B. Downs, S. Banik, M. Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, S. Kushner, Matt Piacentino, D. Bagchi
An increase in anaerobic (oxygen-deprived) pathogenesis significantly increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inflicting damage on cell membranes and intracellular constituents. Generation of ROS and concomitant inflammatory response is the two hallmarks of cellular damage caused by cellular injury or invasion by pathogens. Oxygen deprivation, as opposed to oxygen deficiency, is a major contributor to oxidative stress and damage, cytokine production, and inflammation. When our cells are unable to efficiently and effectively utilize the oxygen to facilitate aerobic glycolysis and other cellular metabolic events, the oxygen instead oxidizes cell membranes, lipids, neurons, cross-links proteins, damages DNA, and initiates inflammation among other consequences. These anaerobic events are hallmarks of chronic degenerative diseases (CDD). Excessive demands to curtail oxidative damage can overburden endogenous antioxidative capabilities. A key treatment strategy to tackle the adverse effects of inflammation involves the augmentation of the structural integrity and functional competence of cellular materials, reducing the impact and consequences of tissue insult; the generation of ROS; and the cascade of subsequent pathological disorders. Moreover, restoration of cellular aerobic metabolic events, such as aerobic glycolysis and oxidative respiration, is an equally important collateral goal. A healthy diet and supplementation, providing an abundance of exogenous sources of antioxidants and a host of phytochemical dietary components, becomes even more important to restore aerobic metabolism; augment and assist in improving cellular structural integrity, and thereby reducing oxidative stress, damage, and inflammatory sequela. VMP35 MNC, a research-affirmed Prodosomed nutraceutical technology-based phytonutrient formulation, enriched in structurally diverse bioflavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic saccharides, etc., have been shown to boost cellular structural integrity and physiological functions, and restore aerobic metabolic competence including for athletic performance as well as for general well-being. This review provides a strategic approach for the design of a novel Prodosomed VMP35 Multinutrient/phytoceutical complex and to evaluate its ability to reverse anaerobic pathologies, including inflammation, and restore healthy cellular aerobic glycolysis.
{"title":"Design of a Novel Bioflavonoid and Phytonutrient Enriched Formulation in Boosting Immune Competence and Sports Performance: A product Development Investigation","authors":"B. Downs, S. Banik, M. Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, S. Kushner, Matt Piacentino, D. Bagchi","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_2_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_2_2021","url":null,"abstract":"An increase in anaerobic (oxygen-deprived) pathogenesis significantly increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inflicting damage on cell membranes and intracellular constituents. Generation of ROS and concomitant inflammatory response is the two hallmarks of cellular damage caused by cellular injury or invasion by pathogens. Oxygen deprivation, as opposed to oxygen deficiency, is a major contributor to oxidative stress and damage, cytokine production, and inflammation. When our cells are unable to efficiently and effectively utilize the oxygen to facilitate aerobic glycolysis and other cellular metabolic events, the oxygen instead oxidizes cell membranes, lipids, neurons, cross-links proteins, damages DNA, and initiates inflammation among other consequences. These anaerobic events are hallmarks of chronic degenerative diseases (CDD). Excessive demands to curtail oxidative damage can overburden endogenous antioxidative capabilities. A key treatment strategy to tackle the adverse effects of inflammation involves the augmentation of the structural integrity and functional competence of cellular materials, reducing the impact and consequences of tissue insult; the generation of ROS; and the cascade of subsequent pathological disorders. Moreover, restoration of cellular aerobic metabolic events, such as aerobic glycolysis and oxidative respiration, is an equally important collateral goal. A healthy diet and supplementation, providing an abundance of exogenous sources of antioxidants and a host of phytochemical dietary components, becomes even more important to restore aerobic metabolism; augment and assist in improving cellular structural integrity, and thereby reducing oxidative stress, damage, and inflammatory sequela. VMP35 MNC, a research-affirmed Prodosomed nutraceutical technology-based phytonutrient formulation, enriched in structurally diverse bioflavonoids, polyphenols, and phenolic saccharides, etc., have been shown to boost cellular structural integrity and physiological functions, and restore aerobic metabolic competence including for athletic performance as well as for general well-being. This review provides a strategic approach for the design of a novel Prodosomed VMP35 Multinutrient/phytoceutical complex and to evaluate its ability to reverse anaerobic pathologies, including inflammation, and restore healthy cellular aerobic glycolysis.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78730613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2021-11-01DOI: 10.25259/ajbps_6_2021
Lakmini S Premadasa, Gabrielle P Dailey, Jan A Ruzicka, Ethan W Taylor
The HIV-1 nef gene terminates in a 3'-UGA stop codon, which is highly conserved in the main group of HIV-1 subtypes, along with a downstream potential coding region that could extend the nef protein by 33 amino acids, if readthrough of the stop codon occurs. Antisense tethering interactions (ATIs) between a viral mRNA and a host selenoprotein mRNA are a potential viral strategy for the capture of a host selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element (Taylor et al, 2016) [1]. This mRNA hijacking mechanism could enable the expression of virally encoded selenoprotein modules, via translation of in-frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (SeC). Here we show that readthrough of the 3'-terminal UGA codon of nef occurs during translation of HIV-1 nef expression constructs in transfected cells. This was accomplished via fluorescence microscopy image analysis and flow cytometry of HEK 293 cells, transfected with engineered GFP reporter gene plasmid constructs, in which GFP can only be expressed by translational recoding of the UGA codon. SiRNA knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) mRNA resulted in a 67% decrease in GFP expression, presumably due to reduced availability of the components involved in selenocysteine incorporation for the stop codon readthrough, thus supporting the proposed ATI. Addition of 20 nM sodium selenite to the media significantly enhanced stop codon readthrough in the pNefATI1 plasmid construct, by >100%, supporting the hypothesis that selenium is involved in the UGA readthrough mechanism.
{"title":"Selenium-Dependent Read Through of the Conserved 3'-Terminal UGA Stop Codon of HIV-1 nef.","authors":"Lakmini S Premadasa, Gabrielle P Dailey, Jan A Ruzicka, Ethan W Taylor","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_6_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_6_2021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The HIV-1 nef gene terminates in a 3'-UGA stop codon, which is highly conserved in the main group of HIV-1 subtypes, along with a downstream potential coding region that could extend the nef protein by 33 amino acids, if readthrough of the stop codon occurs. Antisense tethering interactions (ATIs) between a viral mRNA and a host selenoprotein mRNA are a potential viral strategy for the capture of a host selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element (Taylor et al, 2016) [1]. This mRNA hijacking mechanism could enable the expression of virally encoded selenoprotein modules, via translation of in-frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (SeC). Here we show that readthrough of the 3'-terminal UGA codon of nef occurs during translation of HIV-1 nef expression constructs in transfected cells. This was accomplished via fluorescence microscopy image analysis and flow cytometry of HEK 293 cells, transfected with engineered GFP reporter gene plasmid constructs, in which GFP can only be expressed by translational recoding of the UGA codon. SiRNA knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) mRNA resulted in a 67% decrease in GFP expression, presumably due to reduced availability of the components involved in selenocysteine incorporation for the stop codon readthrough, thus supporting the proposed ATI. Addition of 20 nM sodium selenite to the media significantly enhanced stop codon readthrough in the pNefATI1 plasmid construct, by >100%, supporting the hypothesis that selenium is involved in the UGA readthrough mechanism.</p>","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"1 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8813066/pdf/nihms-1765853.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39895901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-26DOI: 10.20944/preprints202005.0432.v1
L. Premadasa, Gabrielle P. Dailey, J. Ruzicka, E. Taylor
The HIV-1 nef gene terminates in a 3'-UGA stop codon, which is highly conserved in the main group of HIV-1 subtypes, along with a downstream potential coding region that could extend the nef protein by 33 amino acids, if readthrough of the stop codon occurs. Antisense tethering interactions (ATIs) between a viral mRNA and a host selenoprotein mRNA are a potential viral strategy for the capture of a host selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element (Taylor et al, 2016) [1]. This mRNA hijacking mechanism could enable the expression of virally encoded selenoprotein modules, via translation of in-frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (SeC). Here we show that readthrough of the 3'-terminal UGA codon of nef occurs during translation of HIV-1 nef expression constructs in transfected cells. This was accomplished via fluorescence microscopy image analysis and flow cytometry of HEK 293 cells, transfected with engineered GFP reporter gene plasmid constructs, in which GFP can only be expressed by translational recoding of the UGA codon. SiRNA knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) mRNA resulted in a 67% decrease in GFP expression, presumably due to reduced availability of the components involved in selenocysteine incorporation for the stop codon readthrough, thus supporting the proposed ATI. Addition of 20 nM sodium selenite to the media significantly enhanced stop codon readthrough in the pNefATI1 plasmid construct, by >100%, supporting the hypothesis that selenium is involved in the UGA readthrough mechanism.
{"title":"Selenium-Dependent Read Through of the Conserved 3'-Terminal UGA Stop Codon of HIV-1 nef.","authors":"L. Premadasa, Gabrielle P. Dailey, J. Ruzicka, E. Taylor","doi":"10.20944/preprints202005.0432.v1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202005.0432.v1","url":null,"abstract":"The HIV-1 nef gene terminates in a 3'-UGA stop codon, which is highly conserved in the main group of HIV-1 subtypes, along with a downstream potential coding region that could extend the nef protein by 33 amino acids, if readthrough of the stop codon occurs. Antisense tethering interactions (ATIs) between a viral mRNA and a host selenoprotein mRNA are a potential viral strategy for the capture of a host selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element (Taylor et al, 2016) [1]. This mRNA hijacking mechanism could enable the expression of virally encoded selenoprotein modules, via translation of in-frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (SeC). Here we show that readthrough of the 3'-terminal UGA codon of nef occurs during translation of HIV-1 nef expression constructs in transfected cells. This was accomplished via fluorescence microscopy image analysis and flow cytometry of HEK 293 cells, transfected with engineered GFP reporter gene plasmid constructs, in which GFP can only be expressed by translational recoding of the UGA codon. SiRNA knockdown of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) mRNA resulted in a 67% decrease in GFP expression, presumably due to reduced availability of the components involved in selenocysteine incorporation for the stop codon readthrough, thus supporting the proposed ATI. Addition of 20 nM sodium selenite to the media significantly enhanced stop codon readthrough in the pNefATI1 plasmid construct, by >100%, supporting the hypothesis that selenium is involved in the UGA readthrough mechanism.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78096125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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