{"title":"Session details: Special session to be announced: Evaluation","authors":"Y. Yeşilada","doi":"10.1145/3395942","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395942","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86992094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Children with dyslexia are often diagnosed after they fail school even if dyslexia is not related to general intelligence. In this work, we present an approach for universal screening of dyslexia using machine learning models with data gathered from a web-based language-independent game. We designed the game content taking into consideration the analysis of mistakes of people with dyslexia in different languages and other parameters related to dyslexia like auditory perception as well as visual perception. We did a user study with 313 children (116 with dyslexia) and train predictive machine learning models with the collected data. Our method yields an accuracy of 0.74 for German and 0.69 for Spanish as well as a F1-score of 0.75 for German and 0.75 for Spanish, using Random Forests and Extra Trees, respectively. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that risk of dyslexia is screened using a language-independent content web-based game and machine-learning. Universal screening with language-independent content can be used for the screening of pre-readers who do not have any language skills, facilitating a potential early intervention.
{"title":"Screening risk of dyslexia through a web-game using language-independent content and machine learning","authors":"M. Rauschenberger, R. Baeza-Yates, Luz Rello","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383342","url":null,"abstract":"Children with dyslexia are often diagnosed after they fail school even if dyslexia is not related to general intelligence. In this work, we present an approach for universal screening of dyslexia using machine learning models with data gathered from a web-based language-independent game. We designed the game content taking into consideration the analysis of mistakes of people with dyslexia in different languages and other parameters related to dyslexia like auditory perception as well as visual perception. We did a user study with 313 children (116 with dyslexia) and train predictive machine learning models with the collected data. Our method yields an accuracy of 0.74 for German and 0.69 for Spanish as well as a F1-score of 0.75 for German and 0.75 for Spanish, using Random Forests and Extra Trees, respectively. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that risk of dyslexia is screened using a language-independent content web-based game and machine-learning. Universal screening with language-independent content can be used for the screening of pre-readers who do not have any language skills, facilitating a potential early intervention.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79297389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Standards and policy","authors":"V. Sorge","doi":"10.1145/3395936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395936","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"IA-20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84603354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the past, researchers studied readability enhancement of English articles for non-native English readers, either on paper reading or hypertext reading. Using a variety of methods, researchers were able to enhance the reading comprehension and the users' satisfaction on hypertext reading, such as changing content presentation with visual-syntactic text formatting (VSTF) format or Jenga format. In terms of dynamically changing content presentation for reading, one less explored format is Portable Document Format (PDF), which was traditionally viewed within a modern Web browser or Adobe Acrobat reader on the desktop. PDF format was standardized as an open format in 2008 and has been widely used to keep a fixed-layout content. However, a fixed layout document presents a challenge to apply existing transformation methods, not mention on mobile devices. In this paper, we present a system that uses a novel algorithm to decode a PDF document and apply content transformation to enhance its readability. Although we used Jenga format as an example to enhance the readability of PDF documents, we envision the proposed framework can be used to adopt different transformation methods. The system was implemented in a mobile device and we are able to apply a basic transformation to a PDF document at both the sentence and paragraph levels. The main contribution of this research is we extend previous work of readability enhancement from paper document and hypertext content to PDF documents. Current result is promising, and we believe it is worth further investigation to make PDF documents readable and accessible on the Web for different populations, such as non-native English readers, people with dyslexia or special needs, etc.
过去有研究针对非英语为母语的读者进行了提高英语文章可读性的研究，无论是纸质阅读还是超文本阅读。研究者采用多种方法来提高超文本阅读的阅读理解能力和用户满意度，如将内容呈现改为视觉语法文本格式(VSTF)格式或叠叠格式。在动态更改内容表示以供阅读方面，一种较少探索的格式是可移植文档格式(Portable Document format, PDF)，它传统上是在现代Web浏览器或桌面上的Adobe Acrobat阅读器中查看的。PDF格式在2008年被标准化为开放格式，并被广泛用于保持固定布局的内容。然而，固定布局文档在应用现有的转换方法时面临挑战，更不用说在移动设备上了。在本文中，我们提出了一个系统，使用一种新颖的算法来解码PDF文档，并应用内容转换来提高其可读性。虽然我们使用Jenga格式作为示例来增强PDF文档的可读性，但我们设想所提出的框架可以用于采用不同的转换方法。该系统是在移动设备上实现的，我们能够在句子和段落级别上对PDF文档进行基本转换。本研究的主要贡献在于将以往的纸质文档和超文本内容的可读性增强工作扩展到PDF文档。目前的结果是有希望的，我们认为值得进一步的研究，使PDF文档在网络上可读和可访问的不同人群，如非英语母语的读者，有阅读障碍或特殊需要的人等。
{"title":"PDF readability enhancement on mobile devices","authors":"Zachary Shelton, Chen-Hsiang Yu","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383352","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, researchers studied readability enhancement of English articles for non-native English readers, either on paper reading or hypertext reading. Using a variety of methods, researchers were able to enhance the reading comprehension and the users' satisfaction on hypertext reading, such as changing content presentation with visual-syntactic text formatting (VSTF) format or Jenga format. In terms of dynamically changing content presentation for reading, one less explored format is Portable Document Format (PDF), which was traditionally viewed within a modern Web browser or Adobe Acrobat reader on the desktop. PDF format was standardized as an open format in 2008 and has been widely used to keep a fixed-layout content. However, a fixed layout document presents a challenge to apply existing transformation methods, not mention on mobile devices. In this paper, we present a system that uses a novel algorithm to decode a PDF document and apply content transformation to enhance its readability. Although we used Jenga format as an example to enhance the readability of PDF documents, we envision the proposed framework can be used to adopt different transformation methods. The system was implemented in a mobile device and we are able to apply a basic transformation to a PDF document at both the sentence and paragraph levels. The main contribution of this research is we extend previous work of readability enhancement from paper document and hypertext content to PDF documents. Current result is promising, and we believe it is worth further investigation to make PDF documents readable and accessible on the Web for different populations, such as non-native English readers, people with dyslexia or special needs, etc.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76733613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Google doctoral consortium - Presentation session","authors":"Vagner Figuerêdo de Santana, Y. Zhong","doi":"10.1145/3395940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395940","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77501164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Communication Impairments (CI) are defined as damage in brain functions that are responsible for language and memory. This disorder can impair the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. Many people with CI try to use Augmented and Alternative Communication (AAC) to help them recognize and produce spoken phrases. AAC often uses pictures to serve as memory cues for forgotten words or in enabling them to express needs and share experiences. However, AAC typically uses standard clip-art that does not always convey meaningful information to their users or pre-set conversation scenarios. As a result, people with CI eventually abandon their AAC, which leads to facing difficulties in daily life activities. Our objective in this research is to understand how to support AAC users with a rich contextual information communication aid that can empower people with CI in any conversational setting especially (unplanned/unfamiliar) and not limit them with a list of vocabularies or photos. Our approach to design the proposed solution will be based on co-design theories and working in collaboration with speech therapists and people with CI to have a better understanding of their needs.
{"title":"Contextual adaptive communication aid: supporting individuals with neurological disease in communication","authors":"Lula Albar","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383355","url":null,"abstract":"Communication Impairments (CI) are defined as damage in brain functions that are responsible for language and memory. This disorder can impair the expression and understanding of language as well as reading and writing. Many people with CI try to use Augmented and Alternative Communication (AAC) to help them recognize and produce spoken phrases. AAC often uses pictures to serve as memory cues for forgotten words or in enabling them to express needs and share experiences. However, AAC typically uses standard clip-art that does not always convey meaningful information to their users or pre-set conversation scenarios. As a result, people with CI eventually abandon their AAC, which leads to facing difficulties in daily life activities. Our objective in this research is to understand how to support AAC users with a rich contextual information communication aid that can empower people with CI in any conversational setting especially (unplanned/unfamiliar) and not limit them with a list of vocabularies or photos. Our approach to design the proposed solution will be based on co-design theories and working in collaboration with speech therapists and people with CI to have a better understanding of their needs.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"406 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78082583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Visual accessibility","authors":"M. Rauschenberger","doi":"10.1145/3395938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395938","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74264491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Session details: Neurodiversity","authors":"F. Hwang","doi":"10.1145/3395939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3395939","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84320716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents a gamified application for children with learning disabilities, designed to train and improve working memory. The application takes the form of a treasure hunt, and is designed according to a framework incorporating guidelines derived from accessibility, usability and cognitive load theory, and from gamification techniques. The aim is to exploit working memory capacity, motivate and engage the child in working memory training activities. The main focus of this study is the evaluation of the user experience and the cognitive load level of this gamified application. A sample of 12 Egyptian children with learning disabilities completed a five-week training period using the application, followed by an evaluation process. The evaluation took the form of a simple usability survey, an unstructured observation, and a cognitive load measurement scale. The purpose was to evaluate the children's perceived experience and assess the level of cognitive load experienced in each of the activities. The results revealed that all the children enjoyed playing the gamified application, were eager to participate in the daily training, and the cognitive load experienced during the training was found to be generally appropriate - although some areas for improvement were identified. Finally, the experiments identified a correlation between user experience, cognitive load and training performance.
{"title":"Evaluation of user experience and cognitive load of a gamified cognitive training application for children with learning disabilities","authors":"Adel Shaban, E. Pearson","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383341","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a gamified application for children with learning disabilities, designed to train and improve working memory. The application takes the form of a treasure hunt, and is designed according to a framework incorporating guidelines derived from accessibility, usability and cognitive load theory, and from gamification techniques. The aim is to exploit working memory capacity, motivate and engage the child in working memory training activities. The main focus of this study is the evaluation of the user experience and the cognitive load level of this gamified application. A sample of 12 Egyptian children with learning disabilities completed a five-week training period using the application, followed by an evaluation process. The evaluation took the form of a simple usability survey, an unstructured observation, and a cognitive load measurement scale. The purpose was to evaluate the children's perceived experience and assess the level of cognitive load experienced in each of the activities. The results revealed that all the children enjoyed playing the gamified application, were eager to participate in the daily training, and the cognitive load experienced during the training was found to be generally appropriate - although some areas for improvement were identified. Finally, the experiments identified a correlation between user experience, cognitive load and training performance.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88416984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The web has become the primary source of information for many people. Many services are provided are on the web. Despite extensive guidelines for the accessibility of web pages, many web sites are not accessible making these web sites difficult or impossible to use for people with disabilities. Evaluating the accessibility of web pages can either be done manually, which is a very laborious task or using automated tools. Unfortunately, the results from different tools are often inconsistent because of the ambiguity of the current guidelines. In this paper, a declarative approach for describing the requirements for accessible web pages is presented. This declarative model will help developers of accessibility evaluation tools to create tools that produce more consistent results and are easier to maintain.
{"title":"A declarative model for accessibility requirements","authors":"Jens Pelzetter","doi":"10.1145/3371300.3383339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3371300.3383339","url":null,"abstract":"The web has become the primary source of information for many people. Many services are provided are on the web. Despite extensive guidelines for the accessibility of web pages, many web sites are not accessible making these web sites difficult or impossible to use for people with disabilities. Evaluating the accessibility of web pages can either be done manually, which is a very laborious task or using automated tools. Unfortunately, the results from different tools are often inconsistent because of the ambiguity of the current guidelines. In this paper, a declarative approach for describing the requirements for accessible web pages is presented. This declarative model will help developers of accessibility evaluation tools to create tools that produce more consistent results and are easier to maintain.","PeriodicalId":93137,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the 17th International Web for All Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89948975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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