Police officers are exposed to several operational and organizational stressors that significantly impact on their mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic was a new stressor that further exacerbated existing stressors, highlighting the need for a better understanding of its impact on the mental health of police officers. This study tested the hypothesis that occupational stressors and PTSD are serial mediators of the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and burnout. Two hundred Portuguese police officers completed an online survey that assessed their fear of COVID-19, exposure to operational and organizational stressors, PTSD, and burnout. The results of the serial mediation analysis indicated that not only do occupational stressors act as mediators between fear of COVID-19 and burnout but also that PTSD is a mediator. The findings of this study underscore the need for interventions to reduce the negative impact of operational and organizational stressors on the mental health of police officers. Furthermore, this study highlights the power of police institutions for prevention and intervention with these professionals. By recognizing the specific stressors that contribute to the development of PTSD and burnout, our study provides a foundation for the development of direct interventions that can help to minimize the adverse effects of these stressors
{"title":"Connecting the Dots: Occupational Stressors and PTSD Symptoms as Serial Mediators of the Relationship between Fear of COVID-19 and Burnout among Portuguese Police Officers","authors":"Bárbara Sousa, Patrícia Correia-Santos, Patrício Costa, Ângela Maia","doi":"10.3390/psych5030055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030055","url":null,"abstract":"Police officers are exposed to several operational and organizational stressors that significantly impact on their mental health. The COVID-19 pandemic was a new stressor that further exacerbated existing stressors, highlighting the need for a better understanding of its impact on the mental health of police officers. This study tested the hypothesis that occupational stressors and PTSD are serial mediators of the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and burnout. Two hundred Portuguese police officers completed an online survey that assessed their fear of COVID-19, exposure to operational and organizational stressors, PTSD, and burnout. The results of the serial mediation analysis indicated that not only do occupational stressors act as mediators between fear of COVID-19 and burnout but also that PTSD is a mediator. The findings of this study underscore the need for interventions to reduce the negative impact of operational and organizational stressors on the mental health of police officers. Furthermore, this study highlights the power of police institutions for prevention and intervention with these professionals. By recognizing the specific stressors that contribute to the development of PTSD and burnout, our study provides a foundation for the development of direct interventions that can help to minimize the adverse effects of these stressors","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135903114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Currently, two-level Mokken scale analysis for clustered test data is being developed. This paper contributes to this development by providing model-fit procedures for two-level Mokken scale analysis. New theoretical insights suggested that the existing model-fit procedure from traditional (one-level) Mokken scale analyses can be used for investigating model fit at both level 1 (respondent level) and level 2 (cluster level) of two-level Mokken scale analysis. However, the traditional model-fit procedure requires some modifications before it can be used at level 2. In this paper, we made these modifications and investigated the resulting model-fit procedure. For two model assumptions, monotonicity and invariant item ordering, we investigated the false-positive count and the sensitivity count of the level 2 model-fit procedure, with respect to the number of model violations detected, and the number of detected model violations deemed statistically significant. For monotonicity, the detection of model violations was satisfactory, but the significance test lacked power. For invariant item ordering, both aspects were satisfactory.
{"title":"Evaluating Model Fit in Two-Level Mokken Scale Analysis","authors":"Letty Koopman, B. Zijlstra, L. A. van der Ark","doi":"10.3390/psych5030056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030056","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, two-level Mokken scale analysis for clustered test data is being developed. This paper contributes to this development by providing model-fit procedures for two-level Mokken scale analysis. New theoretical insights suggested that the existing model-fit procedure from traditional (one-level) Mokken scale analyses can be used for investigating model fit at both level 1 (respondent level) and level 2 (cluster level) of two-level Mokken scale analysis. However, the traditional model-fit procedure requires some modifications before it can be used at level 2. In this paper, we made these modifications and investigated the resulting model-fit procedure. For two model assumptions, monotonicity and invariant item ordering, we investigated the false-positive count and the sensitivity count of the level 2 model-fit procedure, with respect to the number of model violations detected, and the number of detected model violations deemed statistically significant. For monotonicity, the detection of model violations was satisfactory, but the significance test lacked power. For invariant item ordering, both aspects were satisfactory.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47743987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An important challenge in statistical modeling is to balance how well our model explains the phenomenon under investigation with the parsimony of this explanation. In structural equation modeling (SEM), penalization approaches that add a penalty term to the estimation procedure have been proposed to achieve this balance. An alternative to the classical penalization approach is Bayesian regularized SEM in which the prior distribution serves as the penalty function. Many different shrinkage priors exist, enabling great flexibility in terms of shrinkage behavior. As a result, different types of shrinkage priors have been proposed for use in a wide variety of SEMs. However, the lack of a general framework and the technical details of these shrinkage methods can make it difficult for researchers outside the field of (Bayesian) regularized SEM to understand and apply these methods in their own work. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of Bayesian regularized SEM, with a focus on the types of SEMs in which Bayesian regularization has been applied as well as available software implementations. Through an empirical example, various open-source software packages for (Bayesian) regularized SEM are illustrated and all code is made available online to aid researchers in applying these methods. Finally, reviewing the current capabilities and constraints of Bayesian regularized SEM identifies several directions for future research.
{"title":"Bayesian Regularized SEM: Current Capabilities and Constraints","authors":"Sara van Erp","doi":"10.3390/psych5030054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030054","url":null,"abstract":"An important challenge in statistical modeling is to balance how well our model explains the phenomenon under investigation with the parsimony of this explanation. In structural equation modeling (SEM), penalization approaches that add a penalty term to the estimation procedure have been proposed to achieve this balance. An alternative to the classical penalization approach is Bayesian regularized SEM in which the prior distribution serves as the penalty function. Many different shrinkage priors exist, enabling great flexibility in terms of shrinkage behavior. As a result, different types of shrinkage priors have been proposed for use in a wide variety of SEMs. However, the lack of a general framework and the technical details of these shrinkage methods can make it difficult for researchers outside the field of (Bayesian) regularized SEM to understand and apply these methods in their own work. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of Bayesian regularized SEM, with a focus on the types of SEMs in which Bayesian regularization has been applied as well as available software implementations. Through an empirical example, various open-source software packages for (Bayesian) regularized SEM are illustrated and all code is made available online to aid researchers in applying these methods. Finally, reviewing the current capabilities and constraints of Bayesian regularized SEM identifies several directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48794279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ashley Clelland, O. Bulut, S. King, Matthew D. Johnson
Previous studies have demonstrated an association between low personal protective equipment (PPE) availability and high stress and anxiety among frontline healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear how other factors, such as infection prevention and control (IPC) training and IPC policy support, correlate with workers’ distress. The current study explores these relationships. We conducted a secondary analysis of a public survey dataset from Statistics Canada. Acute care workers’ survey responses (n = 7379) were analyzed using structural equation modeling to examine relationships between features of the IPC work environment and acute care workers’ ratings of their stress and mental health. We found that PPE availability (β = −0.16), workplace supports (i.e., training, IPC policy compliance, and enforcement) (β = −0.16), and support for staying home when sick (β = −0.19) were all negatively correlated with distress. Together, these features explained 18.4% of the overall variability in workers’ distress. Among surveyed acute care workers, PPE availability was related to their distress; however, having workplace support and an emphasis on staying home when sick was also relevant. Overall, the results highlight that, in addition to PPE availability, workplace supports and emphasis on staying home are important. IPC professionals and healthcare leaders should consider these multiple features as they support acute care workers during future infectious disease outbreaks.
{"title":"Examining the Associations between Personal Protective Equipment, Training, Policy, and Acute Care Workers’ Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Ashley Clelland, O. Bulut, S. King, Matthew D. Johnson","doi":"10.3390/psych5030053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030053","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have demonstrated an association between low personal protective equipment (PPE) availability and high stress and anxiety among frontline healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is unclear how other factors, such as infection prevention and control (IPC) training and IPC policy support, correlate with workers’ distress. The current study explores these relationships. We conducted a secondary analysis of a public survey dataset from Statistics Canada. Acute care workers’ survey responses (n = 7379) were analyzed using structural equation modeling to examine relationships between features of the IPC work environment and acute care workers’ ratings of their stress and mental health. We found that PPE availability (β = −0.16), workplace supports (i.e., training, IPC policy compliance, and enforcement) (β = −0.16), and support for staying home when sick (β = −0.19) were all negatively correlated with distress. Together, these features explained 18.4% of the overall variability in workers’ distress. Among surveyed acute care workers, PPE availability was related to their distress; however, having workplace support and an emphasis on staying home when sick was also relevant. Overall, the results highlight that, in addition to PPE availability, workplace supports and emphasis on staying home are important. IPC professionals and healthcare leaders should consider these multiple features as they support acute care workers during future infectious disease outbreaks.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44587715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present Special Issue of Psych, which has been now fully released, aimed to highlight the importance of the Mobile Mental Health Units (MMHUs) in delivering services in rural and remote areas in Greece, and to stress their role as an easily accessible setting that provides a wide range of community-based psychosocial interventions, well beyond usual psychiatric care [...]
{"title":"Mobile Mental Health Units in Greece: Bridging Clinical Practice and Research in the Rural Context","authors":"V. Peritogiannis, M. Samakouri","doi":"10.3390/psych5030051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030051","url":null,"abstract":"The present Special Issue of Psych, which has been now fully released, aimed to highlight the importance of the Mobile Mental Health Units (MMHUs) in delivering services in rural and remote areas in Greece, and to stress their role as an easily accessible setting that provides a wide range of community-based psychosocial interventions, well beyond usual psychiatric care [...]","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48318186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Teh, In Jiann Tan, Hong Tak Lim, Y. Ho, C. Ng, Rosmahani Mohd Ali, Jia Nee Ling, W. C. Lim, Gordon Hwa Mang Pang, Hwee Hwee Chua, Faisal Norizan, Norazlina Ibrahim, Chin Eang Goh, Gin Wei Chai, Malarkodi Suppamutharwyam, Melinda Ang, Dyascynthia Musa, Sook Chin Chan, Nurulakmal Obet, Yan Xi Yew, Zhen Aun Yee, Ai Vuen Lee, Way Ti Ooi, H. K. Ho, Yee Leng Lee, Rohilin Justa, Yoong Wah Lee, Hwei Wern Tay, Kuo Zhau Teo, Nor Hakima Makhtar, Ungku Ahmad Ameen Ungku Mohd Zam
The detection of pain in persons with advanced dementia is challenging due to their inability to verbally articulate the pain they are experiencing. Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) is an observer-rated pain assessment tool developed based on non-verbal expressions of pain for persons with severe dementia. This study aimed to perform construct validation of PAINAD for pain assessment in persons with severe dementia in Malaysia. This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted from 27 April 2022 to 28 October 2022 in eight public hospitals in Malaysia. The PAINAD scale was the index test, and the Discomfort Scale—Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DS-DAT) and Nurse-Reported Pain Scale (NRPS) were the reference tests for construct and concurrent validity assessment. Pain assessment for the study subjects was performed by two raters concurrently at rest and during activity. The PAINAD score was determined by the first rater, whereas the DS-DAT and NRPS were assessed by the second rater, and they were blinded to each other’s findings to prevent bias. PAINAD showed good positive correlations ranging from 0.325 to 0.715 with DS-DAT and NRPS at rest and during activity, with a p-value of <0.05. It also demonstrated statistically significant differences when comparing pain scores at rest and during activity, pre- and post-intervention. In conclusion, the PAINAD scale is a reliable observer-rated pain assessment tool for persons with severe dementia in Malaysia. It is also sensitive to changes in the pain level during activity and at rest, pre- and post-intervention.
{"title":"Multi-Center Validation of Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale in Malaysia","authors":"H. Teh, In Jiann Tan, Hong Tak Lim, Y. Ho, C. Ng, Rosmahani Mohd Ali, Jia Nee Ling, W. C. Lim, Gordon Hwa Mang Pang, Hwee Hwee Chua, Faisal Norizan, Norazlina Ibrahim, Chin Eang Goh, Gin Wei Chai, Malarkodi Suppamutharwyam, Melinda Ang, Dyascynthia Musa, Sook Chin Chan, Nurulakmal Obet, Yan Xi Yew, Zhen Aun Yee, Ai Vuen Lee, Way Ti Ooi, H. K. Ho, Yee Leng Lee, Rohilin Justa, Yoong Wah Lee, Hwei Wern Tay, Kuo Zhau Teo, Nor Hakima Makhtar, Ungku Ahmad Ameen Ungku Mohd Zam","doi":"10.3390/psych5030052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030052","url":null,"abstract":"The detection of pain in persons with advanced dementia is challenging due to their inability to verbally articulate the pain they are experiencing. Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) is an observer-rated pain assessment tool developed based on non-verbal expressions of pain for persons with severe dementia. This study aimed to perform construct validation of PAINAD for pain assessment in persons with severe dementia in Malaysia. This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted from 27 April 2022 to 28 October 2022 in eight public hospitals in Malaysia. The PAINAD scale was the index test, and the Discomfort Scale—Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DS-DAT) and Nurse-Reported Pain Scale (NRPS) were the reference tests for construct and concurrent validity assessment. Pain assessment for the study subjects was performed by two raters concurrently at rest and during activity. The PAINAD score was determined by the first rater, whereas the DS-DAT and NRPS were assessed by the second rater, and they were blinded to each other’s findings to prevent bias. PAINAD showed good positive correlations ranging from 0.325 to 0.715 with DS-DAT and NRPS at rest and during activity, with a p-value of <0.05. It also demonstrated statistically significant differences when comparing pain scores at rest and during activity, pre- and post-intervention. In conclusion, the PAINAD scale is a reliable observer-rated pain assessment tool for persons with severe dementia in Malaysia. It is also sensitive to changes in the pain level during activity and at rest, pre- and post-intervention.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Bulut, Jinnie Shin, S. Yildirim-Erbasli, Guher Gorgun, Z. Pardos
This study aims to introduce Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT), a probabilistic model used in educational data mining to estimate learners’ knowledge states over time. It also provides a practical guide to estimating BKT models using the pyBKT library available in Python. The first section presents an overview of BKT by explaining its theoretical foundations and advantages in modeling individual learning processes. In the second section, we describe different variants of the standard BKT model based on item response theory (IRT). Next, we demonstrate the estimation of BKT with the pyBKT library in Python, outlining data pre-processing steps, parameter estimation, and model evaluation. Different cases of knowledge tracing tasks illustrate how BKT estimates learners’ knowledge states and evaluates prediction accuracy. The results highlight the utility of BKT in capturing learners’ knowledge states dynamically. We also show that the model parameters of BKT resemble the parameters from logistic IRT models.
{"title":"An Introduction to Bayesian Knowledge Tracing with pyBKT","authors":"O. Bulut, Jinnie Shin, S. Yildirim-Erbasli, Guher Gorgun, Z. Pardos","doi":"10.3390/psych5030050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030050","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to introduce Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT), a probabilistic model used in educational data mining to estimate learners’ knowledge states over time. It also provides a practical guide to estimating BKT models using the pyBKT library available in Python. The first section presents an overview of BKT by explaining its theoretical foundations and advantages in modeling individual learning processes. In the second section, we describe different variants of the standard BKT model based on item response theory (IRT). Next, we demonstrate the estimation of BKT with the pyBKT library in Python, outlining data pre-processing steps, parameter estimation, and model evaluation. Different cases of knowledge tracing tasks illustrate how BKT estimates learners’ knowledge states and evaluates prediction accuracy. The results highlight the utility of BKT in capturing learners’ knowledge states dynamically. We also show that the model parameters of BKT resemble the parameters from logistic IRT models.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45508835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In random-effects models, hierarchical linear models, or multilevel models, it is typically assumed that the variances within higher-level units are homoscedastic, meaning that they are equal across these units. However, this assumption is often violated in research. Depending on the degree of violation, this can lead to biased standard errors of higher-level parameters and thus to incorrect inferences. In this article, we describe a resampling technique for obtaining standard errors—Zitzmann’s jackknife. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation study to compare the technique with the commonly used delete-1 jackknife, the robust standard error in Mplus, and a modified version of the commonly used delete-1 jackknife. Findings revealed that the resampling techniques clearly outperformed the robust standard error in rather small samples with high levels of heteroscedasticity. Moreover, Zitzmann’s jackknife tended to perform somewhat better than the two versions of the delete-1 jackknife and was much faster.
{"title":"Accurate Standard Errors in Multilevel Modeling with Heteroscedasticity: A Computationally More Efficient Jackknife Technique","authors":"Steffen Zitzmann, Sebastian Weirich, Martin Hecht","doi":"10.3390/psych5030049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030049","url":null,"abstract":"In random-effects models, hierarchical linear models, or multilevel models, it is typically assumed that the variances within higher-level units are homoscedastic, meaning that they are equal across these units. However, this assumption is often violated in research. Depending on the degree of violation, this can lead to biased standard errors of higher-level parameters and thus to incorrect inferences. In this article, we describe a resampling technique for obtaining standard errors—Zitzmann’s jackknife. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation study to compare the technique with the commonly used delete-1 jackknife, the robust standard error in Mplus, and a modified version of the commonly used delete-1 jackknife. Findings revealed that the resampling techniques clearly outperformed the robust standard error in rather small samples with high levels of heteroscedasticity. Moreover, Zitzmann’s jackknife tended to perform somewhat better than the two versions of the delete-1 jackknife and was much faster.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69807481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joe M. Chelladurai, L. Marks, D. Dollahite, H. Kelley, David B. Allsop
Gratitude has been extensively studied over the past two decades. Among several predictors, aspects of religiosity and spirituality have been consistent predictors of gratitude. To explore the religious motivations and processes that foster the practice of gratitude, we undertook a systematic thematic analysis using interview data from a national qualitative project of 198 highly religious families. Participants (n = 476) included mothers, fathers, and children from various socioeconomic backgrounds and from diverse religious, racial, and ethnic backgrounds in the United States of America. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the participants’ homes. Data for this study were analyzed using a team-based approach to qualitative analysis. The findings were organized thematically, including: (a) aspects of gratitude, (b) expressions of gratitude, and (c) the influence of gratitude. Two aspects of gratitude were identified: functional—what people were grateful for—and directional—to whom they were grateful. Expressions of gratitude involved participation in regular, gratitude-focused prayers and mutual day-to-day appreciation. The relational context and implications and context of gratitude in religious families were further examined and reported with sub-themes: (a) gratitude prompted positive re-evaluation of relationships and (b) gratitude reinforced religious faith. Implications, strengths, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
{"title":"The Hidden Power of “Thank You”: Exploring Aspects, Expressions, and the Influence of Gratitude in Religious Families","authors":"Joe M. Chelladurai, L. Marks, D. Dollahite, H. Kelley, David B. Allsop","doi":"10.3390/psych5030048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030048","url":null,"abstract":"Gratitude has been extensively studied over the past two decades. Among several predictors, aspects of religiosity and spirituality have been consistent predictors of gratitude. To explore the religious motivations and processes that foster the practice of gratitude, we undertook a systematic thematic analysis using interview data from a national qualitative project of 198 highly religious families. Participants (n = 476) included mothers, fathers, and children from various socioeconomic backgrounds and from diverse religious, racial, and ethnic backgrounds in the United States of America. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in the participants’ homes. Data for this study were analyzed using a team-based approach to qualitative analysis. The findings were organized thematically, including: (a) aspects of gratitude, (b) expressions of gratitude, and (c) the influence of gratitude. Two aspects of gratitude were identified: functional—what people were grateful for—and directional—to whom they were grateful. Expressions of gratitude involved participation in regular, gratitude-focused prayers and mutual day-to-day appreciation. The relational context and implications and context of gratitude in religious families were further examined and reported with sub-themes: (a) gratitude prompted positive re-evaluation of relationships and (b) gratitude reinforced religious faith. Implications, strengths, limitations, and future directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46657106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, an exploratory mixed-method approach was employed to investigate the attitudes of Iranians and Americans toward each other, specifically focusing on two critical incidents in their modern history. Drawing from quantitative and qualitative data collected in relation to the hostage crisis in 1979, the missile attack on an Iranian passenger plane (Iran Air 655) in 1988, and the travel ban (Executive Order 13780) in 2018, the study aimed to uncover any changes in attitudes over the course of history. Unlike previous research, the majority of participants had a more balanced and less biased viewpoint toward each other and approached the incidents by considering the consequences and ethical aspects associated with each event. These findings challenge the notion of a mirror image effect, which suggests that people tend to adopt their government’s attitude toward other nations. Instead, participants demonstrated a tendency to rely on their own judgment and critically evaluate information, rather than blindly accepting media narratives.
{"title":"Contemporary Mirror Imaging between American and Iranian Citizens: An Exploratory Mixed-Method Research Study","authors":"Parvaneh Yaghoubi Jami, K. Tabrizi","doi":"10.3390/psych5030047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/psych5030047","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, an exploratory mixed-method approach was employed to investigate the attitudes of Iranians and Americans toward each other, specifically focusing on two critical incidents in their modern history. Drawing from quantitative and qualitative data collected in relation to the hostage crisis in 1979, the missile attack on an Iranian passenger plane (Iran Air 655) in 1988, and the travel ban (Executive Order 13780) in 2018, the study aimed to uncover any changes in attitudes over the course of history. Unlike previous research, the majority of participants had a more balanced and less biased viewpoint toward each other and approached the incidents by considering the consequences and ethical aspects associated with each event. These findings challenge the notion of a mirror image effect, which suggests that people tend to adopt their government’s attitude toward other nations. Instead, participants demonstrated a tendency to rely on their own judgment and critically evaluate information, rather than blindly accepting media narratives.","PeriodicalId":93139,"journal":{"name":"Psych","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48391342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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