The paper offers a thorough analysis of immunotherapeutics with a focus on hybridomas. It describes how focused and precise treatments for a variety of illnesses, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases, have been made possible by immunotherapeutics, which are based on antibody and hybridoma technology. The main therapeutics produced by this method are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The article describes the hybridoma technology process, in which a heterogeneous population of cells that produce unique mAbs are created by combining immortalized myeloma cells with B lymphocytes. To isolate and create drug formulations, the hybridoma cells that produce the desired antibodies are chosen and grown in large numbers. In the article, successful uses of immunotherapeutics based on antibody and hybridoma technology are highlighted. Hybridoma technology used in treatment of autoimmune conditions, viral infections and cancer. The potential of mAbs to increase the range of available treatments is also covered. The page also describes the distinction between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, how they are made, and the different uses of hybridoma technology in research, diagnostics, therapy, vaccine development, and fundamental immunology investigations. The importance of immunotherapeutics based on antibody and hybridoma technologies in revolutionizing the treatment environment and creating new opportunities for customized and targeted therapies is emphasized as it draws to a close.
本文以杂交瘤为重点，对免疫疗法进行了深入分析。它描述了免疫疗法是如何利用抗体和杂交瘤技术对癌症、自身免疫性疾病和传染病等多种疾病进行集中和精确治疗的。这种方法生产的主要疗法是单克隆抗体（mAbs）。文章介绍了杂交瘤技术的过程，即通过将永生化骨髓瘤细胞与 B 淋巴细胞结合，产生能产生独特 mAbs 的异质细胞群。为了分离和制造药物制剂，需要选择能产生所需抗体的杂交瘤细胞并进行大量培养。文章重点介绍了基于抗体和杂交瘤技术的免疫疗法的成功应用。杂交瘤技术用于治疗自身免疫性疾病、病毒感染和癌症。文章还介绍了 mAbs 在扩大可用治疗范围方面的潜力。该页还介绍了单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体的区别、制造方法，以及杂交瘤技术在研究、诊断、治疗、疫苗开发和基础免疫学调查中的不同用途。本章最后强调了基于抗体和杂交瘤技术的免疫疗法在彻底改变治疗环境以及为定制和靶向疗法创造新机遇方面的重要性。
{"title":"A detailed review of immunotherapeutics with a special emphasis on hybridoma technology","authors":"Arunkumar Ramjibhai Vaghela, Tejas H. Ganatra","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_13_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_13_2023","url":null,"abstract":"The paper offers a thorough analysis of immunotherapeutics with a focus on hybridomas. It describes how focused and precise treatments for a variety of illnesses, such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases, have been made possible by immunotherapeutics, which are based on antibody and hybridoma technology. The main therapeutics produced by this method are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The article describes the hybridoma technology process, in which a heterogeneous population of cells that produce unique mAbs are created by combining immortalized myeloma cells with B lymphocytes. To isolate and create drug formulations, the hybridoma cells that produce the desired antibodies are chosen and grown in large numbers. In the article, successful uses of immunotherapeutics based on antibody and hybridoma technology are highlighted. Hybridoma technology used in treatment of autoimmune conditions, viral infections and cancer. The potential of mAbs to increase the range of available treatments is also covered. The page also describes the distinction between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, how they are made, and the different uses of hybridoma technology in research, diagnostics, therapy, vaccine development, and fundamental immunology investigations. The importance of immunotherapeutics based on antibody and hybridoma technologies in revolutionizing the treatment environment and creating new opportunities for customized and targeted therapies is emphasized as it draws to a close.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"11 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139598668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information is lacking on the consequences of chronic exposure to emerging contaminants at environmentally relevant (trace concentrations) on biomolecules. Environmental exposure to these chemical mixtures happens at trace concentrations and at multiple molecular interactions. The consequences of trace concentrations of multiple pesticides (MPs) on the regulation of selected biomolecules nitric oxide (NO), thiols, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the tissues from wild type (WT) and genetically deficient- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) knockout (Null) mice were investigated. Mice were exposed to trace concentrations of MPs: Atrazine, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, and anthracene (1–100 ng/L) in drinking water for 6 weeks. Organs were collected and homogenized; NO, protein and non-protein thiol levels, as well as SOD and GST activities were determined. Differential and organ selective effects of the treatments were observed in the WT and PPARα knockout. Increased NO levels were observed in the organs from WT with limited increase in the kidney (Null). SOD activity was decreased in the organs from the WT and was increased in the PPARα knockout when compared to the control. Thiol level was significantly increased in the heart and spleen in the WT and in the heart of the PPARα knockout mice when compared to the control. Non-protein thiol concentration was reduced in the heart and kidney (WT) and reduced in the liver of the PPARα knockout when compared to the control. GST activity was significantly decreased in the liver and spleen (WT) and was significantly elevated in all organs in the PPARα knockout mice when compared to the WT. The low concentrations of MPs may have caused selective dysregulation of biomolecules in different organs of the body. These effects observed may be influenced by genetic status such as in PPARα deficiency. These results present a scenario that implicates nanoconcentrations of series of organic contaminants that can cause cellular and molecular dysregulations of biomolecules precipitating toxicity and pathology that can be a threat to human health. Further, investigation into the molecular mechanism(s) and signaling pathway(s) implicated in these dysregulations is warranted.
{"title":"Emerging contaminants at trace levels of pesticides perturbs biomolecules in different organs in mice: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha","authors":"Pavani K. Gonnabathula, M. Yakubu","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_17_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_17_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Information is lacking on the consequences of chronic exposure to emerging contaminants at environmentally relevant (trace concentrations) on biomolecules. Environmental exposure to these chemical mixtures happens at trace concentrations and at multiple molecular interactions. The consequences of trace concentrations of multiple pesticides (MPs) on the regulation of selected biomolecules nitric oxide (NO), thiols, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the tissues from wild type (WT) and genetically deficient- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) knockout (Null) mice were investigated.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Mice were exposed to trace concentrations of MPs: Atrazine, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, and anthracene (1–100 ng/L) in drinking water for 6 weeks. Organs were collected and homogenized; NO, protein and non-protein thiol levels, as well as SOD and GST activities were determined.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Differential and organ selective effects of the treatments were observed in the WT and PPARα knockout. Increased NO levels were observed in the organs from WT with limited increase in the kidney (Null). SOD activity was decreased in the organs from the WT and was increased in the PPARα knockout when compared to the control. Thiol level was significantly increased in the heart and spleen in the WT and in the heart of the PPARα knockout mice when compared to the control. Non-protein thiol concentration was reduced in the heart and kidney (WT) and reduced in the liver of the PPARα knockout when compared to the control. GST activity was significantly decreased in the liver and spleen (WT) and was significantly elevated in all organs in the PPARα knockout mice when compared to the WT.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The low concentrations of MPs may have caused selective dysregulation of biomolecules in different organs of the body. These effects observed may be influenced by genetic status such as in PPARα deficiency. These results present a scenario that implicates nanoconcentrations of series of organic contaminants that can cause cellular and molecular dysregulations of biomolecules precipitating toxicity and pathology that can be a threat to human health. Further, investigation into the molecular mechanism(s) and signaling pathway(s) implicated in these dysregulations is warranted.\u0000","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"18 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139595580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Angelman syndrome (AS) was first reported in 1965 by Dr. Harry Angelman. It is a condition of neurodevelopment characterized by, a lack of speech, distinctive behavior, seizure, intellectual capacity, and cheerful disposition. The cause of AS is a lack of production by maternal imprinted genes (UBE3A) on the 15q11-q13 chromosome. The complications of AS are strabismus, atrophy of the optical nerve, and blindness, which are rarely reported. There is a possibility of complications in the laboratory diagnostic tests for AS. One method is to evaluate with DNA methylation analysis of AS/Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) imprinting center (IC). On cytogenetic analysis, at least 50–60% of patients had a maternally induced de novo mutation of chromosome 15q11-13 with more serious clinical phenotypes such as microcephaly, seizures, language impairment, and motor difficulties. Multiexonic or whole gene deletion is identified by array-comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) in some cases and laboratory and methodology may vary such deletions. Diagnosis of AS can be suggested by unsteady movements before walking. Based on the patient’s medical history, electroencephalogram (EEG) data, clinical symptoms, and the presence or absence of a chromosome 50 deletion, a diagnosis of AS is made. Incidence estimated for AS is approximately 1 in 12,000–20,000 birth lives, but the epidemiological measures of life expectancy remains unknown. The clinical features of AS phenotype include seizures, sleep disturbance, intellectual disability, and movement disorders such as tremor and ataxia, anxiety, expressive language is limited, behavioral changes, pleasant demeanor, and easily manipulated laughs, EEG abnormalities were discovered in around 100% of the patients. The researcher identified problems with inflammation at the injection site caused by a higher dose of a drug and they monitored proteins in the individual’s blood and cerebrospinal fluid as an additional safety precaution. Genetic counseling for families with one child with AS to address the likelihood of recurrence can be a challenging subject that frequently requires specialist advice.
{"title":"Angelman syndrome: A genetic challenge for physical and learning disabilities","authors":"B. K. Alias, Lini K. Simon","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_6_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_6_2023","url":null,"abstract":"Angelman syndrome (AS) was first reported in 1965 by Dr. Harry Angelman. It is a condition of neurodevelopment characterized by, a lack of speech, distinctive behavior, seizure, intellectual capacity, and cheerful disposition. The cause of AS is a lack of production by maternal imprinted genes (UBE3A) on the 15q11-q13 chromosome. The complications of AS are strabismus, atrophy of the optical nerve, and blindness, which are rarely reported. There is a possibility of complications in the laboratory diagnostic tests for AS. One method is to evaluate with DNA methylation analysis of AS/Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) imprinting center (IC). On cytogenetic analysis, at least 50–60% of patients had a maternally induced de novo mutation of chromosome 15q11-13 with more serious clinical phenotypes such as microcephaly, seizures, language impairment, and motor difficulties. Multiexonic or whole gene deletion is identified by array-comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) in some cases and laboratory and methodology may vary such deletions. Diagnosis of AS can be suggested by unsteady movements before walking. Based on the patient’s medical history, electroencephalogram (EEG) data, clinical symptoms, and the presence or absence of a chromosome 50 deletion, a diagnosis of AS is made. Incidence estimated for AS is approximately 1 in 12,000–20,000 birth lives, but the epidemiological measures of life expectancy remains unknown. The clinical features of AS phenotype include seizures, sleep disturbance, intellectual disability, and movement disorders such as tremor and ataxia, anxiety, expressive language is limited, behavioral changes, pleasant demeanor, and easily manipulated laughs, EEG abnormalities were discovered in around 100% of the patients. The researcher identified problems with inflammation at the injection site caused by a higher dose of a drug and they monitored proteins in the individual’s blood and cerebrospinal fluid as an additional safety precaution. Genetic counseling for families with one child with AS to address the likelihood of recurrence can be a challenging subject that frequently requires specialist advice.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":" 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138994721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this present study is to know the compatibility of valacyclovir hydrochloride (VCH) with common excipients that would be utilized to develop solid oral dosage forms. Several spectroscopy techniques were used to know the possible interactions of VCH with excipients. More, a molecular docking study was also carried out to see the interaction of VCH with excipients. In vitro study of a physical mixture of VCH with excipients was executed to know the release of a drug. Several analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been utilized to know the drug-excipient compatibility. Further, possible interactions between valacyclovir and different excipients were assessed by thin-layer chromatography. In vitro dissolution studies in different sets of experiments were done to determine the influence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of excipients (on the dissolution profile of VCH using USP II-type dissolving apparatus). Moreover, in silico molecular docking studies were also done to know any possible molecular interactions among drugs and excipients using AutoDock VINA 1.2.0 software and GROMACS 5.0 software. FTIR and 1H NMR spectra of VCH and physical mixtures of VCH and excipients were compared and it was observed that no significant deviation of characteristic peaks in infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR signals was detected. The endothermic peak of VCH in the physical mixtures of drugs and excipients was found in approximately the same position. In vitro dissolution studies displayed the influence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of excipients on the dissolution profile of VCH. For the physical mixture of VCH with lactose (LAC) and dicalcium phosphate (DP), % drug release was found to be 31.96% and 33.16% at 10 min, whereas the amount of % drug released for the mixture of VCH and talc was 25.00%. For two other excipients such as LAC and DP, the % drug release was determined to be 42.96% and 41.64%, respectively, for 30 min. The docking study also provided insights into the lowest energy conformations. Docking study anticipated that the number of interactions were more between valacyclovir and LAC (four nos.) in comparison to valacyclovir and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) (two nos.). This interaction showed that in vitro drug release for the physical mixture of VCH with MCC was higher than a mixture of valacyclovir with LAC. A compatibility study of VCH by analytical techniques established that VCH was compatible with utilized excipients. Drug dissolution of VCH and physical mixture of MCC exhibited the maximum amount of drug release whereas a mixture of VCH with magnesium stearate released the minimum amount of drug for both short (10 min.) and long (30 min.) period. Docking studies disclosed that the LAC complex showed less deviation with less root mean square deviation value in comparison to
{"title":"Molecular and qualitative characterization of compatibility between valacyclovir hydrochloride and excipients as raw materials for the development of solid oral dosage formulation","authors":"Anoop Mishra, Vivek Ranjan Sinha, Sumit Sharma, Alen T. Mathew, Rajnish Kumar, Ashok Kumar Yadav","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_12_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_12_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The objective of this present study is to know the compatibility of valacyclovir hydrochloride (VCH) with common excipients that would be utilized to develop solid oral dosage forms. Several spectroscopy techniques were used to know the possible interactions of VCH with excipients. More, a molecular docking study was also carried out to see the interaction of VCH with excipients. In vitro study of a physical mixture of VCH with excipients was executed to know the release of a drug.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Several analytical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been utilized to know the drug-excipient compatibility. Further, possible interactions between valacyclovir and different excipients were assessed by thin-layer chromatography. In vitro dissolution studies in different sets of experiments were done to determine the influence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of excipients (on the dissolution profile of VCH using USP II-type dissolving apparatus). Moreover, in silico molecular docking studies were also done to know any possible molecular interactions among drugs and excipients using AutoDock VINA 1.2.0 software and GROMACS 5.0 software.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000FTIR and 1H NMR spectra of VCH and physical mixtures of VCH and excipients were compared and it was observed that no significant deviation of characteristic peaks in infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR signals was detected. The endothermic peak of VCH in the physical mixtures of drugs and excipients was found in approximately the same position. In vitro dissolution studies displayed the influence of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic nature of excipients on the dissolution profile of VCH. For the physical mixture of VCH with lactose (LAC) and dicalcium phosphate (DP), % drug release was found to be 31.96% and 33.16% at 10 min, whereas the amount of % drug released for the mixture of VCH and talc was 25.00%. For two other excipients such as LAC and DP, the % drug release was determined to be 42.96% and 41.64%, respectively, for 30 min. The docking study also provided insights into the lowest energy conformations. Docking study anticipated that the number of interactions were more between valacyclovir and LAC (four nos.) in comparison to valacyclovir and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) (two nos.). This interaction showed that in vitro drug release for the physical mixture of VCH with MCC was higher than a mixture of valacyclovir with LAC.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A compatibility study of VCH by analytical techniques established that VCH was compatible with utilized excipients. Drug dissolution of VCH and physical mixture of MCC exhibited the maximum amount of drug release whereas a mixture of VCH with magnesium stearate released the minimum amount of drug for both short (10 min.) and long (30 min.) period. Docking studies disclosed that the LAC complex showed less deviation with less root mean square deviation value in comparison to ","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"70 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138979576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Y. Vouffo, B. Vouffo, EriK Donfack Vouffo, R. Temdie, E. Akono, A. Azébazé, A. Dongmo, T. Dimo
Allanblackia gabonensis (Guttiferae) stem bark extract is generally used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for its beneficial activities as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive. However, the claimed chronic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have not yet been largely elucidated scientifically. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of A. gabonensis stem bark aqueous extract on Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of CFA (0.1 mL) into the right hind paw of each rat. Pain relieving effects were measured in the treated animals using an analgesiometer and antioxidant activity determined by measuring oxidative stress parameters. In addition, the hematological index, serum nitric oxide (NO), and transaminase activities were evaluated in the experimental animals. A. gabonensis significantly protected animals against pain from day 15 to 18 and decreased (P < 0.01) the paw edema from day 12 to the end of the experimentation (day 22). The number of white blood cells increased while the NO levels in serum and organs decreased in CFA animals as compared to the control group. An increase in serum transaminases was observed in the CFA group. A. gabonensis at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly increased (36.36%) glutathione levels in the spleen in comparison with the CFA group. There was also a significant increase (P < 0.01) of liver and cardiac catalase in animals receiving extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg. Our findings revealed the anti-arthritic and antioxidant potential of A. gabonensis and, thus, validate its traditional claim.
{"title":"Complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Allanblackia gabonensis (guttiferae) aqueous extract","authors":"E. Y. Vouffo, B. Vouffo, EriK Donfack Vouffo, R. Temdie, E. Akono, A. Azébazé, A. Dongmo, T. Dimo","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_1_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_1_2023","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Allanblackia gabonensis (Guttiferae) stem bark extract is generally used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for its beneficial activities as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive. However, the claimed chronic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have not yet been largely elucidated scientifically. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of A. gabonensis stem bark aqueous extract on Freund’s complete adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of CFA (0.1 mL) into the right hind paw of each rat. Pain relieving effects were measured in the treated animals using an analgesiometer and antioxidant activity determined by measuring oxidative stress parameters. In addition, the hematological index, serum nitric oxide (NO), and transaminase activities were evaluated in the experimental animals.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A. gabonensis significantly protected animals against pain from day 15 to 18 and decreased (P < 0.01) the paw edema from day 12 to the end of the experimentation (day 22). The number of white blood cells increased while the NO levels in serum and organs decreased in CFA animals as compared to the control group. An increase in serum transaminases was observed in the CFA group. A. gabonensis at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly increased (36.36%) glutathione levels in the spleen in comparison with the CFA group. There was also a significant increase (P < 0.01) of liver and cardiac catalase in animals receiving extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our findings revealed the anti-arthritic and antioxidant potential of A. gabonensis and, thus, validate its traditional claim.\u0000","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"8 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138595789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Sonuga, G. O. Anetor, A. Sonuga, N. L. Nwobi, O. Aruoma, J. Anetor
The environment is the totality of the living and non-living surroundings of an organism needed for sustainability and life. There are several sources by which the air, water, food, and the whole environment gets polluted, becoming unhealthy for living. Human activities result in the generation of harmful molecules that accumulate in the environment predisposing to adverse human health. There are several contaminants present or released to the environment ranging from persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides and generally induce oxidative stress from the generation of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and free radicals, damaging DNA, protein and lipid structures of the cell, ultimately resulting in various diseases, especially noncommunicable diseases such as cancers and development disorders. A favorable antioxidant status is considered protective of human health, enhancing resistance to disease or improving prognosis through redox and molecular mechanisms. Although therapeutic regimens still occupy pride of place in the global health systems, especially in Africa, advances in science provide compelling evidence of the urgent need to have a better understanding of the antioxidant system and its application in reinforcing human defense mechanisms. A pragmatic approach based on sound scientific principles is to adopt the intake of protective factors modulating host defense mechanisms largely antioxidant systems by employing dietary and/or pharmaceutical agents as chemopreventive or biological interventions (bio-actives). Micronutrients are a diverse group of substances including vitamins and micro-minerals which play a significant role as cofactors and enzymes in signal transduction and genetic signaling. These beneficial bio-molecular effects are exerted through the modulation of several important signaling pathways. Micronutrients include potent non-enzymatic antioxidants such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, carotenoids, retinoids, thiols, natural flavonoids, among others, and trace elements such as copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, and iron which play a significant role as co-factors for the control of the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Recognition of the potential of prime poly-functional micronutrients is pivotal and should be harnessed in Africa, especially Nigeria, at least in part as a proactive and economical approach to disease prevention and management. This article highlights the serious prevalent environmental pollution in resource-limited nations like Nigeria, due to progressive industrialization and attendant sequelae or consequences, and how they can be mitigated by antioxidants based on their molecular cellular and biochemical activities; thus providing a pragmatic economic and sustainable approach to maintaining the health of the population in Nigeria and in the global population optional.
{"title":"Molecular and cellular basis of micronutrients as antidotes to environmental toxicity related disorders - Nigeria in focus","authors":"O. Sonuga, G. O. Anetor, A. Sonuga, N. L. Nwobi, O. Aruoma, J. Anetor","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_7_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_7_2023","url":null,"abstract":"The environment is the totality of the living and non-living surroundings of an organism needed for sustainability and life. There are several sources by which the air, water, food, and the whole environment gets polluted, becoming unhealthy for living. Human activities result in the generation of harmful molecules that accumulate in the environment predisposing to adverse human health. There are several contaminants present or released to the environment ranging from persistent organic pollutants, toxic metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides and generally induce oxidative stress from the generation of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and free radicals, damaging DNA, protein and lipid structures of the cell, ultimately resulting in various diseases, especially noncommunicable diseases such as cancers and development disorders. A favorable antioxidant status is considered protective of human health, enhancing resistance to disease or improving prognosis through redox and molecular mechanisms. Although therapeutic regimens still occupy pride of place in the global health systems, especially in Africa, advances in science provide compelling evidence of the urgent need to have a better understanding of the antioxidant system and its application in reinforcing human defense mechanisms. A pragmatic approach based on sound scientific principles is to adopt the intake of protective factors modulating host defense mechanisms largely antioxidant systems by employing dietary and/or pharmaceutical agents as chemopreventive or biological interventions (bio-actives). Micronutrients are a diverse group of substances including vitamins and micro-minerals which play a significant role as cofactors and enzymes in signal transduction and genetic signaling. These beneficial bio-molecular effects are exerted through the modulation of several important signaling pathways. Micronutrients include potent non-enzymatic antioxidants such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, carotenoids, retinoids, thiols, natural flavonoids, among others, and trace elements such as copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, and iron which play a significant role as co-factors for the control of the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Recognition of the potential of prime poly-functional micronutrients is pivotal and should be harnessed in Africa, especially Nigeria, at least in part as a proactive and economical approach to disease prevention and management. This article highlights the serious prevalent environmental pollution in resource-limited nations like Nigeria, due to progressive industrialization and attendant sequelae or consequences, and how they can be mitigated by antioxidants based on their molecular cellular and biochemical activities; thus providing a pragmatic economic and sustainable approach to maintaining the health of the population in Nigeria and in the global population optional.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. E. Agbo, U. E. Chima, Sunday Chibueze Ogbobe, Faith O Omotayo, Success Chekwubechukwu David
Malaria, a perilous disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and characterized by a substantial mortality rate, has persistently posed as a global health challenge. Conventional antimalarial formulations, although effective, grapple with issues surrounding their bioavailability and palatability, and potentially hampering patient adherence and inadvertently fueling drug resistance and poor treatment outcomes. This paper meticulously delves into the predicaments associated with prevailing antimalarial delivery methods – oral, intravenous, and intramuscular. The paper navigates through the compelling merits of the transdermal pathway, drawing inspiration from its triumphant deployment in other medical realms. The investigation extends to encompass preclinical inquiries dedicated to exploring the transdermal administration of antimalarials. Transdermal antimalarials have shown complete suppression and elimination of Plasmodium parasites, as suggested by the preclinical studies. These preclinical studies emerge as a beacon of hope, exhibiting heightened bioavailability, enhanced safety margins, and notable cost-effectiveness when compared with oral antimalarials. Moreover, this innovative avenue for drug delivery not only offers convenience but also holds the potential to be a transformative solution to the adherence problems of traditional antimalarials, which currently afflicts standard therapeutic options.
{"title":"Transdermal antimalarial drug delivery to improve poor adherence to antimalarials: A new light at the end of the tunnel","authors":"C. E. Agbo, U. E. Chima, Sunday Chibueze Ogbobe, Faith O Omotayo, Success Chekwubechukwu David","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_14_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_14_2023","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria, a perilous disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and characterized by a substantial mortality rate, has persistently posed as a global health challenge. Conventional antimalarial formulations, although effective, grapple with issues surrounding their bioavailability and palatability, and potentially hampering patient adherence and inadvertently fueling drug resistance and poor treatment outcomes. This paper meticulously delves into the predicaments associated with prevailing antimalarial delivery methods – oral, intravenous, and intramuscular. The paper navigates through the compelling merits of the transdermal pathway, drawing inspiration from its triumphant deployment in other medical realms. The investigation extends to encompass preclinical inquiries dedicated to exploring the transdermal administration of antimalarials. Transdermal antimalarials have shown complete suppression and elimination of Plasmodium parasites, as suggested by the preclinical studies. These preclinical studies emerge as a beacon of hope, exhibiting heightened bioavailability, enhanced safety margins, and notable cost-effectiveness when compared with oral antimalarials. Moreover, this innovative avenue for drug delivery not only offers convenience but also holds the potential to be a transformative solution to the adherence problems of traditional antimalarials, which currently afflicts standard therapeutic options.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"60 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Low health literacy facts","authors":"Abdul Kader Mohiuddin","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_2_2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_2_2023","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"21 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135412141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ritesh Bhagea, Aicha Malleck Hossen, Devianee Ruhee, D. Puchooa, V. Bhoyroo, N. Boodia
The world population is ever increasing and so is the need to ensure food security. Food production needs to increase by about 70% within the next 40 years to cater for food consumption. Moreover, with increasing collective consciousness toward food supplementation for improving quality of health, the development of nutraceuticals has gained prominence in disease prevention, treatment, and overall health improvement. However, due to the constant controversial debate of food production for consumption against other uses, the search for better alternatives led to microalgae. Species such as Spirulina, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Dunaliella, among many others, are important sources of primary and secondary metabolites that play crucial roles in disease prevention and treatment. Understanding the significance of nutraceuticals and how microalgae can be used to produce those value-added molecules is necessary for any potential commercial exploitation. This review discusses the potential of microalgae to be exploited as promising sources of nutraceuticals. Here, essential biomolecules used as nutraceuticals are explored and their crucial roles in disease prevention, especially cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and strengthening the immune system. The composition of microalgae, which makes them suitable candidates to produce nutraceuticals, is discussed. Furthermore, the multifarious aspects of microalgae cultivation, in terms of cultivation systems and factors affecting biomass production and productivity regarding nutraceutical production, are reviewed. The multiple sustainable facets of microalgae culture, which can help in carbon sequestration, fast biomass production, and boosting health benefits, should interest stakeholders and potential commercial producers. Bioprocessing of microalgae for the extraction and purification of microalgae-based products is also reviewed, focusing on the key methods of pre-treatment, extraction, and purification of microalgal biomass.
{"title":"Microalgae as sources of green bioactives for health-enhancing food supplements and nutraceuticals: A review of literature","authors":"Ritesh Bhagea, Aicha Malleck Hossen, Devianee Ruhee, D. Puchooa, V. Bhoyroo, N. Boodia","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_6_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_6_2022","url":null,"abstract":"The world population is ever increasing and so is the need to ensure food security. Food production needs to increase by about 70% within the next 40 years to cater for food consumption. Moreover, with increasing collective consciousness toward food supplementation for improving quality of health, the development of nutraceuticals has gained prominence in disease prevention, treatment, and overall health improvement. However, due to the constant controversial debate of food production for consumption against other uses, the search for better alternatives led to microalgae. Species such as Spirulina, Chlorella, Scenedesmus, and Dunaliella, among many others, are important sources of primary and secondary metabolites that play crucial roles in disease prevention and treatment. Understanding the significance of nutraceuticals and how microalgae can be used to produce those value-added molecules is necessary for any potential commercial exploitation. This review discusses the potential of microalgae to be exploited as promising sources of nutraceuticals. Here, essential biomolecules used as nutraceuticals are explored and their crucial roles in disease prevention, especially cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and strengthening the immune system. The composition of microalgae, which makes them suitable candidates to produce nutraceuticals, is discussed. Furthermore, the multifarious aspects of microalgae cultivation, in terms of cultivation systems and factors affecting biomass production and productivity regarding nutraceutical production, are reviewed. The multiple sustainable facets of microalgae culture, which can help in carbon sequestration, fast biomass production, and boosting health benefits, should interest stakeholders and potential commercial producers. Bioprocessing of microalgae for the extraction and purification of microalgae-based products is also reviewed, focusing on the key methods of pre-treatment, extraction, and purification of microalgal biomass.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84797795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Bagchi, B. Downs, S. Banik, Tandra R. Chakraborty, Sanjoy Chakraborty, S. Kushner
The onset of inflammation takes place in a human body due to an injury or infection during which the tissue becomes inflamed/reddened, swollen, hot, and painful. Basically, it is a collection of host defenses that occurs during an injury and infection in which the white blood cells protect the body from infection from bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. Innate immunity provides the first challenging defense against the diverse foreign harmful invaders, while adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity, utilizes specialized immune cells and antibodies, which provide a counterattack and destroy these diverse foreign invaders. Moreover, they can prevent infections/diseases in the future by recognizing those invaders and providing a new immune response. However, when an immune system responds too aggressively to an infection, a condition termed a cytokine storm takes place, which may lead to multi-organ failure and even death. Inflammatory response in advancing age and obesity is intricately associated. Obesity has been identified as a low-grade systemic inflammatory response. Particularly, elevated levels of serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and leptin, well characterized biomarkers of inflammation, are observed predominantly in obese individuals.
{"title":"Inflammatory responses and obesity: Nutrition as an epigenetic modulator","authors":"D. Bagchi, B. Downs, S. Banik, Tandra R. Chakraborty, Sanjoy Chakraborty, S. Kushner","doi":"10.25259/ajbps_14_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ajbps_14_2022","url":null,"abstract":"The onset of inflammation takes place in a human body due to an injury or infection during which the tissue becomes inflamed/reddened, swollen, hot, and painful. Basically, it is a collection of host defenses that occurs during an injury and infection in which the white blood cells protect the body from infection from bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses. Innate immunity provides the first challenging defense against the diverse foreign harmful invaders, while adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity, utilizes specialized immune cells and antibodies, which provide a counterattack and destroy these diverse foreign invaders. Moreover, they can prevent infections/diseases in the future by recognizing those invaders and providing a new immune response. However, when an immune system responds too aggressively to an infection, a condition termed a cytokine storm takes place, which may lead to multi-organ failure and even death. Inflammatory response in advancing age and obesity is intricately associated. Obesity has been identified as a low-grade systemic inflammatory response. Particularly, elevated levels of serum C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and leptin, well characterized biomarkers of inflammation, are observed predominantly in obese individuals.","PeriodicalId":93408,"journal":{"name":"American journal of biopharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77326796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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