Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.46439/ophthalmology.3.025
R. Rodriguez, Kristine L. Lowe, M. Keniry, A. Tsin
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in the U.S. However, not much is known of underlying molecular mechanism and how oxidative stress contributes to its development. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of TGFβ signaling pathway on the effect of oxidative stress on VEGF secretion and viability of retinal cells. VEGF is the hallmark that exacerbates DR progression in prolonged diabetes. Some major concerns that have arisen are the underlying effects of antioxidants in elevating VEGF secretion in diabetes. In this study, we evaluated how hypoxia (or low oxygen) impacts viability and VEGF secretion using 661W cone photoreceptor cells. Confluent 661W cells were grown in 5.5 mM normal or 30 mM high glucose, as well as subjected to CoCl2 to induce hypoxia. After treatment for 24 hours, conditioned media were collected for ELISA measurement to determine the amount of protein (VEGF) secretion. Viable cell numbers were also recorded. High glucose did not induce significant changes in viable cell number nor VEGF concentration in cell media. However, hypoxia condition resulted in a three-fold decrease in viable cell numbers and a three-fold increase in VEGF concentration. Furthermore, treatment with two TGFβ inhibitors: SMAD 3, SIS (or Inhibitor 1) and TGFβ receptor 1 kinase inhibitor (or Inhibitor 2) resulted in a reversal of hypoxia-induced changes. These results strongly suggest that TGFβ signaling pathway mediates hypoxia-induced retinal cell viability and VEGF secretion. Further translational research studies will provide evidence to identify appropriate and effective pharmaceutical targets in this molecular pathway to mitigate the development of DR.
{"title":"Involvement of TGFβ signaling pathway in oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy","authors":"R. Rodriguez, Kristine L. Lowe, M. Keniry, A. Tsin","doi":"10.46439/ophthalmology.3.025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/ophthalmology.3.025","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in the U.S. However, not much is known of underlying molecular mechanism and how oxidative stress contributes to its development. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of TGFβ signaling pathway on the effect of oxidative stress on VEGF secretion and viability of retinal cells. VEGF is the hallmark that exacerbates DR progression in prolonged diabetes. Some major concerns that have arisen are the underlying effects of antioxidants in elevating VEGF secretion in diabetes. In this study, we evaluated how hypoxia (or low oxygen) impacts viability and VEGF secretion using 661W cone photoreceptor cells. Confluent 661W cells were grown in 5.5 mM normal or 30 mM high glucose, as well as subjected to CoCl2 to induce hypoxia. After treatment for 24 hours, conditioned media were collected for ELISA measurement to determine the amount of protein (VEGF) secretion. Viable cell numbers were also recorded. High glucose did not induce significant changes in viable cell number nor VEGF concentration in cell media. However, hypoxia condition resulted in a three-fold decrease in viable cell numbers and a three-fold increase in VEGF concentration. Furthermore, treatment with two TGFβ inhibitors: SMAD 3, SIS (or Inhibitor 1) and TGFβ receptor 1 kinase inhibitor (or Inhibitor 2) resulted in a reversal of hypoxia-induced changes. These results strongly suggest that TGFβ signaling pathway mediates hypoxia-induced retinal cell viability and VEGF secretion. Further translational research studies will provide evidence to identify appropriate and effective pharmaceutical targets in this molecular pathway to mitigate the development of DR.","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":"3 1","pages":"23 - 28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43590356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.33696/ophthalmology.1.001
Evita Evangelia Christou, M. Stefaniotou
In the process of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal homeostasis may be adversely affected with resultant modifications in retinal and choroidal tissue. Hypoxia and nutrient deprivation along with inflammation at the detached retina may lead to morphological and microvascularity alterations. These changes imply that the functional status of the macula may not be entirely restored despite anatomical repair [1-8]. OCTAngiography (OCT-A) provides depth-resolved vascular information in a non-invasive procedure producing in situ representation of retinal and choroidal circulation, thus enabling physicians to examine foveal microstructure in detail. Interestingly, microcirculation changes in each capillary network including superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and choriocapillary plexus (CCP) seem to occur in a distinct way dependent on their location and tolerance to tissue hypoxia. Retinal microvasculature of the two capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP) and choriocapillary network are evaluated in detail, while ICP is not always included in most studies due to projection artifact [911]. Notably, the currently available evidence concerning potential macular alterations as seen on OCT-A after RRD repair has stirred controversy as the results of the studies have not been unequivocally confirmed [12-31].
{"title":"Macular Microcirculation after Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair Evaluated by OCT-Angiography","authors":"Evita Evangelia Christou, M. Stefaniotou","doi":"10.33696/ophthalmology.1.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/ophthalmology.1.001","url":null,"abstract":"In the process of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal homeostasis may be adversely affected with resultant modifications in retinal and choroidal tissue. Hypoxia and nutrient deprivation along with inflammation at the detached retina may lead to morphological and microvascularity alterations. These changes imply that the functional status of the macula may not be entirely restored despite anatomical repair [1-8]. OCTAngiography (OCT-A) provides depth-resolved vascular information in a non-invasive procedure producing in situ representation of retinal and choroidal circulation, thus enabling physicians to examine foveal microstructure in detail. Interestingly, microcirculation changes in each capillary network including superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and choriocapillary plexus (CCP) seem to occur in a distinct way dependent on their location and tolerance to tissue hypoxia. Retinal microvasculature of the two capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP) and choriocapillary network are evaluated in detail, while ICP is not always included in most studies due to projection artifact [911]. Notably, the currently available evidence concerning potential macular alterations as seen on OCT-A after RRD repair has stirred controversy as the results of the studies have not been unequivocally confirmed [12-31].","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77793593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.33696/ophthalmology.1.005
Rani Roy
While rare, retinoblastoma is the most common (1:16000 – 18000 live births) intraocular and life threatening tumor of childhood [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 66% of children present with symptoms before 2 years of age and 95% before 5 years of age. About 8000 new cases are detected annually with the highest incidence in Africa and India. In fact, more than 1400 cases each year are from India [3]. According to Mukesh et al., 43% of the global burden lives in 6 countries of Asia (India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh & Philippines) [4].
{"title":"Generating Awareness and a Planned Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach Can Save Both the Sight and Life in Retinoblastoma in Developing Countries","authors":"Rani Roy","doi":"10.33696/ophthalmology.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/ophthalmology.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"While rare, retinoblastoma is the most common (1:16000 – 18000 live births) intraocular and life threatening tumor of childhood [1,2]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 66% of children present with symptoms before 2 years of age and 95% before 5 years of age. About 8000 new cases are detected annually with the highest incidence in Africa and India. In fact, more than 1400 cases each year are from India [3]. According to Mukesh et al., 43% of the global burden lives in 6 countries of Asia (India, China, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh & Philippines) [4].","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89872121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.46439/ophthalmology.3.026
{"title":"The effect of brimonidine tartrate 0.025percent on palpebral fissure height: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"","doi":"10.46439/ophthalmology.3.026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/ophthalmology.3.026","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48283377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.33696/ophthalmology.1.004
S. Wolfe, Mark Perez, Katriel E. Lee, H. Bartlett, Hayes, Tamra Ranasinghe, P. Brown, K. Fargen
Stacey Q. Wolfe, MD1*, Stephanie A. Coffman, MD1, Mark Perez1, Katriel Lee1, Bartlett H. Hayes, MD2, Tamra Ranasinghe, MD3, Patrick A. Brown, MD4, Kyle M. Fargen, MD, MPH1 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 2Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 3Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 4Department of Radiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA *Correspondence should be addressed to Stacey Q. Wolfe; sqwolfe@wakehealth.edu
Stacey Q. Wolfe, MD1*， Stephanie A. Coffman, MD1, Mark Perez1, Katriel le1, Bartlett H. Hayes, MD2, Tamra Ranasinghe, MD3, Patrick A. Brown, MD4, Kyle M. Fargen, MD, MPH1 1美国北卡罗来纳州温斯顿-塞勒姆威克森林大学医学院神经外科2美国北卡罗来纳州温斯顿-塞勒姆威克森林浸信会健康眼科3美国北卡罗来纳州温斯顿-塞勒姆威克森林浸信会健康神经内科4威克森林浸信会健康影像学温斯顿-塞勒姆，北卡罗来纳州，美国*信件应寄给Stacey Q. Wolfe;sqwolfe@wakehealth.edu
{"title":"Multidisciplinary Acute Care of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion with a Stroke Paradigm: A Call to Action","authors":"S. Wolfe, Mark Perez, Katriel E. Lee, H. Bartlett, Hayes, Tamra Ranasinghe, P. Brown, K. Fargen","doi":"10.33696/ophthalmology.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/ophthalmology.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"Stacey Q. Wolfe, MD1*, Stephanie A. Coffman, MD1, Mark Perez1, Katriel Lee1, Bartlett H. Hayes, MD2, Tamra Ranasinghe, MD3, Patrick A. Brown, MD4, Kyle M. Fargen, MD, MPH1 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 2Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 3Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA 4Department of Radiology, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC, USA *Correspondence should be addressed to Stacey Q. Wolfe; sqwolfe@wakehealth.edu","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84496411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.33696/ophthalmology.1.002
J. Augsburger
Multiple types of discrete melanocytic choroidal lesions are currently recognized, including benign choroidal nevi, choroidal malignant melanomas, patches of choroidal melanocytosis, and foci of choroidal melanocytes stimulated paraneoplastically by a systemic nonmelanoma malignant neoplasm. In 2020, I proposed the term “FANNUM (focal aggregate of normal or near normal uveal melanocytes) of the choroid” [1] to categorize an additional specific type of discrete melanocytic choroidal lesion that exhibits the following clinical features:
{"title":"Focal Aggregates of Normal or Near Normal Uveal Melanocytes (FANNUMs) in the Choroid. A Practical Clinical Category of Small Ophthalmoscopically Evident Discrete Melanocytic Choroidal Lesions","authors":"J. Augsburger","doi":"10.33696/ophthalmology.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/ophthalmology.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple types of discrete melanocytic choroidal lesions are currently recognized, including benign choroidal nevi, choroidal malignant melanomas, patches of choroidal melanocytosis, and foci of choroidal melanocytes stimulated paraneoplastically by a systemic nonmelanoma malignant neoplasm. In 2020, I proposed the term “FANNUM (focal aggregate of normal or near normal uveal melanocytes) of the choroid” [1] to categorize an additional specific type of discrete melanocytic choroidal lesion that exhibits the following clinical features:","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87381309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.46439/ophthalmology.3.027
{"title":"Epidemiology of United States ocular injuries at home in preschool age children from 2000- 2019","authors":"","doi":"10.46439/ophthalmology.3.027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/ophthalmology.3.027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47747099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.33696/ophthalmology.1.003
J. Jarstad
Recently, several studies and investigators have shown the beneficial effects of high dose dietary riboflavin (vitamin B2) in the treatment of keratoconus, post-refractive (LASIK, PRK & Radial Keratotomy) ectasia (with sunlight exposure) and patients treated with our own protocol (NIH Clinical Study – www.clinicaltrials.gov # NCT 03095235) discovered significant relief for intractable migraine headaches and/or ophthalmic migraine (classic migraine visual symptoms without headache).
{"title":"Mega-Dose Dietary Riboflavin in Treatment in Keratoconus, Post-Refractive Cornea Ectasia and Migraine. Has Its Time Arrived","authors":"J. Jarstad","doi":"10.33696/ophthalmology.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33696/ophthalmology.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, several studies and investigators have shown the beneficial effects of high dose dietary riboflavin (vitamin B2) in the treatment of keratoconus, post-refractive (LASIK, PRK & Radial Keratotomy) ectasia (with sunlight exposure) and patients treated with our own protocol (NIH Clinical Study – www.clinicaltrials.gov # NCT 03095235) discovered significant relief for intractable migraine headaches and/or ophthalmic migraine (classic migraine visual symptoms without headache).","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85727351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-31DOI: 10.46439/ophthalmology.3.028
{"title":"Artisan and artiflex phakic intraocular lenses for high ametropia: long-term results","authors":"","doi":"10.46439/ophthalmology.3.028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/ophthalmology.3.028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48016740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-26DOI: 10.46439/ophthalmology.3.020
{"title":"Evaluating refractive outcomes after pars plana vitrectomy and scleral fixated intraocular lens with Gore-Tex suture","authors":"","doi":"10.46439/ophthalmology.3.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46439/ophthalmology.3.020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93265,"journal":{"name":"Archives of clinical and experimental ophthalmology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42627200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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