers the fit of the “Westphalia for the Middle East” project with the historical Peace of Westphalia. It takes as its point of departure Proudhon’s distinction between the “judgment” and “reasons” of a treaty. The “reasons” behind the Peace of Westphalia include broad participation of interested parties, religious compromise, involvement of external powers in Imperial government, and ending a war. Of these, the involvement of external powers in another state’s government presents the greatest problem mapping to the Middle East, chiefly because the project proposes to treat the Middle East as a whole like the Holy Roman Empire in the Peace of Westphalia.
本文认为“中东威斯特伐利亚”计划与历史上的威斯特伐里亚和平相契合。它以普鲁德洪对条约的“判断”和“理由”的区分为出发点。威斯特伐利亚和平背后的“原因”包括利益相关方的广泛参与、宗教妥协、外部势力参与帝国政府以及结束战争。其中，外部势力参与另一个国家的政府是中东地图绘制的最大问题，主要是因为该项目提议将中东视为一个整体，就像《威斯特伐利亚和约》中的神圣罗马帝国一样。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 编辑
Journal of applied history
Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1163/25895893-bja10005
H.G.J. Kaal, J. van Lottum
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying the Impact of Medicalisation on the Distribution of Births over the Course of the Day 量化一天中药物化对出生率分布的影响
Journal of applied history
Pub Date : 2020-06-08 DOI: 10.1163/25895893-bja10002
Stuart A. Gietel-Basten
Very few historical studies have been able to demonstrate the times of day when humans give birth in a ‘natural’ setting—i.e. outside of any hospital context or potential intervention. Two villages in the southwestern Russian Empire present rare examples of nineteenth-century baptism registers where time of birth were recorded. The evidence supports the thesis that ‘natural’ human births disproportionately occur between midnight and early morning. Evidence from the registers also show a seasonal effect, likely driven by the relationship between luminosity and melatonin production. The study, then, contributes to the ongoing debate regarding the medicalisation of childbearing, the deterioration of female autonomy in the sphere of childbearing, as well as other negative health outcomes. Historical evidence can demonstrate how far the circumstances of contemporary society differ from the ‘natural’ mode in something as fundamental as the time of the day when we give birth.
很少有历史研究能够证明人类在“自然”环境下分娩的时间。在任何医院环境或可能的干预之外。俄罗斯帝国西南部的两个村庄展示了罕见的19世纪洗礼登记簿，其中记录了出生时间。有证据表明，人类的“自然”分娩不成比例地发生在午夜和清晨之间。来自登记处的证据也显示了季节性效应，可能是由亮度和褪黑激素产生之间的关系驱动的。因此，这项研究助长了正在进行的关于生育医疗化、女性在生育领域自主权恶化以及其他负面健康后果的辩论。历史证据可以证明，当代社会的环境与“自然”模式的差异有多大，就像我们分娩的时间这样根本的事情。
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引用次数: 0
Vicious Habits: Sexually Transmitted Infections among Black and White Union Army Veterans. 恶习：黑人和白人联盟军队退伍军人中的性传播感染。
Journal of applied history
Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2019-12-12 DOI: 10.1163/25895893-00101003
Sven E Wilson, Christopher Roudiez, Heather DeSomer, Coralee Lewis, Noelle Yetter

We analyze a random sample of 15,049 white veterans and 5,329 black veterans of the US Civil War examined by physicians between 1890 and 1906. We calculate a period prevalence of STI of 1.2-1.7% among whites and 4.2-8.0% among blacks, even though blacks and whites had almost identical prevalence of STIs in their wartime medical records. Furthermore, we find evidence that Board physicians were on the lookout for STIs among black veterans that could be used to justify denial of pension support. With or without STIs, blacks were rejected at roughly twice the rate of whites during this time period. Currently, racial disparities are even higher today than in this historical period, with blacks currently having a 5-15 times higher incidence than whites. We invite a critical reflection upon practices of screening and measurement systems to assess properly the degree to which racial prejudice may be part of these systems.

我们对 1890 年至 1906 年间由医生检查过的 15,049 名美国南北战争白人退伍军人和 5,329 名黑人退伍军人进行了随机抽样分析。尽管黑人和白人在战时医疗记录中的性传播感染率几乎相同，但我们计算出白人和黑人在此期间的性传播感染率分别为 1.2-1.7% 和 4.2-8.0%。此外，我们还发现有证据表明，委员会的医生会留意黑人退伍军人是否患有性传播疾病，并以此为由拒绝发放抚恤金。在这一时期，无论是否患有性传播疾病，黑人被拒付抚恤金的比例大约是白人的两倍。目前，种族差异甚至比这一历史时期更大，黑人的发病率是白人的 5-15 倍。我们请大家对筛查和测量系统的做法进行批判性反思，以正确评估种族偏见在多大程度上可能是这些系统的一部分。
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引用次数: 0
Applied History, Applied Economics, and Economic History 应用史、应用经济学和经济史
Journal of applied history
Pub Date : 2019-12-10 DOI: 10.1163/25895893-00101001
Christopher L. Colvin, Paul L. Winfree
As a new field of academic enquiry, applied history has a unique opportunity to learn lessons from other applied fields. In this essay, we set out how we think applied historians can learn from past successes and mistakes of applied economists and economic policymakers in their use, and abuse, of economic theory and economic history. What we call here the “New Applied History” has great potential to improve the way policymaking is conducted. But only if its practitioners understand the power, and limitations, of theory. We apply our ideas to the case of budgetary policymaking in the United States.
作为一个新的学术研究领域，应用史有一个独特的机会来学习其他应用领域的经验教训。在这篇文章中，我们阐述了我们认为应用历史学家如何从应用经济学家和经济政策制定者过去在使用和滥用经济理论和经济史方面的成功和错误中吸取教训。我们在这里称之为“新应用史”，它在改善政策制定方式方面具有巨大潜力。但前提是它的实践者了解理论的力量和局限性。我们将我们的想法应用于美国的预算决策。
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引用次数: 5
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