Pub Date : 2021-10-11DOI: 10.14302/issn.2641-7669.ject-21-3970
J. Arruda-Neto, Erika Cavalcante-Silva, Henriette Righi, O. Rocha, Maria do Carmo Bitten court-Oliveira, M. K. Cordeiro‑Araújo
Microcystins (MCs) are toxins profusely synthesized by cyanobacteria, causing livestock poisonings and endangering human health. We design and execute an experiment to investigate the attenuation (degradation) of microcystins by exposing them to gamma radiation and electron beams at doses of 0 (control), 3, 5, 10 and 15 kGy. The experimental conditions simulate microcystin contamination of aquatic environments; we thus consider (1) microcystins inside whole cells and extracellular dissolved in water, simulated by non-sonicated and sonicated cells, respectively, and (2) two acute microcystin concentrations within water. Toxicity tests of Microcystis aeruginosa detected immobilization (i.e., paralysis) of Ceriodaphniasilvestrii exposed to aqueous crude extracts of irradiated and non-irradiated M. aeruginosa (NPLJ-4 strain) at concentrations of 45 and 90 mg.L-1 (mg dry weight of freeze-dried material), and the results were analyzed using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber statistical program to obtain 48-h EC50, the average effective concentration causing immobility in 50% of organisms after 48 hours. We conclude that electron beams are effective physical agents for toxin attenuation (degradation) and reach 100% effectiveness at 5 kGy and above; their efficiency is two orders of magnitude greater than that of gamma radiation. This new body of information contributes to (1) remediating environmental water sources; (2) designing water/wastewater treatment facilities; (3) combatting chronic microcystin environmental contamination; and (4) inspiring further studies to promote the use of biomonitors (e.g., Cladocerans) to detect and evaluate microalgae contamination.
{"title":"Attenuation of Microcystins Using Electron Beams and Gamma Radiation: A Study with Environment-Bound Conditions","authors":"J. Arruda-Neto, Erika Cavalcante-Silva, Henriette Righi, O. Rocha, Maria do Carmo Bitten court-Oliveira, M. K. Cordeiro‑Araújo","doi":"10.14302/issn.2641-7669.ject-21-3970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2641-7669.ject-21-3970","url":null,"abstract":"Microcystins (MCs) are toxins profusely synthesized by cyanobacteria, causing livestock poisonings and endangering human health. We design and execute an experiment to investigate the attenuation (degradation) of microcystins by exposing them to gamma radiation and electron beams at doses of 0 (control), 3, 5, 10 and 15 kGy. The experimental conditions simulate microcystin contamination of aquatic environments; we thus consider (1) microcystins inside whole cells and extracellular dissolved in water, simulated by non-sonicated and sonicated cells, respectively, and (2) two acute microcystin concentrations within water. Toxicity tests of Microcystis aeruginosa detected immobilization (i.e., paralysis) of Ceriodaphniasilvestrii exposed to aqueous crude extracts of irradiated and non-irradiated M. aeruginosa (NPLJ-4 strain) at concentrations of 45 and 90 mg.L-1 (mg dry weight of freeze-dried material), and the results were analyzed using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber statistical program to obtain 48-h EC50, the average effective concentration causing immobility in 50% of organisms after 48 hours.\u0000\u0000We conclude that electron beams are effective physical agents for toxin attenuation (degradation) and reach 100% effectiveness at 5 kGy and above; their efficiency is two orders of magnitude greater than that of gamma radiation.\u0000\u0000This new body of information contributes to (1) remediating environmental water sources; (2) designing water/wastewater treatment facilities; (3) combatting chronic microcystin environmental contamination; and (4) inspiring further studies to promote the use of biomonitors (e.g., Cladocerans) to detect and evaluate microalgae contamination.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46696808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-08DOI: 10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2753
Tariwari C. N Angaye, Odigo Konmeze, E. A. Gbodo, Ubi Apollos
The problem associated inappropriate management of municipal waste to the ecosystem cannot be overemphasized. This study involved the physical characterization of municipal solid waste streams in 4 commercial dumpsites in Yenagoa Metropolis, using the quartile estimate method. Results showed that out of a total mass of 79.82kg; the individual mass composition was reported for garbage (food) waste 33.32 (39%), paper waste 14.90 kg (40.82%), plastic waste 5.12 kg (6%), nylon 11.01kg (13%), metal 4.31 kg (5%), wood 2.29 kg (3%), electronic 5.69 kg (7%), glass/ceramic 3.48 kg (4%) and unclassified waste whose mass was 4.62kg (5%). Disposal of untreated and unsegregated/uncharacterized waste adverse effect to the environment. It is hereby recommended that the populace to desist from illicit disposal of waste stream. In addition all stakeholders and Government in particular should formulate policies the reduction, reuse and recycling of waste stream.
{"title":"Characterization of Commercial Solid Waste Stream in Bayelsa State, Nigeria","authors":"Tariwari C. N Angaye, Odigo Konmeze, E. A. Gbodo, Ubi Apollos","doi":"10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2753","url":null,"abstract":"The problem associated inappropriate management of municipal waste to the ecosystem cannot be overemphasized. This study involved the physical characterization of municipal solid waste streams in 4 commercial dumpsites in Yenagoa Metropolis, using the quartile estimate method. Results showed that out of a total mass of 79.82kg; the individual mass composition was reported for garbage (food) waste 33.32 (39%), paper waste 14.90 kg (40.82%), plastic waste 5.12 kg (6%), nylon 11.01kg (13%), metal 4.31 kg (5%), wood 2.29 kg (3%), electronic 5.69 kg (7%), glass/ceramic 3.48 kg (4%) and unclassified waste whose mass was 4.62kg (5%). Disposal of untreated and unsegregated/uncharacterized waste adverse effect to the environment. It is hereby recommended that the populace to desist from illicit disposal of waste stream. In addition all stakeholders and Government in particular should formulate policies the reduction, reuse and recycling of waste stream.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41975314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-01DOI: 10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2730
P. Solomon, A. Oyedeji, F. O. Briyai, D. D. Bawo, J. Abowei
Solvent residue such as hexane in foodstuff, especially edible oil could be considered as the undesirable substances when exceeds maximum residue limit (MRL). The aim of this study is to determine the hexane content in various brands of edible oils. Totally forty samples (23 brands) of different types of vegetable oils including frying oils (n=14), blended oils (n=13), sunflower oils (n=6), corn oils (n=5) and canola oils (n=2) from Iran´s market were analyzed for hexane content using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography equipped with a flame-ionization detector (SPME)-GC-(FID). The hexane residue was detected in thirty-six out of forty examined samples, ranged from lower than LOD to 42.6 µg/kg. However, in all of them hexane content were below the MRL of 1 mg/kg which set by the European Union.
{"title":"Biolarvicidal Potentials of the Methanolic-Leaf-Extracts of Selected Tropical Plant Species","authors":"P. Solomon, A. Oyedeji, F. O. Briyai, D. D. Bawo, J. Abowei","doi":"10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2730","url":null,"abstract":"Solvent residue such as hexane in foodstuff, especially edible oil could be considered as the undesirable substances when exceeds maximum residue limit (MRL). The aim of this study is to determine the hexane content in various brands of edible oils. Totally forty samples (23 brands) of different types of vegetable oils including frying oils (n=14), blended oils (n=13), sunflower oils (n=6), corn oils (n=5) and canola oils (n=2) from Iran´s market were analyzed for hexane content using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography equipped with a flame-ionization detector (SPME)-GC-(FID). The hexane residue was detected in thirty-six out of forty examined samples, ranged from lower than LOD to 42.6 µg/kg. However, in all of them hexane content were below the MRL of 1 mg/kg which set by the European Union.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43991102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-02DOI: 10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2595
E. Seiyaboh, Tariwari C. N Angaye, O. Ogidi
Over the decades there have been problems associated with Particulate Matter (PM) arising from anthropogenic activities. Evaluation and health risk assessment of PM associated with football field was carried out in 5 sampling locations, including the control station. Digital portable AEROCET 513 (Metone instrument) PM meter was used for the evaluation Results showed levels of PM for; PM1.0(13.73 – 20.18 µg/m3), PM2.5 (19.11 – 28.83 µg/m3), PM4.0 (24.73 – 44.63 µg/m3), PM7.0 (41.07 – 67.04 µg/m3), and PM10 ranging from 65.48 – 90.82 µg/m3. In addition, value of the control station was lowest amongst all recorded values of PM (p<0.05). Based on Air Quality Index evaluation, the football fields were predominantly rated as unhealthy, with other cases rates as; hazardous and unsafe for sensitive group. This investigation therefore concludes that the emission of PM from the football field are reflection of vehicular emissions and agitated dust particles. Hence mitigable measure must be applied without much ado, in order to ameliorate the daily chronic exposure to PM.
{"title":"Environmental and Health Risk Assessment of Particulate Matter Associated with Dusty Football Field","authors":"E. Seiyaboh, Tariwari C. N Angaye, O. Ogidi","doi":"10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-19-2595","url":null,"abstract":"Over the decades there have been problems associated with Particulate Matter (PM) arising from anthropogenic activities. Evaluation and health risk assessment of PM associated with football field was carried out in 5 sampling locations, including the control station. Digital portable AEROCET 513 (Metone instrument) PM meter was used for the evaluation Results showed levels of PM for; PM1.0(13.73 – 20.18 µg/m3), PM2.5 (19.11 – 28.83 µg/m3), PM4.0 (24.73 – 44.63 µg/m3), PM7.0 (41.07 – 67.04 µg/m3), and PM10 ranging from 65.48 – 90.82 µg/m3. In addition, value of the control station was lowest amongst all recorded values of PM (p<0.05). Based on Air Quality Index evaluation, the football fields were predominantly rated as unhealthy, with other cases rates as; hazardous and unsafe for sensitive group. This investigation therefore concludes that the emission of PM from the football field are reflection of vehicular emissions and agitated dust particles. Hence mitigable measure must be applied without much ado, in order to ameliorate the daily chronic exposure to PM.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45102774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-04DOI: 10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-18-2550
Tariwari C. N Angaye, E. Seiyaboh
The ecotoxicological effects of leachates from dumpsite have become a major problem. Leachates arising from waste dumpsites are transported by surface runoff or infiltration through the soil and become bioavailable in the ecosystem. The ecotoxicological assessment of leachates from 6 dumpsite in Yenagoa Metropolis were investigated against adult and fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Ecotoxicological activities (LC50 values) were reported for the following stations; Akenpai (124.57 ppm), and Etegwe stations (95.38 ppm), as well as Opolo (157.95 ppm), and Kpansia Markets (123.82 ppm). In addition, leachates of the two stations from the central dumpsite (CDS), were the most active (CDS 1; 60.97 ppm, and CDS 2; 76.65 ppm). Notwithstanding, the order of toxicological activities of the leachates were reported as; CDS 1>CDS2>Etegwe>Akenpai>Kpansia market>Opolo Market. These results confirm the toxicity of leachates from the dumpsites. In addition, we recommend that government, regulators and all stakeholders should enact policies to treat, reduce, recycle and reduce waste stream in order to mitigate the adverse effects on the ecosystem.
{"title":"Ecotoxicological Assessment of Leachate from Municipal Solid Waste Dumpsites","authors":"Tariwari C. N Angaye, E. Seiyaboh","doi":"10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-18-2550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14302/ISSN.2641-7669.JECT-18-2550","url":null,"abstract":"The ecotoxicological effects of leachates from dumpsite have become a major problem. Leachates arising from waste dumpsites are transported by surface runoff or infiltration through the soil and become bioavailable in the ecosystem. The ecotoxicological assessment of leachates from 6 dumpsite in Yenagoa Metropolis were investigated against adult and fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (African catfish). Ecotoxicological activities (LC50 values) were reported for the following stations; Akenpai (124.57 ppm), and Etegwe stations (95.38 ppm), as well as Opolo (157.95 ppm), and Kpansia Markets (123.82 ppm). In addition, leachates of the two stations from the central dumpsite (CDS), were the most active (CDS 1; 60.97 ppm, and CDS 2; 76.65 ppm). Notwithstanding, the order of toxicological activities of the leachates were reported as; CDS 1>CDS2>Etegwe>Akenpai>Kpansia market>Opolo Market. These results confirm the toxicity of leachates from the dumpsites. In addition, we recommend that government, regulators and all stakeholders should enact policies to treat, reduce, recycle and reduce waste stream in order to mitigate the adverse effects on the ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41865779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2630-4570-c2-009
Aizman Roman Idelevich
T are conflicting data in the literature on the impact of hard drinking water, due to the high content of magnesium or calcium salts, on various organs and systems. In connection with the above, the aim of this work was to study the effects of prolonged consumption of drinking water with high content of ions Ca2+ or Mg2+ on hydroand ionuretic renal functions and biochemical parameters of blood plasma in Wistar rats. 3 groups of animals were studied: control animals on standard feed and water consumption (Ca2+ = 20 mg/dm3; Mg2+= 6 mg/dm3); and 2 experimental groups, consuming for 5 weeks water with an increased concentration of Ca2+ (120 mg/dm3) or Mg2+ (70 mg/dm3). Renal function was studied by collecting background urine samples within 4 hours and 3 hours after oral 5% of body weight water load. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected to assess the homeostatic parameters of plasma. The concentrations of electrolytes and osmotically active substances in urine and plasma were determined using the methods of flame photometry and cryoscopy. Calculation of water and ionic renal functions was carried out according to the generally accepted formulas. Set of indicators characterizing the rat's response to long-term drinking water intake with a high content of Ca2+ or Mg2+, leads to the conclusion that after 5 weeks of such water consumption there was an activation of osmo-regulatory mechanisms in both experimental groups. The difference between the ion-regulating indicators in experimental groups compare to control was expressed to a greater degree following the consumption of drinking water with a high magnesium content. Water loadings reduced the stress of osmoand ion-regulating mechanisms, probably due to increase of dilution process. These results indicate the influence of surplus cations intake on osmoand ionregulating mechanisms of water-mineral balance.
{"title":"The effect of hard drinking water with elevated concentrations of Calcium or Magnesium on Renal functions and metabolism in rats","authors":"Aizman Roman Idelevich","doi":"10.35841/2630-4570-c2-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2630-4570-c2-009","url":null,"abstract":"T are conflicting data in the literature on the impact of hard drinking water, due to the high content of magnesium or calcium salts, on various organs and systems. In connection with the above, the aim of this work was to study the effects of prolonged consumption of drinking water with high content of ions Ca2+ or Mg2+ on hydroand ionuretic renal functions and biochemical parameters of blood plasma in Wistar rats. 3 groups of animals were studied: control animals on standard feed and water consumption (Ca2+ = 20 mg/dm3; Mg2+= 6 mg/dm3); and 2 experimental groups, consuming for 5 weeks water with an increased concentration of Ca2+ (120 mg/dm3) or Mg2+ (70 mg/dm3). Renal function was studied by collecting background urine samples within 4 hours and 3 hours after oral 5% of body weight water load. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected to assess the homeostatic parameters of plasma. The concentrations of electrolytes and osmotically active substances in urine and plasma were determined using the methods of flame photometry and cryoscopy. Calculation of water and ionic renal functions was carried out according to the generally accepted formulas. Set of indicators characterizing the rat's response to long-term drinking water intake with a high content of Ca2+ or Mg2+, leads to the conclusion that after 5 weeks of such water consumption there was an activation of osmo-regulatory mechanisms in both experimental groups. The difference between the ion-regulating indicators in experimental groups compare to control was expressed to a greater degree following the consumption of drinking water with a high magnesium content. Water loadings reduced the stress of osmoand ion-regulating mechanisms, probably due to increase of dilution process. These results indicate the influence of surplus cations intake on osmoand ionregulating mechanisms of water-mineral balance.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80525654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2630-4570-c2-007
A. Hall, L. Mathieu
Introduction: Diphoterine is an amphoteric, slightly hypertonic, polyvalent, sterile water-based eye/skin decontamination solution which combines passive flushing with active chemical decontamination. Reviews were published in French (Minaro et al, 2000) and Hall et al (2002). Since that time, many more studies of Diphoterine safety and efficacy, both pre-clinical and clinical, have been performed. This review describes earlier studies and details more current ones. Some of these were described in reviews at the Medichem Conference, Basel, Switzerland, 2016, at the AMPAT Congress, Singapore, 2016, and the AOHC Congress, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Presented here are new not previously presented data.
{"title":"Diphoterine solution decontamination of eye/skin chemical exposures: Review and update on recent data","authors":"A. Hall, L. Mathieu","doi":"10.35841/2630-4570-c2-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2630-4570-c2-007","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Diphoterine is an amphoteric, slightly hypertonic, polyvalent, sterile water-based eye/skin decontamination solution which combines passive flushing with active chemical decontamination. Reviews were published in French (Minaro et al, 2000) and Hall et al (2002). Since that time, many more studies of Diphoterine safety and efficacy, both pre-clinical and clinical, have been performed. This review describes earlier studies and details more current ones. Some of these were described in reviews at the Medichem Conference, Basel, Switzerland, 2016, at the AMPAT Congress, Singapore, 2016, and the AOHC Congress, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Presented here are new not previously presented data.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84722282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4066/2630-4570-c1-006
A. Buga
C nervous system (CNS) is a highly selective environment that can prevent the access of many molecules at this level. This property is crucial for the integrity and function of CNS in normal condition but can be detrimental for brain lesion therapy. Brain-blood barrier (BBB) is a key structure involved in CNS selectivity that allows passing only very small molecule or fat-soluble molecule without transporter mechanisms. With ageing population neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite of new promising tools, there are no effective therapeutic strategies and many of neurological diseases are still untreatable. In the last decade many strategies were performed in order to increase the permeability of BBB for drugs or cells at the brain lesion site, but many of these failed to be effective. Current work is focused to design nanoparticle that can incorporate a specific molecule or cells in order to increase BBB permeability and to achieve therapeutic concentration at lesion site. However further investigation of safety and toxicity is needed in order to achieve successful translation from animal model to clinical application.
{"title":"Current stage and future perspective of nanoparticle for drug delivery in Brain Disorders","authors":"A. Buga","doi":"10.4066/2630-4570-c1-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4066/2630-4570-c1-006","url":null,"abstract":"C nervous system (CNS) is a highly selective environment that can prevent the access of many molecules at this level. This property is crucial for the integrity and function of CNS in normal condition but can be detrimental for brain lesion therapy. Brain-blood barrier (BBB) is a key structure involved in CNS selectivity that allows passing only very small molecule or fat-soluble molecule without transporter mechanisms. With ageing population neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite of new promising tools, there are no effective therapeutic strategies and many of neurological diseases are still untreatable. In the last decade many strategies were performed in order to increase the permeability of BBB for drugs or cells at the brain lesion site, but many of these failed to be effective. Current work is focused to design nanoparticle that can incorporate a specific molecule or cells in order to increase BBB permeability and to achieve therapeutic concentration at lesion site. However further investigation of safety and toxicity is needed in order to achieve successful translation from animal model to clinical application.","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79189668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4066/2630-4570-C1-005
Aastha Dhingra
T he hospital effluent is loaded with numerous chemicals, drug residues, hormones, personal care products, disinfectants, microbes, infectious fluids, pathogens, radio-actives, nuclear medicine residues, etc. which adversely impacts the environment. The objective of this study is to analyze the hospital effluent with respect to some priority pharmaceuticals that are environmentally relevant. This study also highlights the treatment of these pharmaceutical residues in Sequencing batch reactor sewage treatment plant. The priority pharmaceuticals for this study have been identified on the basis of 12 parameters like consumption, toxicity, resistance to treatment, bioaccumulation potential, physicochemical properties, occurrence in environment, etc. The adverse impacts of these pharmaceuticals on aquatic environment have been discussed. The five selected pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic classes are: Furosemide; a diuretic, Diclofenac; a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Carbamazepine; antiepileptic drug, antibiotics like Erythromycin and Ofloxacin. The residues of these pharmaceuticals have been analyzed in the hospital effluent of Delhi by using chromatography mass spectroscopy. The effluent samples have been taken from inlet, secondary clarifier and outlet from pressure filter of the treatment plant of the hospitals. The concentration of diclofenac was maximum at the inlet that is around 7200 ng/L followed by ofloxacin which was 3400 ng/L and furosemide which was 2600 ng/L. The removal rate of ofloxacin is found 66% which is maximum among these five pharmaceuticals and minimum in case of carbamazepine i.e. only 18.7%. Thus, it can be inferred that pharmaceutical residues ranging from 34% to 82% is being discharged into the water bodies. The occurrence of these pharmaceuticals in water bodies poses a
{"title":"Occurrence of high priority Pharmaceutical residues in hospital effluent and its treatment by Sequencing Batch Reactors","authors":"Aastha Dhingra","doi":"10.4066/2630-4570-C1-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4066/2630-4570-C1-005","url":null,"abstract":"T he hospital effluent is loaded with numerous chemicals, drug residues, hormones, personal care products, disinfectants, microbes, infectious fluids, pathogens, radio-actives, nuclear medicine residues, etc. which adversely impacts the environment. The objective of this study is to analyze the hospital effluent with respect to some priority pharmaceuticals that are environmentally relevant. This study also highlights the treatment of these pharmaceutical residues in Sequencing batch reactor sewage treatment plant. The priority pharmaceuticals for this study have been identified on the basis of 12 parameters like consumption, toxicity, resistance to treatment, bioaccumulation potential, physicochemical properties, occurrence in environment, etc. The adverse impacts of these pharmaceuticals on aquatic environment have been discussed. The five selected pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic classes are: Furosemide; a diuretic, Diclofenac; a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Carbamazepine; antiepileptic drug, antibiotics like Erythromycin and Ofloxacin. The residues of these pharmaceuticals have been analyzed in the hospital effluent of Delhi by using chromatography mass spectroscopy. The effluent samples have been taken from inlet, secondary clarifier and outlet from pressure filter of the treatment plant of the hospitals. The concentration of diclofenac was maximum at the inlet that is around 7200 ng/L followed by ofloxacin which was 3400 ng/L and furosemide which was 2600 ng/L. The removal rate of ofloxacin is found 66% which is maximum among these five pharmaceuticals and minimum in case of carbamazepine i.e. only 18.7%. Thus, it can be inferred that pharmaceutical residues ranging from 34% to 82% is being discharged into the water bodies. The occurrence of these pharmaceuticals in water bodies poses a","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79366925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.4066/2630-4570-c1-004
Ming-Tsang Wu
{"title":"Environmental melamine exposure and Renal diseases","authors":"Ming-Tsang Wu","doi":"10.4066/2630-4570-c1-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4066/2630-4570-c1-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93311,"journal":{"name":"Journal of experimental and clinical toxicology","volume":"136 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79622605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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