The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Dr. Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy. Autophagy is a fundamental and conserved cellular program essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Unlike non-selective autophagy (including mitophagy) that sorts harmful or surplus cellular contents to the lysosomes for degradation and recycling, selective autophagy is mediated by an increasing pool of receptors, such as p62, NBR1, TAX1BP1, NDP52, OPTN, BCL2L13, FUNDC1, CCDC50, TRIMs, and TOLLIP, and is generally invoked by certain stresses to specifically target functional substrates for lysosomal degradation to modulate various cellular responses [14].
{"title":"How Oncogenic Viruses Exploit p62-Mediated Selective Autophagy for Cancer Development.","authors":"Shunbin Ning, Ling Wang","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000134","url":null,"abstract":"The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Dr. Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy. Autophagy is a fundamental and conserved cellular program essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Unlike non-selective autophagy (including mitophagy) that sorts harmful or surplus cellular contents to the lysosomes for degradation and recycling, selective autophagy is mediated by an increasing pool of receptors, such as p62, NBR1, TAX1BP1, NDP52, OPTN, BCL2L13, FUNDC1, CCDC50, TRIMs, and TOLLIP, and is generally invoked by certain stresses to specifically target functional substrates for lysosomal degradation to modulate various cellular responses [14].","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: Young adulthood is a period when individuals experiment health risk substances such as illicit substance and tobacco use that may predispose them to sexually transmitted diseases. Minority young adults living in HIV prevalent urban communities are notably more likely to engage in these behaviors. In the United States, minority young adults over-represented with HIV infection. To resolve this problem, the United States Congress has invested over $100million in grants. In the United States, few studies have examined illicit substance and tobacco use among this vulnerable population. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive HIV prevention program (CIHPP) on illicit substance and tobacco use among minority young adults living in a high prevalence of HIV infection urban community. Methods: The data of illicit substance and tobacco use was collected using a survey of a random sample of minority young adults who participated in the CIHPP. for12-months. Change in illicit substance and tobacco use during 24 months of minority young adults' participation in CIHPP was recorded. The data was analyzed using the latent growth curve (LGC) model within the framework of the structural equation modeling procedure. The evaluation included the change in the intercept and slope of the Mean, Variance, covariance, and predictor variable in three waves for 24months. Result: The average score for illegal substance use of 5.411 decreased significantly over the 24months. Young adults exhibited a low rate of increase in their illicit use substance over the 24months. This finding indicates that the CIHPP was effective in decreasing the substance use of young adults under study. There were significant inter individual differences in the original score of illicit substance use between the young adults at the beginning of the implementation of the CIHPP and its change over time, as the as the minority young adult progressed from the beginning of the CIHPP intervention through the 24 months. Using gender as a predictor of change showed no difference between male and female young adults. For tobacco use, the average score for tobacco (16.631) decreased significantly over the three 24months. There was no meaningful difference between minority young adult males and minority young adult females in illicit substances use at the beginning of CIHPP. However, during CIHPP intervention, minority young adult’s males had an increase in the rate of change in tobacco use than minority young adult females. The mean estimate for tobacco use indicates that the average score for tobacco use increased significantly over the three 12-months periods. The covariance between the intercept and slope factor for tobacco use was statistically significant. Minority young adult males exhibited a higher rate of tobacco use than their female counterparts over the 24 months. This finding suggests that the Comprehensive, integrated HIV prevention program was not effective in decreasing t
{"title":"Latent Growth Curve Model Evaluation of Illicit Substance and Tobacco Use among Young Adults in Cumberland County, North Carolina","authors":"Maurice Y. Mongkuo","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000124","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Young adulthood is a period when individuals experiment health risk substances such as illicit substance and tobacco use that may predispose them to sexually transmitted diseases. Minority young adults living in HIV prevalent urban communities are notably more likely to engage in these behaviors. In the United States, minority young adults over-represented with HIV infection. To resolve this problem, the United States Congress has invested over $100million in grants. In the United States, few studies have examined illicit substance and tobacco use among this vulnerable population. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive HIV prevention program (CIHPP) on illicit substance and tobacco use among minority young adults living in a high prevalence of HIV infection urban community. Methods: The data of illicit substance and tobacco use was collected using a survey of a random sample of minority young adults who participated in the CIHPP. for12-months. Change in illicit substance and tobacco use during 24 months of minority young adults' participation in CIHPP was recorded. The data was analyzed using the latent growth curve (LGC) model within the framework of the structural equation modeling procedure. The evaluation included the change in the intercept and slope of the Mean, Variance, covariance, and predictor variable in three waves for 24months. Result: The average score for illegal substance use of 5.411 decreased significantly over the 24months. Young adults exhibited a low rate of increase in their illicit use substance over the 24months. This finding indicates that the CIHPP was effective in decreasing the substance use of young adults under study. There were significant inter individual differences in the original score of illicit substance use between the young adults at the beginning of the implementation of the CIHPP and its change over time, as the as the minority young adult progressed from the beginning of the CIHPP intervention through the 24 months. Using gender as a predictor of change showed no difference between male and female young adults. For tobacco use, the average score for tobacco (16.631) decreased significantly over the three 24months. There was no meaningful difference between minority young adult males and minority young adult females in illicit substances use at the beginning of CIHPP. However, during CIHPP intervention, minority young adult’s males had an increase in the rate of change in tobacco use than minority young adult females. The mean estimate for tobacco use indicates that the average score for tobacco use increased significantly over the three 12-months periods. The covariance between the intercept and slope factor for tobacco use was statistically significant. Minority young adult males exhibited a higher rate of tobacco use than their female counterparts over the 24 months. This finding suggests that the Comprehensive, integrated HIV prevention program was not effective in decreasing t","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome is a clinicoradiologic entity characterized by headaches, altered mental status, seizures, and visual loss and is associated with white matter vasogenic edema predominantly affecting the posterior occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. We herein, present a rare complication of mixed connective tissue disease. A 12-year old boy presented with generalized tonic-clonic fits, aphasia, and fever and generalized body swelling since 2 weeks. His labs showed hypercholestremia, hypoalbuminemia and massive proteinuria. Renal biopsy revealed secondary membranous glomerulopathy and he developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. His anti RNP and anti-smooth muscle came back positive. Evaluation by magnetic resonance scan of the brain showed that the child had hyper intense signal in the parie¬to-occipital regions. All signs of PRES started resolving after seven days of supportive treatment evidenced by subsequent radiological evaluation. PRES and secondary membranous glomerulopathy should be kept in mind in any connective tissue disease who is on prolonged immunosuppressive therapy.
{"title":"Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in a 12-Year- Old Boy with Mixed Connective Tissue Disease","authors":"K. Khan, S. Qureshi","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000103","url":null,"abstract":"Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome is a clinicoradiologic entity characterized by headaches, altered mental status, seizures, and visual loss and is associated with white matter vasogenic edema predominantly affecting the posterior occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. We herein, present a rare complication of mixed connective tissue disease. A 12-year old boy presented with generalized tonic-clonic fits, aphasia, and fever and generalized body swelling since 2 weeks. His labs showed hypercholestremia, hypoalbuminemia and massive proteinuria. Renal biopsy revealed secondary membranous glomerulopathy and he developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. His anti RNP and anti-smooth muscle came back positive. Evaluation by magnetic resonance scan of the brain showed that the child had hyper intense signal in the parie¬to-occipital regions. All signs of PRES started resolving after seven days of supportive treatment evidenced by subsequent radiological evaluation. PRES and secondary membranous glomerulopathy should be kept in mind in any connective tissue disease who is on prolonged immunosuppressive therapy.","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46629701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is Routine Screening for TORCH Infection in Antenatal Women with Bad Obstetric History Worthwhile!","authors":"S. Fatima","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000105","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Importance of Immunology Knowledge for the Health Sciences Students and Physicians","authors":"M. M.","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the last decades growing attention has been given to extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the cells as new specialized structures for intercellular communication without direct cell contact. EVs are small membrane vesicles, commonly distinguished in microvesicles (MVs) (100-1000nm in diameter) and exosomes (EXOs) (40-100nm in diameter), which differ in size, content and mechanism of formation [1]. They are involved in different biological processes, including neuroinflammation.
{"title":"Are Extracellular Vesicles Reliable Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis?","authors":"C. Avolio","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000111","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decades growing attention has been given to extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the cells as new specialized structures for intercellular communication without direct cell contact. EVs are small membrane vesicles, commonly distinguished in microvesicles (MVs) (100-1000nm in diameter) and exosomes (EXOs) (40-100nm in diameter), which differ in size, content and mechanism of formation [1]. They are involved in different biological processes, including neuroinflammation.","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessment of the Level of Interferon-Gamma in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis","authors":"Amal Fathi Gharib","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000106","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of naturally occurring peptides produced by organisms across multiple kingdoms to defend the host against the invading pathogen. AMPs offer great alternatives to develop the next generation antimicrobial agents. Today, there are 3140 naturally occurring and synthetic antimicrobial peptides identified from six kingdoms according to The Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) [1-3], presenting a good arsenal against microbial infection and providing a wide selection for antimicrobial drug development.
{"title":"Can Computational Design Replace Human Design of Antimicrobial Peptides?","authors":"J. Cheng","doi":"10.23880/aii-16000110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23880/aii-16000110","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of naturally occurring peptides produced by organisms across multiple kingdoms to defend the host against the invading pathogen. AMPs offer great alternatives to develop the next generation antimicrobial agents. Today, there are 3140 naturally occurring and synthetic antimicrobial peptides identified from six kingdoms according to The Antimicrobial Peptide Database (APD) [1-3], presenting a good arsenal against microbial infection and providing a wide selection for antimicrobial drug development.","PeriodicalId":93259,"journal":{"name":"Annals of immunology & immunotherapy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68917345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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