trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation, eastern Cordillera of Columbia. The aim of the present work is to give some new data about the corals and to draw attention to the presence in South America of representatives of 1) an unusual Hicetesbearing specimen of Procteria (Granulidictyum) described as G. alechinskyi sp. nov. and 2) Devonodiscus, a discoid coral genus erected by Pedder (2019) with Devonodiscus latisubex Pedder, 2019 as type species.
{"title":"Unusual Upper Emsian Tabulata and Rugosa from the Floresta Formation of Columbia","authors":"Y. Plusquellec","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1766","url":null,"abstract":"trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods from the Devonian Floresta Formation, eastern Cordillera of Columbia. The aim of the present work is to give some new data about the corals and to draw attention to the presence in South America of representatives of 1) an unusual Hicetesbearing specimen of Procteria (Granulidictyum) described as G. alechinskyi sp. nov. and 2) Devonodiscus, a discoid coral genus erected by Pedder (2019) with Devonodiscus latisubex Pedder, 2019 as type species.","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"441-454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45053845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
regions are characterised by siliciclastic deposition under mostly shallow, cold-water regimes. These vast regions, currently represented by central southern Europe and North Africa, experienced a major environmental change during the Late Ordovician with the abrupt appearance of calcareous deposits of highly variable thickness (e.g. Villas et al. 2002, Boucot et al. 2003). The limestone deposition was associated either with a sharp climatic global warming named as Boda Event after the Boda Limestone of Sweden (Fortey & Cocks 2005), or with a general cooling (Cherns & Wheeley 2007). Currently, the Late Ordovician (Katian–Hirnantian) through earliest Silurian (Rhuddanian) time interval is regarded as a period of variable climate and sea level conditions, with at least two separate pulses of glacial advance and one of retreat during a late Katian global warm interval (Melchin et al. 2013, Ghienne et al. 2014, Kröger et al. 2017). The latter cooling triggered widespread marine anoxia by reorganisation of the thermohaline circulation, which resulted in the second pulse of the Hirnantian mass extinction, the first of the ‘Big Five’ Phanerozoic mass extinctions (Bartlett et al. 2018). The pioneer study by Fuganti & Serpagli (1968) on the Katian fauna of the Urbana Limestone of the Central Iberian Cordillera started the Ordovician conodont stud ies in the Iberian Peninsula (Fig. 1). Since then, several conodont studies have focused on the Upper Ordovician limestones present in the different tectonometamorphic domains of Spain (summarised by Sarmiento et al. 2011). Particularly, the common record of conodonts of the Amorphognathus ordovicicus Zone (Ka3–4 time slices of Bergström et al. 2009) has allowed correlation of the the Urbana Limestone with the Cystoid Limestone in the Eastern Iberian Cordillera, the ʻPelmatozoan Lime stoneʼ in the OssaMorena Zone, the ʻunidad calcárea superiorʼ in the Cantabrian Zone, the Estana Formation in the Pyrenees, and the Ferradosa Formation from the Portuguese Central Iberian Zone (e.g. Hafenrichter 1979; Sarmiento 1990, 1993, 2002; Sarmiento et al. 2001; del Moral 2003, 2007; del Moral & Sarmiento 2008).
该地区的特点是在大多数浅水、冷水条件下沉积了硅化碎屑。这些广阔的地区,目前以中南欧和北非为代表,在晚奥陶世经历了重大的环境变化,突然出现了厚度高度可变的钙质矿床(例如Villas等人,2002年,Boucot等人,2003年)。石灰岩沉积要么与全球气候急剧变暖有关,以瑞典博达石灰岩命名为博达事件(Fortey&Cocks,2005年),要么与普遍降温有关(Cherns&Wheeley,2007年)。目前,晚奥陶世(卡蒂阶-希尔南阶)至最早的志留纪(鲁丹阶)时间间隔被认为是一个气候和海平面条件可变的时期,在卡蒂阶晚期全球变暖间隔期间,至少有两个独立的冰川推进脉冲和一个退缩脉冲(Melchin等人,2013,Ghienne等人,2014,Kröger等人,2017)。后一种冷却通过热盐循环的重组引发了广泛的海洋缺氧,这导致了希南期大灭绝的第二次脉冲,这是“五大”显生宙大灭绝中的第一次(Bartlett等人,2018)。Fuganti和Serpagli(1968)对中伊比利亚科迪勒拉Urbana石灰岩的Katian动物群进行的开创性研究开始了伊比利亚半岛奥陶纪牙形刺的研究(图1)。从那时起,几项牙形石研究集中在西班牙不同构造变形域中存在的上奥陶统石灰岩上(Sarmiento等人总结,2011年)。特别是,奥氏区牙形石的常见记录(Bergström等人2009年的Ka3-4时间片)允许将东伊比利亚科迪勒拉的Urbana石灰岩与囊状石灰岩、奥萨莫雷纳区的Pelmatozoan石灰岩、坎塔布里亚区的unidad calcárea superior、比利牛斯山脉的Estana组进行对比,以及葡萄牙-中伊比利亚地区的Ferradosa组(例如Hafenrichter 1979;Sarmiento 1990、1993、2002;Sarmiento等人2001;del Moral 20032007;del Moral&Sarmiento2008)。
{"title":"Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and biofacies of an Upper Ordovician (Katian) conodont fauna from the Casaio Formation, Northwest Spain","authors":"G. Voldman, J. M. Toyos","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1759","url":null,"abstract":"regions are characterised by siliciclastic deposition under mostly shallow, cold-water regimes. These vast regions, currently represented by central southern Europe and North Africa, experienced a major environmental change during the Late Ordovician with the abrupt appearance of calcareous deposits of highly variable thickness (e.g. Villas et al. 2002, Boucot et al. 2003). The limestone deposition was associated either with a sharp climatic global warming named as Boda Event after the Boda Limestone of Sweden (Fortey & Cocks 2005), or with a general cooling (Cherns & Wheeley 2007). Currently, the Late Ordovician (Katian–Hirnantian) through earliest Silurian (Rhuddanian) time interval is regarded as a period of variable climate and sea level conditions, with at least two separate pulses of glacial advance and one of retreat during a late Katian global warm interval (Melchin et al. 2013, Ghienne et al. 2014, Kröger et al. 2017). The latter cooling triggered widespread marine anoxia by reorganisation of the thermohaline circulation, which resulted in the second pulse of the Hirnantian mass extinction, the first of the ‘Big Five’ Phanerozoic mass extinctions (Bartlett et al. 2018). The pioneer study by Fuganti & Serpagli (1968) on the Katian fauna of the Urbana Limestone of the Central Iberian Cordillera started the Ordovician conodont stud ies in the Iberian Peninsula (Fig. 1). Since then, several conodont studies have focused on the Upper Ordovician limestones present in the different tectonometamorphic domains of Spain (summarised by Sarmiento et al. 2011). Particularly, the common record of conodonts of the Amorphognathus ordovicicus Zone (Ka3–4 time slices of Bergström et al. 2009) has allowed correlation of the the Urbana Limestone with the Cystoid Limestone in the Eastern Iberian Cordillera, the ʻPelmatozoan Lime stoneʼ in the OssaMorena Zone, the ʻunidad calcárea superiorʼ in the Cantabrian Zone, the Estana Formation in the Pyrenees, and the Ferradosa Formation from the Portuguese Central Iberian Zone (e.g. Hafenrichter 1979; Sarmiento 1990, 1993, 2002; Sarmiento et al. 2001; del Moral 2003, 2007; del Moral & Sarmiento 2008).","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"455-478"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49342147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clusters of shallow pits in gastropod shells from the Maastrichtian type area (Upper Cretaceous, the Netherlands)","authors":"S. Donovan, J. Jagt, P. V. Knippenberg","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1763","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"425-430"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48327133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
are still under investigation, with many scientific surprises for both the Boreal and Tethyan domains (e.g. Dzyuba et al. 2015, 2016, 2019; Weis et al. 2015b, 2017; Challinor & Hudson 2017; Dzyuba & de Lagausie 2018; Ippolitov 2018a, b, c; Ippolitov & Desai 2019). Among the early representatives of the suborder Belemnopseina Jeletzky, 1965, belemnites possessing long ventral and short dorsal alveolar grooves on the rostrum, i.e. members of the Tethyan family Dicoelitidae Sachs & Nalnjaeva, 1967, are the least studied group, especially in the MediterraneanCaucasian Tethys (western Tethys). This family includes only two genera, elongate and hastate Dicoelites Boehm, 1906 and more robust, cylindriconical to conical Cono dicoelites Stevens, 1965a. Apart from ?Dicoelites sp. A described from the Lower Bajocian of Morocco (Weis et al. 2017, p. 221, fig. 7a, b) and “Belemnites” jacquoti Terquem & Jourdy (1869, p. 41, pl. 1, figs 6–9) from the Upper Bajocian of northeastern France, which is presumably a dicoelitid (Weis et al. 2017), all known western Tethyan representatives of the family Dicoelitidae belong to the genus Conodicoelites (see below). The only dicoelitid belemnite described and illustrated from the Northern Caucasus is Dicoelites exiguus Krimholz (1953, p. 54, pl. 4, fig. 5). It comes from the “Upper Bajocian or Lower Bathonian” (Krimholz 1953, p. 56) of the former southern part of Stavropol Krai (5 km to the northeast of Zelenchukskaya Village), which is now a part of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. This belemnite was later attributed to the genus Conodicoelites by Krimholz & Repin (1989). During fieldwork (2014 to 2018), two of us (VVM and MPSh) conducted a palaeontological-stratigraphic study of the Upper Bajocian–Lower Bathonian in KarachayCherkessia. In the course of this study, cephalopod fossil material was collected containing not only ammonites, nautilids and dicoelitid belemnites but also specimens of belemnopseid (Belemnopsis Bayle, Conobelemnopsis Riegraf, Longibelemnopsis Riegraf, Hibolithes Montfort) and megateuthidid (Megateuthis Bayle, ?Paramegateuthis Gustomesov) rostra. The current state of the art in ammon ite investigations allowed us to date belemnite occur-
仍在调查中,在北方和特提斯领域都有许多科学惊喜(例如Dzyuba等人,2015年,2016年,2019年;Weis et al. 2015b, 2017;Challinor & Hudson 2017;Dzyuba & de Lagausie 2018;伊波列夫2018a, b, c;伊波利托夫和德赛2019)。在Belemnopseina Jeletzky亚目(1965)的早期代表中,在喙部具有长腹侧和短背侧的牙槽槽槽的Belemnopseina,即特提斯科Dicoelitidae Sachs & Nalnjaeva(1967)的成员,是研究最少的群体,特别是在地中海-高加索特提斯(西特提斯)。这个科只包括两个属,细长的和半生的双子叶,Boehm, 1906和更健壮的圆柱状到圆锥形的双子叶,Stevens, 1965。除了来自摩洛哥下巴约西亚的?Dicoelites sp. A (Weis et al. 2017,第221页,图7a, b)和来自法国东北部上巴约西亚的“Belemnites”jacquoti Terquem & Jourdy(1869,第41页,第1页,图6-9)(Weis et al. 2017),所有已知的西特提斯Dicoelitidae的代表都属于conodicocolite属(见下文)。北高加索地区唯一描述和说明的双石质角闪石是Dicoelites exiguus Krimholz(1953年,第54页,第4页,图5)。它来自斯塔夫罗波尔边疆区前南部(Zelenchukskaya村东北5公里处)的“上巴约西亚或下Bathonian”(Krimholz 1953年,第56页),现在是karachai - cherkess共和国的一部分。后来,Krimholz & Repin(1989)将这种菱铁矿归为conodicoelite属。在野外工作期间(2014 - 2018年),我们两人(VVM和MPSh)对karachai cherkessia的上巴约世-下Bathonian进行了古生物地层学研究。在研究过程中,收集到的头足类化石材料中不仅有菊石类、鹦鹉螺类和双石类大头石类,还包括大头石类(Belemnopsis Bayle、conobelnopsis Riegraf、Longibelemnopsis Riegraf、hibolthes Montfort)和大头石类(Megateuthis Bayle、? paramateuthis Gustomesov)的大头石类标本。目前在铝石研究方面的技术水平使我们能够确定铝石发生的年代
{"title":"Dicoelitid belemnites from the Caucasian margin of the Tethys: new data from the Upper Bajocian-Lower Bathonian of Karachay-Cherkessia, southwest Russia","authors":"O. Dzyuba, V. Mitta, M. P. Sherstyukov","doi":"10.3140/BULL.GEOSCI.1758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/BULL.GEOSCI.1758","url":null,"abstract":"are still under investigation, with many scientific surprises for both the Boreal and Tethyan domains (e.g. Dzyuba et al. 2015, 2016, 2019; Weis et al. 2015b, 2017; Challinor & Hudson 2017; Dzyuba & de Lagausie 2018; Ippolitov 2018a, b, c; Ippolitov & Desai 2019). Among the early representatives of the suborder Belemnopseina Jeletzky, 1965, belemnites possessing long ventral and short dorsal alveolar grooves on the rostrum, i.e. members of the Tethyan family Dicoelitidae Sachs & Nalnjaeva, 1967, are the least studied group, especially in the MediterraneanCaucasian Tethys (western Tethys). This family includes only two genera, elongate and hastate Dicoelites Boehm, 1906 and more robust, cylindriconical to conical Cono dicoelites Stevens, 1965a. Apart from ?Dicoelites sp. A described from the Lower Bajocian of Morocco (Weis et al. 2017, p. 221, fig. 7a, b) and “Belemnites” jacquoti Terquem & Jourdy (1869, p. 41, pl. 1, figs 6–9) from the Upper Bajocian of northeastern France, which is presumably a dicoelitid (Weis et al. 2017), all known western Tethyan representatives of the family Dicoelitidae belong to the genus Conodicoelites (see below). The only dicoelitid belemnite described and illustrated from the Northern Caucasus is Dicoelites exiguus Krimholz (1953, p. 54, pl. 4, fig. 5). It comes from the “Upper Bajocian or Lower Bathonian” (Krimholz 1953, p. 56) of the former southern part of Stavropol Krai (5 km to the northeast of Zelenchukskaya Village), which is now a part of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. This belemnite was later attributed to the genus Conodicoelites by Krimholz & Repin (1989). During fieldwork (2014 to 2018), two of us (VVM and MPSh) conducted a palaeontological-stratigraphic study of the Upper Bajocian–Lower Bathonian in KarachayCherkessia. In the course of this study, cephalopod fossil material was collected containing not only ammonites, nautilids and dicoelitid belemnites but also specimens of belemnopseid (Belemnopsis Bayle, Conobelemnopsis Riegraf, Longibelemnopsis Riegraf, Hibolithes Montfort) and megateuthidid (Megateuthis Bayle, ?Paramegateuthis Gustomesov) rostra. The current state of the art in ammon ite investigations allowed us to date belemnite occur-","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"94 1","pages":"409-4245"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43024866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Euarthropoda is extremely successful in evolutionary terms. Part of this success has been attributed to one evolutionary “strategy”: the stem species of Euarthropoda had a body with numerous segments, each of these segments bearing a pair of appendages, all of these subsimilar (e.g. Maas & Waloszek 2001; Haug J.T. et al. 2013, fig. 2.3.b, and references therein). Different lineages of Euarthropoda varied this ancestrally uniform body. Several adjacent segments were modified in groups, forming then functional units for specific needs. Such functional units, tagmata, may perform sensory functions, locomotion, feeding, respiration or other tasks. With this background we should expect that tagmosis, the subdivision of the body into several functional units, evolves within the different lineages of Euarthropoda, leading to very different patterns of body organisation between the different lineages as well as within one lineage (partly this morphological diversity or disparity appears to be a result of developmental plasticity, see e.g. Moczek 2010, Moczek et al. 2011, Minelli 2016 and references therein). Yet, in many lineages the pattern appears to be fixed already quite early within a lineage. For example, Euchelicerata, the group including spiders, scorpions and all their relatives, is generally thought to have a stereotypic tagmosis pattern. The ocular segment and post-ocular segments 1–6 are supposed to form the so-called prosoma; post-ocular segments 7–19 supposedly form the opisthosoma (see Dunlop & Lamsdell 2017 for a recent discussion). However, when looking closely at many eucheliceratan ingroups this is not quite that obvious or at least not as simple as often stated (see e.g. discussion in Haug C. et al. 2012a). Here we want to consider the evolution of the tagmosis in modern scorpions. Generally, modern scorpions have been considered to be organised into three tagmata: the prosoma, the mesosoma and the metasoma, the latter two representing subdivisions of the opisthosoma. The prosoma supposedly includes, as mentioned above, the ocular segment and post-ocular segments 1–6. These segments are supposed to dorsally form the prosomal shield. Ventrally, (proximal portions of) appendages of post-ocular segments 1–4 form the feeding apparatus. Appendages of post-ocular segment 1, the chelicerae, are small pincers that can squash
{"title":"The evolutionary history of body organisation in the lineage towards modern scorpions","authors":"C. Haug, P. Wagner, J. Haug","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1750","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1750","url":null,"abstract":"Euarthropoda is extremely successful in evolutionary terms. Part of this success has been attributed to one evolutionary “strategy”: the stem species of Euarthropoda had a body with numerous segments, each of these segments bearing a pair of appendages, all of these subsimilar (e.g. Maas & Waloszek 2001; Haug J.T. et al. 2013, fig. 2.3.b, and references therein). Different lineages of Euarthropoda varied this ancestrally uniform body. Several adjacent segments were modified in groups, forming then functional units for specific needs. Such functional units, tagmata, may perform sensory functions, locomotion, feeding, respiration or other tasks. With this background we should expect that tagmosis, the subdivision of the body into several functional units, evolves within the different lineages of Euarthropoda, leading to very different patterns of body organisation between the different lineages as well as within one lineage (partly this morphological diversity or disparity appears to be a result of developmental plasticity, see e.g. Moczek 2010, Moczek et al. 2011, Minelli 2016 and references therein). Yet, in many lineages the pattern appears to be fixed already quite early within a lineage. For example, Euchelicerata, the group including spiders, scorpions and all their relatives, is generally thought to have a stereotypic tagmosis pattern. The ocular segment and post-ocular segments 1–6 are supposed to form the so-called prosoma; post-ocular segments 7–19 supposedly form the opisthosoma (see Dunlop & Lamsdell 2017 for a recent discussion). However, when looking closely at many eucheliceratan ingroups this is not quite that obvious or at least not as simple as often stated (see e.g. discussion in Haug C. et al. 2012a). Here we want to consider the evolution of the tagmosis in modern scorpions. Generally, modern scorpions have been considered to be organised into three tagmata: the prosoma, the mesosoma and the metasoma, the latter two representing subdivisions of the opisthosoma. The prosoma supposedly includes, as mentioned above, the ocular segment and post-ocular segments 1–6. These segments are supposed to dorsally form the prosomal shield. Ventrally, (proximal portions of) appendages of post-ocular segments 1–4 form the feeding apparatus. Appendages of post-ocular segment 1, the chelicerae, are small pincers that can squash","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"389-408"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49552658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
meta bola – including bees, flies, butterflies, beetles and many more – is incredibly successful by numerous mea sures, be it species richness, biomass, or numbers of individuals. Part of this success has been attributed to the niche differentiation between larvae and adults. Due to this, in most cases, adult holometabolans avoid exploitation competition with their own offspring. This has obviously led to highly specialised adults, but also to highly specialised larval forms. Caterpillars of butterflies (Lepidoptera) and sawflies (Hymenoptera) are highly efficient herbivores, transforming plant parts into insect biomass. Larvae of other groups have different ecological roles. The larval forms of neuropterans, lacewings, are highly specialised predators (with only few exceptions). Their mouthparts form two forward oriented (prognathous) venom-injecting stylets (e.g. Aspöck et al. 2001, 2012; Beutel et al. 2010); each mandible (upper jaw) forms a stylet with an enditic protrusion (generally interpreted as the lacinia) of the next posterior mouthpart (maxilla; lower jaw). Within the diverse subgroups of Neuroptera many different variations of this basic scheme have evolved. Many of these stylets are curved. In this way the piercing tips are facing towards each other. This arrangement is an almost ideal solution for the mechanical challenge that while piercing a prey a counteracting force is necessary; otherwise the piercing animal would simply push itself back from the prey. In counteracting mouthparts, the counteracting force is provided by the other mouthparts. This mechanical solution is not only realised in many neuropteran larvae, but also in the venominjecting maxillipeds of most centipedes (see Haug et al. 2014 and references therein for a detailed discussion) as well as the venominjecting chelicerae of labidognathan spiders. Among the neuropteran larvae with curved stylets also many variations occur. The larvae of green lacewings
包括蜜蜂、苍蝇、蝴蝶、甲虫等在内的多元种群,无论是物种丰富度、生物量还是个体数量,都取得了令人难以置信的成功。这一成功部分归因于幼虫和成虫之间的生态位差异。因此,在大多数情况下,成年全代谢动物避免与自己的后代进行剥削竞争。这显然导致了高度专业化的成虫,也导致了高度专业化的幼虫。鳞翅目蝴蝶和膜翅目锯蝇的毛虫是高效的食草动物,能将植物部分转化为昆虫生物量。其他类群的幼虫具有不同的生态作用。神经翼类动物的幼虫,草蛉,是高度专业化的掠食者(只有少数例外)。它们的口器形成两个向前的(突出的)毒液注射柱(例如Aspöck等人,2001,2012;Beutel et al. 2010);每个下颌骨(上颌)形成一个柱头,具有下一个后口器(上颌骨;下颌)。在神经翅目的不同亚群中,进化出了这种基本模式的许多不同变体。这些发型中有许多是弯曲的。这样,穿孔的尖端就会彼此朝向对方。这种安排几乎是机械挑战的理想解决方案,当刺穿猎物时,需要一个抵消力;否则,这种刺人的动物只会把自己从猎物身边推开。在反作用力口器中,反作用力由其它口器提供。这种机械解决方案不仅在许多神经翼类幼虫中实现,而且在大多数蜈蚣的注射毒液上颌足类(见Haug et al. 2014和其中的参考文献进行了详细讨论)以及唇形蜘蛛的注射毒液螯足类中也实现了。在具有弯曲柱头的神经翼类幼虫中也发生了许多变异。草蛉的幼虫
{"title":"A 100-million-year old slim insectan predator with massive venom-injecting stylets - a new type of neuropteran larva from Burmese amber","authors":"J. Haug, P. Müller, C. Haug","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1753","url":null,"abstract":"meta bola – including bees, flies, butterflies, beetles and many more – is incredibly successful by numerous mea sures, be it species richness, biomass, or numbers of individuals. Part of this success has been attributed to the niche differentiation between larvae and adults. Due to this, in most cases, adult holometabolans avoid exploitation competition with their own offspring. This has obviously led to highly specialised adults, but also to highly specialised larval forms. Caterpillars of butterflies (Lepidoptera) and sawflies (Hymenoptera) are highly efficient herbivores, transforming plant parts into insect biomass. Larvae of other groups have different ecological roles. The larval forms of neuropterans, lacewings, are highly specialised predators (with only few exceptions). Their mouthparts form two forward oriented (prognathous) venom-injecting stylets (e.g. Aspöck et al. 2001, 2012; Beutel et al. 2010); each mandible (upper jaw) forms a stylet with an enditic protrusion (generally interpreted as the lacinia) of the next posterior mouthpart (maxilla; lower jaw). Within the diverse subgroups of Neuroptera many different variations of this basic scheme have evolved. Many of these stylets are curved. In this way the piercing tips are facing towards each other. This arrangement is an almost ideal solution for the mechanical challenge that while piercing a prey a counteracting force is necessary; otherwise the piercing animal would simply push itself back from the prey. In counteracting mouthparts, the counteracting force is provided by the other mouthparts. This mechanical solution is not only realised in many neuropteran larvae, but also in the venominjecting maxillipeds of most centipedes (see Haug et al. 2014 and references therein for a detailed discussion) as well as the venominjecting chelicerae of labidognathan spiders. Among the neuropteran larvae with curved stylets also many variations occur. The larvae of green lacewings","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"431-440"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42134827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
rhythmically alternating lithologies for analysing and dating time span and causes of changes in the depositional environment. The approximate time span of individual beds and couplets are a basic requirement for finetuned cyclostratigraphy based on lithological changes. Limestone-marl alternations are often used for this kind of approach, even though correlation of individual limestonemarl couplets over long distances have been questioned in the last 25 years by studies investigating their specific diagenetic processes (among others Munnecke & Samtleben 1996; Böhm et al. 2003; Westphal et al. 2010, 2015; Bádenas et al. 2012; Gygi 2012; l’Heureux 2018). As the precise duration of the deposition of a single bed normally cannot be determined, the temporal range of the whole succession is usually divided by the number of couplets (Schlager et al. 1998). The resulting time span of single beds/couplets thus varies from several 1000 (e.g. millennial cycles) to several 100,000 (Milankovitch cycles) years (Hilgen et al. 2003; see compilation in Strasser et al. 2006). Several problems, however, arise through this method. Apart from hiatuses and the difficulty of defining the precise age of a couplet, fluctuating sedimentation rates are a further limiting factor for any fine-tuned resolution (Sadler 1981). Sadler (1981) and later Schlager et al. (1998) formulated a dependence of the calculated sedimentation rate on the length of the observed interval, with a reduced rate from larger observation intervals (Sadler effect). Or, in other words: “We invariably find that the rock record requires only a small fraction, usually 1 to 10 per cent, of the available time, even if we take account of all possible breaks in the sequence” (van Andel 1981), which means that more than 90% of the time is not recorded in the respective sediments, not even in the deep sea. So how do we know if this missing time is still reflected in the cyclicity (e.g. only 10% of every climatic cycle is recorded)? Or is the missing time rather reflected in a lack of an unknown
有节奏交替的岩性,用于分析和确定沉积环境变化的时间跨度和原因。单个层和对联的大致时间跨度是基于岩性变化的精细旋回地层学的基本要求。石灰石-泥灰岩交替常用于这种方法,尽管在过去的25年里,通过研究其特定的成岩过程,个别石灰石-泥灰岩对偶的相关性受到了质疑(Munnecke & Samtleben 1996;Böhm等人,2003;Westphal et al. 2010, 2015;Bádenas et al. 2012;Gygi 2012;l茹克斯2018)。由于单个地层沉积的精确持续时间通常无法确定,因此整个演替的时间范围通常除以联层的数量(Schlager et al. 1998)。由此产生的单人床/对联的时间跨度从几千年(例如千年周期)到100000年(米兰科维奇周期)不等(Hilgen等人,2003;参见Strasser et al. 2006的汇编)。然而,通过这种方法产生了几个问题。除了间歇和确定双联的精确年龄的困难之外,波动的沉降率是任何微调分辨率的进一步限制因素(Sadler 1981)。Sadler(1981)和后来的Schlager等人(1998)提出了计算沉降速率与观测层段长度的依赖关系,较大的观测层段会降低沉降速率(Sadler效应)。或者,换句话说:“我们总是发现岩石记录只需要一小部分时间,通常是可利用时间的1%到10%,即使我们考虑到序列中所有可能的断裂”(van Andel 1981),这意味着超过90%的时间没有记录在相应的沉积物中,甚至没有记录在深海中。那么,我们如何知道这段缺失的时间是否仍然反映在周期中(例如,每个气候周期只有10%被记录下来)?或者是时间的流逝反映了未知的缺失
{"title":"Reconstructing time and diagenesis of limestone-marl alternations from the selective compaction of colonies of the tabulate coral Halysites","authors":"T. Nohl, A. Munnecke","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1752","url":null,"abstract":"rhythmically alternating lithologies for analysing and dating time span and causes of changes in the depositional environment. The approximate time span of individual beds and couplets are a basic requirement for finetuned cyclostratigraphy based on lithological changes. Limestone-marl alternations are often used for this kind of approach, even though correlation of individual limestonemarl couplets over long distances have been questioned in the last 25 years by studies investigating their specific diagenetic processes (among others Munnecke & Samtleben 1996; Böhm et al. 2003; Westphal et al. 2010, 2015; Bádenas et al. 2012; Gygi 2012; l’Heureux 2018). As the precise duration of the deposition of a single bed normally cannot be determined, the temporal range of the whole succession is usually divided by the number of couplets (Schlager et al. 1998). The resulting time span of single beds/couplets thus varies from several 1000 (e.g. millennial cycles) to several 100,000 (Milankovitch cycles) years (Hilgen et al. 2003; see compilation in Strasser et al. 2006). Several problems, however, arise through this method. Apart from hiatuses and the difficulty of defining the precise age of a couplet, fluctuating sedimentation rates are a further limiting factor for any fine-tuned resolution (Sadler 1981). Sadler (1981) and later Schlager et al. (1998) formulated a dependence of the calculated sedimentation rate on the length of the observed interval, with a reduced rate from larger observation intervals (Sadler effect). Or, in other words: “We invariably find that the rock record requires only a small fraction, usually 1 to 10 per cent, of the available time, even if we take account of all possible breaks in the sequence” (van Andel 1981), which means that more than 90% of the time is not recorded in the respective sediments, not even in the deep sea. So how do we know if this missing time is still reflected in the cyclicity (e.g. only 10% of every climatic cycle is recorded)? Or is the missing time rather reflected in a lack of an unknown","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"279-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42995929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
placophorans did not receive much attention from the academic community. The early authors sometimes mentioned any chiton valves at the end of their mono graphs on bivalve and gastropod faunas (e.g., Sand berger 1858–1863; Reuss 1860; Cossmann 1888; Boettger 1902, 1906–1907; Cossmann & Peyrot 1909–1935; Zilch 1934). Before the 1950s very few papers focused specifically on fossil polyplacophorans. A notable exception is the work of Šulc (1934), which has remained an indispensable reference for any later study on chitons from the Cenozoic of Europe. The large majority of European chiton records are from Neogene, while chitons from the Paleogene are poorly known, with greater prevalence of records from Eocene (Cossmann 1888, 1922; Cossmann & Pissarro 1900, 1905; Wrigley 1943; Bielokrys 1999, 2000; Dell’Angelo et al. 2011, 2015a; Cherns & Schwabe 2017). Oligocene records even are less prevalent, limited to Germany (Sand berger 1858–1863; Koenen 1892; Janssen 1978; Gürs 1992, 1995; Müller 2011), Belgium (Marquet et al. 2008), France (Rolle 1862, Cossmann & Peyrot 1909– 1935, Vergneau 1966, Dell’Angelo et al. 2018a), Italy (Dell’Angelo & Palazzi 1992, Dell’Angelo et al. 2015c). The recently discovery of the type material of four chiton species from the Oligocene of Germany and France preserved in the Natural History Museum Vienna (Šulc collection) is of great importance, and permits a better knowledge of these poorly known species. We provide for the first time SEM-images of these species, and translations of the original descriptions.
placophorans并没有受到学术界的广泛关注。早期的作者有时会在双壳类和腹足类动物群的单行本末尾提到任何壳阀(例如,Sand berger 1858-1863;Reuss 1860;Cossmann 1888;Boettger 19021906–1907;Cossmann&Peyrot 1909-1935;Zilch 1934)。在20世纪50年代之前,很少有论文专门关注聚冰藻化石。一个值得注意的例外是Šulc(1934)的工作,它仍然是后来研究欧洲新生代石鳖不可或缺的参考。大多数欧洲石鳖记录来自新第三纪,而古第三纪的石鳖鲜为人知,始新世的记录更为普遍(Cossmann 18881922;Cossmann和Pissarro 19001905;Wrigley 1943;Bielokrys 19992000;Dell'Angelo等人20112015a;Cherns和Schwabe 2017)。渐新世的记录甚至不那么普遍,仅限于德国(Sandberger 1858–1863;Koeen 1892;Janssen 1978;Gürs 19921995;Müller 2011)、比利时(Marquet et al.2008)、法国(Rolle 1862,Cossmann&Peyrot 1909-1935,Vergneau 1966,Dell'Angelo et al.2018a)、意大利(Dell'Angelo&Palazzi 1992,Dell'Aangelo et al.2015c)。维也纳自然历史博物馆(Šulc收藏)最近发现了四种德国和法国渐新世石鳖的模式材料,这一发现具有重要意义,可以更好地了解这些鲜为人知的物种。我们首次提供了这些物种的SEM图像,以及原始描述的翻译。
{"title":"Some Oligocene chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from Germany and France","authors":"B. Dell’Angelo, M. Sosso, A. Kroh","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1744","url":null,"abstract":"placophorans did not receive much attention from the academic community. The early authors sometimes mentioned any chiton valves at the end of their mono graphs on bivalve and gastropod faunas (e.g., Sand berger 1858–1863; Reuss 1860; Cossmann 1888; Boettger 1902, 1906–1907; Cossmann & Peyrot 1909–1935; Zilch 1934). Before the 1950s very few papers focused specifically on fossil polyplacophorans. A notable exception is the work of Šulc (1934), which has remained an indispensable reference for any later study on chitons from the Cenozoic of Europe. The large majority of European chiton records are from Neogene, while chitons from the Paleogene are poorly known, with greater prevalence of records from Eocene (Cossmann 1888, 1922; Cossmann & Pissarro 1900, 1905; Wrigley 1943; Bielokrys 1999, 2000; Dell’Angelo et al. 2011, 2015a; Cherns & Schwabe 2017). Oligocene records even are less prevalent, limited to Germany (Sand berger 1858–1863; Koenen 1892; Janssen 1978; Gürs 1992, 1995; Müller 2011), Belgium (Marquet et al. 2008), France (Rolle 1862, Cossmann & Peyrot 1909– 1935, Vergneau 1966, Dell’Angelo et al. 2018a), Italy (Dell’Angelo & Palazzi 1992, Dell’Angelo et al. 2015c). The recently discovery of the type material of four chiton species from the Oligocene of Germany and France preserved in the Natural History Museum Vienna (Šulc collection) is of great importance, and permits a better knowledge of these poorly known species. We provide for the first time SEM-images of these species, and translations of the original descriptions.","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"299-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45456080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
widespread in the various known geographical realms, north Tethysian, south Tethysian, north Atlantic, and Pacific (Leinfelder 2001). The many studies conducted by R. Leinfelderʼs German team during the 1990s have shown that these reefs were diversified and occupied specific ecological niches: stromatolites near the shore line, coral reefs in relatively shallow and proximal zones, siliceous sponge bioherms in deeper and distal parts of the platform, and microbial mounds in deep epicontinental basins (Leinfelder 1993, 2001; Leinfelder et al. 1993, 1996; Werner et al. 1994; Nose 1995; Schmid 1996; Nose & Leinfelder 1997; Leinfelder & Schmid 2000). These works paved the way for numerous publications about the coral assemblages, microbialites and microencrusters that were involved in the formation of these Late Jurassic reefs (Insalaco 1996; Insalaco et al. 1997; Bertling & Insalaco 1998; Dupraz & Strasser 1999, 2002; Olivier et al. 2003, 2004a, b, 2006; Mancini et al. 2004; Shiraishi & Kano 2004; Reolid et al. 2005, 2009; Helm & Schülke 2006; Matyszkiewicz et al. 2006, 2012; Pleş et al. 2013; Ricci et al. 2018a). Several studies on Late
广泛分布于各种已知的地理领域,北特提斯,南特提斯,北大西洋和太平洋(Leinfelder 2001)。R. Leinfelder的德国团队在20世纪90年代进行的许多研究表明,这些珊瑚礁是多样化的,并占据了特定的生态位:靠近海岸线的叠层石,相对较浅和较近区域的珊瑚礁,台地较深和远端部分的硅质海绵生物礁,以及深陆表盆地的微生物堆(Leinfelder 1993,2001;Leinfelder et al. 1993,1996;Werner et al. 1994;鼻子1995;施密德1996;Nose & Leinfelder 1997;Leinfelder & Schmid 2000)。这些工作为许多关于这些晚侏罗世珊瑚礁形成过程中涉及的珊瑚组合、微生物和微壳块的出版物铺平了道路(Insalaco 1996;Insalaco等人,1997;Bertling & Insalaco 1998;Dupraz & Strasser 1999,2002;Olivier et al. 2003, 2004a, b, 2006;Mancini et al. 2004;shirashishi & Kano 2004;Reolid等人,2005,2009;Helm & sch lke 2006;Matyszkiewicz et al. 2006, 2012;pleek et al. 2013;Ricci et al. 2018a)。关于后期的几个研究
{"title":"Distribution of coral-microbialite reefs along the French Jura platform during the Bimammatum Zone (Oxfordian, Late Jurassic)","authors":"N. Olivier","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1747","url":null,"abstract":"widespread in the various known geographical realms, north Tethysian, south Tethysian, north Atlantic, and Pacific (Leinfelder 2001). The many studies conducted by R. Leinfelderʼs German team during the 1990s have shown that these reefs were diversified and occupied specific ecological niches: stromatolites near the shore line, coral reefs in relatively shallow and proximal zones, siliceous sponge bioherms in deeper and distal parts of the platform, and microbial mounds in deep epicontinental basins (Leinfelder 1993, 2001; Leinfelder et al. 1993, 1996; Werner et al. 1994; Nose 1995; Schmid 1996; Nose & Leinfelder 1997; Leinfelder & Schmid 2000). These works paved the way for numerous publications about the coral assemblages, microbialites and microencrusters that were involved in the formation of these Late Jurassic reefs (Insalaco 1996; Insalaco et al. 1997; Bertling & Insalaco 1998; Dupraz & Strasser 1999, 2002; Olivier et al. 2003, 2004a, b, 2006; Mancini et al. 2004; Shiraishi & Kano 2004; Reolid et al. 2005, 2009; Helm & Schülke 2006; Matyszkiewicz et al. 2006, 2012; Pleş et al. 2013; Ricci et al. 2018a). Several studies on Late","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"257-277"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46786408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
appler Forage remains were studied in the digestive tracts of four Messel fish species ( Rhenanoperca minuta , Thaumaturus intermedius , Cyclurus kehreri , Atractosteus messelensis ). They were found in only 4% of all samples. Particular attention was paid to R. minuta . Herein, depending on the investigation method, between 0.7% and 13% of the samples contained conspecific prey fish and/or prey fish remains. In total 1.6% contained remains of amphipod shrimps. Concerning T. intermedius , prey (arthropod) remains could be found only in one sample (3.4%). Similarly, only one (6.6%) of the bowfins ( C. kehreri ) and none of the gars ( A. messelensis ) contained such remains. The pharyngeal jaws of R. minuta exhibit two basic types of dentition. One is characterized by strong, flattened (“molariform”) pharyngeal teeth, and the other by more delicate and slender (“papilliform”) ones. This polymorphism may be indicative of a beginning or advancing speciation. The different morphotypes probably originated in adjacent water bodies (allopatric) rather than in Lake Messel itself (sympatric). The results were discussed with particular attention to extant comparable species. The high rate of evacuated digestive tracts in R. minuta very probably results from a shortage of suitable prey, and possibly also from environmental restrictions. For the other species, different factors, like diurnal or seasonal fluctuations may have played a more important role. For R. minuta , a diet switch from predominantly arthropods to fish, especially a switch to T. intermedius as a main prey, can be discarded. Rather there appears to have been a gradual transition from softbodied arthropods to gastropods, as known from comparable recent species, even actual though direct evidence (gastric or intestinal contents, or even cooccurrence with abundant gastropods) could not observed among the investigated
{"title":"New information on the feeding habits of the percomorph Rhenanoperca minuta, together with a short look at other fish species from the Eocene Messel Formation of Germany","authors":"N. Micklich, V. Baranov, T. Wappler","doi":"10.3140/bull.geosci.1722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1722","url":null,"abstract":"appler Forage remains were studied in the digestive tracts of four Messel fish species ( Rhenanoperca minuta , Thaumaturus intermedius , Cyclurus kehreri , Atractosteus messelensis ). They were found in only 4% of all samples. Particular attention was paid to R. minuta . Herein, depending on the investigation method, between 0.7% and 13% of the samples contained conspecific prey fish and/or prey fish remains. In total 1.6% contained remains of amphipod shrimps. Concerning T. intermedius , prey (arthropod) remains could be found only in one sample (3.4%). Similarly, only one (6.6%) of the bowfins ( C. kehreri ) and none of the gars ( A. messelensis ) contained such remains. The pharyngeal jaws of R. minuta exhibit two basic types of dentition. One is characterized by strong, flattened (“molariform”) pharyngeal teeth, and the other by more delicate and slender (“papilliform”) ones. This polymorphism may be indicative of a beginning or advancing speciation. The different morphotypes probably originated in adjacent water bodies (allopatric) rather than in Lake Messel itself (sympatric). The results were discussed with particular attention to extant comparable species. The high rate of evacuated digestive tracts in R. minuta very probably results from a shortage of suitable prey, and possibly also from environmental restrictions. For the other species, different factors, like diurnal or seasonal fluctuations may have played a more important role. For R. minuta , a diet switch from predominantly arthropods to fish, especially a switch to T. intermedius as a main prey, can be discarded. Rather there appears to have been a gradual transition from softbodied arthropods to gastropods, as known from comparable recent species, even actual though direct evidence (gastric or intestinal contents, or even cooccurrence with abundant gastropods) could not observed among the investigated","PeriodicalId":9332,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of Geosciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2019-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43735498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}