The aim of the research is to present a possible approach to help visually impaired people to make decisions while interacting with a data visualisation task. The main goal is to build a Machine Learning model (i.e. Reinforcement Learning) that can predict the visual behaviour of visually impaired people when they interact with a data visualisation. This work concerns partial vision, where the damage occurred in either the peripheral vision such as in the Tunnel vision (e.g. due to Glaucoma), or in the central vision (e.g. in age-related Macular Degeneration). Getting the desired results would help in designing accessible visualisation tasks which will assist the decision-making process for the relevant users. Initially, the model will be iteratively evaluated on existing visual search tasks from the literature; the tasks will consist of both visual impairment-and normal vision-related tasks. Once the model is tested, a new visualisation task that is suitable for the visually impaired will be designed and evaluated on human participants in order to help the cycle of design, development and testing, with the ultimate goal of supporting and transforming user experience for the visual impaired. The model will be iteratively refined using more advanced methods such as Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). Furthermore, rational analysis framework will inform the building of the model, as it uses rationality as an empirical tool to explain how and why people adapt to their environment.
{"title":"Supporting the design of data visualisation for the visually impaired through reinforcement learning","authors":"Dalal Aljasem","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383354","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the research is to present a possible approach to help visually impaired people to make decisions while interacting with a data visualisation task. The main goal is to build a Machine Learning model (i.e. Reinforcement Learning) that can predict the visual behaviour of visually impaired people when they interact with a data visualisation. This work concerns partial vision, where the damage occurred in either the peripheral vision such as in the Tunnel vision (e.g. due to Glaucoma), or in the central vision (e.g. in age-related Macular Degeneration). Getting the desired results would help in designing accessible visualisation tasks which will assist the decision-making process for the relevant users. Initially, the model will be iteratively evaluated on existing visual search tasks from the literature; the tasks will consist of both visual impairment-and normal vision-related tasks. Once the model is tested, a new visualisation task that is suitable for the visually impaired will be designed and evaluated on human participants in order to help the cycle of design, development and testing, with the ultimate goal of supporting and transforming user experience for the visual impaired. The model will be iteratively refined using more advanced methods such as Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). Furthermore, rational analysis framework will inform the building of the model, as it uses rationality as an empirical tool to explain how and why people adapt to their environment.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85573530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Conference theme is "Automation for Accessibility". What I want to look at today is the effect of automation on the lives of people living with disability. In this vein, as a member of the 'Baby Boomer' generation, I reflected on a couple of different cartoons from my youth - The Flintstones and The Jetsons. Both of these cartoons were created in the 1960's by Hanna-Barbera. There were some remarkable similarities, with episodes of each involving concepts such as transportation, home conveniences, work environment, and family life. I don't know if you noticed it or not, but neither of these cartoon shows ever had a person with a disability in the show. I know that is changing, and there is much debate about how that is done. It does show that our social conscience is becoming more attuned to the need for inclusion and diversity in all areas of life - work, homelife, sports and entertainment. While we certainly are not living as the Jetsons yet (still waiting for my jet-pack), we are not Flintstones either. We are developing yet more means of automating our lives, improving the lives of people with disabilities, and streamlining some of our work processes. However, I don't think anyone here would say we have arrived, and they probably won't ever say that - there is always more to be done. Perhaps we are ready for a new cartoon, showing an exciting view of what the future could hold, but including characters with a broad range of abilities.
{"title":"A return to community: Flintstones or Jetsons?","authors":"Vivienne L. Conway","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3389789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3389789","url":null,"abstract":"The Conference theme is \"Automation for Accessibility\". What I want to look at today is the effect of automation on the lives of people living with disability. In this vein, as a member of the 'Baby Boomer' generation, I reflected on a couple of different cartoons from my youth - The Flintstones and The Jetsons. Both of these cartoons were created in the 1960's by Hanna-Barbera. There were some remarkable similarities, with episodes of each involving concepts such as transportation, home conveniences, work environment, and family life. I don't know if you noticed it or not, but neither of these cartoon shows ever had a person with a disability in the show. I know that is changing, and there is much debate about how that is done. It does show that our social conscience is becoming more attuned to the need for inclusion and diversity in all areas of life - work, homelife, sports and entertainment. While we certainly are not living as the Jetsons yet (still waiting for my jet-pack), we are not Flintstones either. We are developing yet more means of automating our lives, improving the lives of people with disabilities, and streamlining some of our work processes. However, I don't think anyone here would say we have arrived, and they probably won't ever say that - there is always more to be done. Perhaps we are ready for a new cartoon, showing an exciting view of what the future could hold, but including characters with a broad range of abilities.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85810667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reports the results of a study comparing evaluation accessibility plugins extensions for the Chrome web browser. Eight of the most well-known tools among developers were chosen. All tools are free or available under an open-source license, and work with the Chrome browser. The tools were compared based on their feature set, their usability and their evaluation results of ten of the Alexa top websites. We found that individual tools still provide limited coverage of the success criteria; the coverage of success criteria varies quite a lot from evaluation engine to evaluation engine; what are the most and least covered success criteria in automated evaluations. After analysing the results, we highly recommend to use more than one tool (with a different engine) and to complement automated evaluation with manual checking.
{"title":"Comparing accessibility evaluation plug-ins","authors":"Tânia Frazão, Carlos M. Duarte","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383346","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the results of a study comparing evaluation accessibility plugins extensions for the Chrome web browser. Eight of the most well-known tools among developers were chosen. All tools are free or available under an open-source license, and work with the Chrome browser. The tools were compared based on their feature set, their usability and their evaluation results of ten of the Alexa top websites. We found that individual tools still provide limited coverage of the success criteria; the coverage of success criteria varies quite a lot from evaluation engine to evaluation engine; what are the most and least covered success criteria in automated evaluations. After analysing the results, we highly recommend to use more than one tool (with a different engine) and to complement automated evaluation with manual checking.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85780547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Automation","authors":"S. Harper","doi":"10.1145/3395941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395941","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87309171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Creating web pages with information that is perceivable has to be a priority concern in their development. One of the main factors impacting the ability to read text in web pages is the contrast between the text's foreground and background colors. A number of automated tools have emerged to help web page designers create pages that abide by the minimum contrast requirements, established in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. We studied a subset of these tools to understand their current limitations. To help us achieve this goal we created a set of test cases exploring the different ways in which foreground and background colors can be mixed in web pages. We found that current tools can assist in detecting poor contrast in web pages, but have a clear limitation when evaluating text over images and text inside images.
{"title":"Analysis of automated contrast checking tools","authors":"R. Almeida, Carlos M. Duarte","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383348","url":null,"abstract":"Creating web pages with information that is perceivable has to be a priority concern in their development. One of the main factors impacting the ability to read text in web pages is the contrast between the text's foreground and background colors. A number of automated tools have emerged to help web page designers create pages that abide by the minimum contrast requirements, established in the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. We studied a subset of these tools to understand their current limitations. To help us achieve this goal we created a set of test cases exploring the different ways in which foreground and background colors can be mixed in web pages. We found that current tools can assist in detecting poor contrast in web pages, but have a clear limitation when evaluating text over images and text inside images.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81718211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Harper, Julia Müller, Alan Davies, Hugo Nicolau, Sukru Eraslan, Y. Yeşilada
Health conditions, both chronic and acute, are often accompanied by disability-like impairments that might affect mobility, cognition, or perception. These impairments are often pernicious because they are difficult to isolate, vary in intensity and extent over time, and are under-investigated. Here, we make the case that solutions to these impairments are often impervious to traditional accessibility solutions and thinking, and that new solutions are needed. We present argumentation and case-studies, which build the case for a different category of impairments called 'Health-Related Impairments and Disabilities' (HIID). The distinction between traditionally defined disabilities and HIIDs are important because an understanding that this category of impairments is fundamentally different both in cause and nature, affects the effectiveness of the accessibility solutions we provide. Here, we intended to outline the 'problem'1 space and elaborate on the four main characteristics of HIIDs (as we see them) to provide delineation and clarity. This is the only way that robust solutions within this problem space can be enacted, being: (1) Combinatorial Impairments; (2) Dynamic Impairments varying in Magnitude and Extent; (3) Impairments as a Comorbidity; and (4) Socio-Technical. It is our intention to outline these characteristics with third-party cases to serve as exemplars of the problems faced. We do not provide research solutions, or indeed any novel empirical evidence. But rather, define a place for discussions to begin. Therefore, this work is better understood as a position paper or a call-to-action. Simply, we make the case that addressing the disability (caused by the underlying illness) is often ineffective; what we need to do is address the illness directly which will in turn address the disability through their transitory relationship.
{"title":"The case for 'health related impairments and disabilities'","authors":"S. Harper, Julia Müller, Alan Davies, Hugo Nicolau, Sukru Eraslan, Y. Yeşilada","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383335","url":null,"abstract":"Health conditions, both chronic and acute, are often accompanied by disability-like impairments that might affect mobility, cognition, or perception. These impairments are often pernicious because they are difficult to isolate, vary in intensity and extent over time, and are under-investigated. Here, we make the case that solutions to these impairments are often impervious to traditional accessibility solutions and thinking, and that new solutions are needed. We present argumentation and case-studies, which build the case for a different category of impairments called 'Health-Related Impairments and Disabilities' (HIID). The distinction between traditionally defined disabilities and HIIDs are important because an understanding that this category of impairments is fundamentally different both in cause and nature, affects the effectiveness of the accessibility solutions we provide. Here, we intended to outline the 'problem'1 space and elaborate on the four main characteristics of HIIDs (as we see them) to provide delineation and clarity. This is the only way that robust solutions within this problem space can be enacted, being: (1) Combinatorial Impairments; (2) Dynamic Impairments varying in Magnitude and Extent; (3) Impairments as a Comorbidity; and (4) Socio-Technical. It is our intention to outline these characteristics with third-party cases to serve as exemplars of the problems faced. We do not provide research solutions, or indeed any novel empirical evidence. But rather, define a place for discussions to begin. Therefore, this work is better understood as a position paper or a call-to-action. Simply, we make the case that addressing the disability (caused by the underlying illness) is often ineffective; what we need to do is address the illness directly which will in turn address the disability through their transitory relationship.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75202303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Web is the most powerful communication medium and the largest public data repository that humankind has created. Its content ranges from great reference sources such as Wikipedia to ugly fake news. Indeed, social (digital) media is just an amplifying mirror of ourselves, good or bad. Indeed, as all people has their own cultural and cognitive biases (e.g., confirmation bias, see Figure 1), web content as well as our web interactions are tainted with them. Data bias includes redundancy and spam, while interaction bias includes activity and presentation/exposure bias. In addition, sometimes algorithms add bias, particularly in the context of search and recommendation systems. As bias generates bias, we stress the importance of debiasing data as well as using the context and other techniques such as explore & exploit, to break filter bubbles. Our main goal is to make people aware of the different biases that affect all of us on the Web as well as stress that we should design inclusive content such that we help people with learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia) or vision problems (e.g., daltonism), among others. This makes the Web more accessible for all people. Finally, we have to remark that awareness is the first step to be able to fight and reduce the vicious cycle of web bias. For more details see my article on this topic [1].
{"title":"Bias on the web and beyond: an accessibility point of view","authors":"R. Baeza-Yates","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3385335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3385335","url":null,"abstract":"The Web is the most powerful communication medium and the largest public data repository that humankind has created. Its content ranges from great reference sources such as Wikipedia to ugly fake news. Indeed, social (digital) media is just an amplifying mirror of ourselves, good or bad. Indeed, as all people has their own cultural and cognitive biases (e.g., confirmation bias, see Figure 1), web content as well as our web interactions are tainted with them. Data bias includes redundancy and spam, while interaction bias includes activity and presentation/exposure bias. In addition, sometimes algorithms add bias, particularly in the context of search and recommendation systems. As bias generates bias, we stress the importance of debiasing data as well as using the context and other techniques such as explore & exploit, to break filter bubbles. Our main goal is to make people aware of the different biases that affect all of us on the Web as well as stress that we should design inclusive content such that we help people with learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia) or vision problems (e.g., daltonism), among others. This makes the Web more accessible for all people. Finally, we have to remark that awareness is the first step to be able to fight and reduce the vicious cycle of web bias. For more details see my article on this topic [1].","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90373148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aritz Sala, Myriam Arrue, J. Pérez, S. Espín-Tello
Online public services may alleviate many of the inconveniences citizens have to face when accessing public services in the real world. People with low vision may be one of the collectives who could benefit from electronic services (short as e-services) the most, as they can be accessed anytime, anywhere and with the help of their usual assistive technology. Many public e-services are provided by means of accessing, completing and submitting an online-form. However, they are not always accessible for people with low vision and completing them often becomes a complex task. This paper aims to provide mechanisms for measuring the complexity of public e-services forms for people with low vision. Five public e-services have been evaluated according to accessibility guidelines and complexity measuring metrics. In addition, an exploratory study was conducted including five people with low vision and five without visual impairments. The preliminary analysis of the data collected leads us to identify some of the key aspects to be included in online-forms complexity metrics for people with low vision.
{"title":"Measuring complexity of e-government services for people with low vision","authors":"Aritz Sala, Myriam Arrue, J. Pérez, S. Espín-Tello","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383350","url":null,"abstract":"Online public services may alleviate many of the inconveniences citizens have to face when accessing public services in the real world. People with low vision may be one of the collectives who could benefit from electronic services (short as e-services) the most, as they can be accessed anytime, anywhere and with the help of their usual assistive technology. Many public e-services are provided by means of accessing, completing and submitting an online-form. However, they are not always accessible for people with low vision and completing them often becomes a complex task. This paper aims to provide mechanisms for measuring the complexity of public e-services forms for people with low vision. Five public e-services have been evaluated according to accessibility guidelines and complexity measuring metrics. In addition, an exploratory study was conducted including five people with low vision and five without visual impairments. The preliminary analysis of the data collected leads us to identify some of the key aspects to be included in online-forms complexity metrics for people with low vision.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88963067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Web accessibility challenge","authors":"Victoria Yaneva, D. Ahmetovic","doi":"10.1145/3395937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395937","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87366835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zui Young Lim, Jia Min Chua, Kaiting Yang, Wei Shin Tan, Yinn Chai
The paper proposes a customized automated accessibility testing tool built on existing open source tools that makes upholding web accessibility standards less daunting and overwhelming for developers working on Singapore government e-services. We incorporate findings from contextual inquiry (N = 8) on government e-service use by persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Singapore to help software development teams identify and prioritise accessibility test findings within the agile development cycle. Our tool incorporates a customised accessibility audit tool with rule set prioritised from the contextual inquiry, and built as part of a software package that can be rapidly deployed on continuous integration / continuous delivery (CI/CD) platforms to scale up the adoption and accessibility testing. The goal of our tool is to deliver a usable output for developers and product managers that is streamlined, targeted, and integrated into existing workflows.
{"title":"Web accessibility testing for Singapore government e-services","authors":"Zui Young Lim, Jia Min Chua, Kaiting Yang, Wei Shin Tan, Yinn Chai","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383353","url":null,"abstract":"The paper proposes a customized automated accessibility testing tool built on existing open source tools that makes upholding web accessibility standards less daunting and overwhelming for developers working on Singapore government e-services. We incorporate findings from contextual inquiry (N = 8) on government e-service use by persons with disabilities (PWDs) in Singapore to help software development teams identify and prioritise accessibility test findings within the agile development cycle. Our tool incorporates a customised accessibility audit tool with rule set prioritised from the contextual inquiry, and built as part of a software package that can be rapidly deployed on continuous integration / continuous delivery (CI/CD) platforms to scale up the adoption and accessibility testing. The goal of our tool is to deliver a usable output for developers and product managers that is streamlined, targeted, and integrated into existing workflows.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77576021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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