Forces in mechanics最新文献

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IF 3.5 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 3.5 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 3.5 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 3.5 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

IF 3.5 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-01-01

引用次数: 0

Modified CEL method for determination of defect formation mechanism in underwater stationary shoulder FSW based on softened pressure-overclosure contact relationship 基于软化压力-过闭接触关系的水下静肩FSW缺陷形成机理的改进CEL方法

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100296

Akbar Hosseini, Alireza Fallahi Arezoudar

The Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) method was employed to simulate underwater friction stir welding with a stationary shoulder tool (USSFSW). The governing equations in the CEL method were formulated for FSW based on the immersed boundary method. A new softened pressure-overclosure model was introduced to define contact pressure within the overclosure zone, and an initial nodal clearance control method was implemented to prevent the penetration of Eulerian elements into the Lagrangian domain. For modeling the mechanical and thermal interactions between surfaces, the VUINTERACTION subroutine was utilized. The study focused on the defect formation mechanisms during USSFSW, highlighting the roles of material flow velocity and nodal forces. Simulation results demonstrated close alignment with experimental data, revealing three flow paths that developed during the process, merging in the empty area behind the pin and generating upward material flow. Notably, the maximum flow velocity at the boundary of the third and fourth quadrants ranged from 0.189 to 0.495 m/s, while the overall maximum material flow velocity varied from 0.193 to 0.502 m/s. The nodal force was found to vary between 180 and 600 N; notably, when this force dropped below 200 N, the driving force for material flow decreased, resulting in the inability to fill the cavity behind the tool. Conversely, increasing the nodal force enhanced both backward flow (BF) and horizontal flow (HF), promoting higher material extrusion into the cavity. Ultimately, when the flow velocity fell below approximately 0.25 mm/s and the nodal force dropped below about 200 N, cavity defects in USSFSW became inevitable.

采用耦合欧拉-拉格朗日（CEL）方法对静肩工具水下搅拌摩擦焊接进行了数值模拟。基于浸入边界法，建立了等效等效等效法的控制方程。引入了一种新的软化压力-过闭模型来定义过闭区内的接触压力，并采用初始节点间隙控制方法来防止欧拉单元渗透到拉格朗日域。为了模拟表面之间的力学和热相互作用，使用了VUINTERACTION子程序。重点研究了USSFSW过程中缺陷的形成机制，强调了材料流速和节点力的作用。模拟结果与实验数据非常接近，揭示了在过程中形成的三条流动路径，在引脚后面的空白区域合并并产生向上的物质流。值得注意的是，第三和第四象限边界处的最大流速范围为0.189 ~ 0.495 m/s，而整体最大物料流速范围为0.193 ~ 0.502 m/s。节点力在180 ~ 600牛之间变化；值得注意的是，当该力低于200 N时，物料流动的驱动力减小，导致无法填充工具后面的空腔。相反，增加节点力会增强回流（BF）和水平流动（HF），促进更高的材料挤压入腔。最终，当流速降至0.25 mm/s左右，节点力降至200 N左右时，USSFSW的空腔缺陷不可避免。

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引用次数: 0

Machine learning approach for predicting early-age thermal cracking potential in concrete bridge piers 预测混凝土桥墩早期热裂潜力的机器学习方法

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100297

Tu Anh Do, Ba-Anh Le

In concrete construction, early-age thermal cracks in foundations, abutments, piers, and slabs can arise from non-uniform temperature distribution due to heat from cement hydration. These cracks negatively impact the integrity, load-bearing capacity, and service life of the concrete structures. This paper investigates the application of machine learning (ML) models to predict early-age thermal cracking in concrete bridge piers. The study aims to develop models to forecast thermal cracking potential (η_max) and estimate the timing of potential cracking (t) based on a dataset of various cross-sectional bridge piers and typical tropical temperatures. Four ML models—Support Vector Machine (SVM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Genetic Programming (GP)—were trained on 759 samples. The dataset, prepared using the EACTSA program, included parameters like cross-sectional dimensions, ambient temperature, and initial concrete temperature, with η_max and t as outputs. Results show that all the ML models achieved high prediction accuracy with R² scores over 0.96. The GP symbolic equations offer transparency and practical implementation. Compared to conventional methods, ML models provide a rapid, effective tool to optimize concrete member dimensions, formwork removal timing, and control concrete temperature, mitigating early-age thermal cracking risk.

在混凝土施工中，由于水泥水化产生的热量导致温度分布不均匀，地基、桥台、桥墩和楼板中的早期热裂缝可能会产生。这些裂缝对混凝土结构的完整性、承载能力和使用寿命产生负面影响。本文研究了机器学习（ML）模型在混凝土桥墩早期热裂预测中的应用。基于不同截面桥墩和典型热带温度的数据集，建立了预测热裂潜力（ηmax）和估计潜在裂缝时间(t)的模型。在759个样本上训练了支持向量机（SVM）、极端梯度增强（XGB）、人工神经网络（ANN）和遗传规划（GP）四种ML模型。使用EACTSA程序编制的数据集包括截面尺寸、环境温度和初始混凝土温度等参数，输出ηmax和t。结果表明，所有ML模型均具有较高的预测精度，R²分数均在0.96以上。GP符号方程提供了透明性和实用性。与传统方法相比，ML模型提供了一种快速有效的工具，可以优化混凝土构件尺寸，拆除模板的时间，控制混凝土温度，降低早期热裂的风险。

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引用次数: 0

Theoretical and numerical stress analysis in the cam of a medium voltage switchgear vacuum circuit breaker supported by image processing of deformation 通过变形图像处理对中压开关真空断路器凸轮进行理论和数值应力分析

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100298

Mahmood Matin , Erfan Fatahi , Hossein Darijani , Aram Arjmand

Vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) are widely used in the switchgear industry. Over the past decades, leading companies have conducted extensive research and development to optimize the mechanical mechanisms and understand the kinematics and dynamics behavior of VCBs. The mechanical life of these devices is crucial for safety and reliability. This paper investigates an essential component of the VCB mechanism by evaluating the stress in the cam using theoretical and numerical methods. Furthermore, the calculations are supported by examining a deformed cam in a VCB after 2500 cycles. To this end, contact stress equations for the cylindrical part of the cam and its follower were developed. The ABAQUS finite element software was employed with specified contact properties. Additionally, an image of a cam in a VCB after 2500 cycles was processed and compared to other methods. The results demonstrate that the cam exhibited alternating stress values at different local locations at the end of its profile. However, in general, the Von Mises stress increased as the location on the cam progressed from 0° to 240°.

真空断路器（VCB）广泛应用于开关设备行业。在过去的几十年中，领先的公司进行了广泛的研究和开发，以优化真空断路器的机械结构并了解其运动学和动力学行为。这些设备的机械寿命对安全性和可靠性至关重要。本文通过使用理论和数值方法评估凸轮中的应力，研究了气动阻尼器机构的一个重要组成部分。此外，还通过研究 2500 次循环后 VCB 中变形的凸轮来支持计算。为此，开发了凸轮圆柱形部分及其从动件的接触应力方程。使用的 ABAQUS 有限元软件具有指定的接触属性。此外，还处理了 2500 次循环后 VCB 中凸轮的图像，并与其他方法进行了比较。结果表明，凸轮在其轮廓末端的不同局部位置表现出交替的应力值。不过，一般来说，随着凸轮上的位置从 0° 转到 240°，Von Mises 应力会增加。

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引用次数: 0

Quasi-static puncture shear loading characteristics of GLARE/nanoclay laminates with various indenters 带有不同压头的 GLARE/nanoclay 层压板的准静态穿刺剪切加载特性

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100295

Thiyagu Murgaiyan , Vasudevan Alagumalai , Yoganandam Krishnamoorthy , Prem kumar , Arumugaprabu Veerasimman , Sundarakannan Rajendran , Megavannan Mani , Senthilkumar Jadamuni , Vigneshwaran Shanmugam , Oisik Das

The potential challenge of delamination in fibre–metal laminates highlight the importance of improving interfacial bonding within the laminate. Developing a comprehensive understanding of the nature of this failure is essential for implementing effective mitigation strategies. This study explores fibre metal laminates comprising aluminium sheets and glass/epoxy, with and without the addition of nanoclay at varying weight percentages (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt.%). Fabrication involved the hand layup method followed by compression moulding, and the laminates were subjected to flexural, inter-laminar shear strength, and quasi-static punch shear tests (QS-PS). Two different indenters, flat and hemispheric, were employed in the QS-PS. Observations from flexural and interlaminar shear strength tests indicated that fibre metal laminate (FML) composites lacking nanoclay exhibit weakened interfacial bonding between aluminium and fibre layers. Notably, at 1.5 wt.% nanoclay, a substantial improvement in interfacial bonding between the fibre and aluminium layers improved the flexural strength (ca. 337 MPa), interfacial shear strength (ca. 16 MPa) and puncture resistance. The puncture failure modes exhibited variability based on the type of the indenter used, whether flat or hemispherical. For FML composites containing 2 wt.% nanoclay, the puncture shear strength differed significantly between the two indenters, measuring approximately 81 MPa under the flat indenter and about 49 MPa under the hemispherical indenter. Additionally, the corresponding energy absorption values were 880 KJ/g and 919 KJ/g for the flat and hemispherical indenters, respectively.

纤维-金属层压板分层的潜在挑战凸显了改善层压板内部界面粘合的重要性。全面了解这种故障的性质对于实施有效的缓解策略至关重要。本研究探讨了由铝板和玻璃/环氧树脂组成的纤维金属层压板，其中是否添加了不同重量百分比（0.5、1、1.5 和 2 wt.%）的纳米粘土。层压板的制造采用手糊法，然后进行压缩成型，并进行弯曲、层间剪切强度和准静态冲压剪切试验（QS-PS）。在 QS-PS 试验中使用了两种不同的压头，即平面压头和半球形压头。挠曲和层间剪切强度试验的观察结果表明，缺乏纳米黏土的纤维金属层压板（FML）复合材料表现出铝层和纤维层之间的界面粘合力减弱。值得注意的是，当纳米黏土的重量百分比为 1.5 时，纤维层和铝层之间的界面粘合力大幅提高，从而改善了抗弯强度（约 337 兆帕）、界面剪切强度（约 16 兆帕）和抗穿刺性。穿刺失效模式因所使用的压头类型（扁平或半球形）而有所不同。对于含有 2 wt.% 纳米黏土的 FML 复合材料，两种压头的穿刺剪切强度差别很大，扁平压头下约为 81 兆帕，半球形压头下约为 49 兆帕。此外，平面压头和半球形压头的相应能量吸收值分别为 880 KJ/g 和 919 KJ/g。

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引用次数: 0

Free vibration analysis of a functionally graded porous nanoplate in a hygrothermal environment resting on an elastic foundation 湿热环境中位于弹性地基上的功能分级多孔纳米板的自由振动分析

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100294

Ali Mottaghi , Ali Mokhtarian , Mohammad Hashemian , Mostafa Pirmoradian , Soheil Salahshour

This research investigates the free vibrational behavior of a functionally graded porous (FGP) nanoplate resting on an elastic Pasternak foundation in a hygrothermal environment. The nanoplate is modeled based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT) and considering several plate theories including the CPT (classical plate theory), the FSDT (first-order shear deformation theory), and the TSDT (third-order shear deformation theory). Several patterns are investigated for the dispersion of pores, and the surface effects are incorporated to enhance the precision of the model. The governing equations and boundary conditions are derived via Hamilton's principle and an exact solution is provided via the Navier method. The impacts of several parameters on the natural frequencies are inspected such as length scale and nonlocal parameters, surface effects, porosity parameter, hygrothermal environment, and coefficients of the foundation. The results show that the impact of the porosity parameter on the natural frequencies of nanoplates is significantly dependent on the porosity distribution pattern. It is discovered that by increasing the porosity parameter from 0 to 0.6, the relative changes of natural frequencies vary from a decrease of 30 % to an increase of 6 %.

本研究探讨了在湿热环境中，位于弹性帕斯捷尔纳克地基上的功能分层多孔（FGP）纳米板的自由振动行为。纳米板的建模基于非局部应变梯度理论（NSGT），并考虑了多种板理论，包括经典板理论（CPT）、一阶剪切变形理论（FSDT）和三阶剪切变形理论（TSDT）。研究了孔隙分散的几种模式，并纳入了表面效应以提高模型的精度。通过汉密尔顿原理推导出了治理方程和边界条件，并通过纳维叶方法提供了精确解。研究了多个参数对固有频率的影响，如长度尺度和非局部参数、表面效应、孔隙度参数、湿热环境和地基系数。结果表明，孔隙率参数对纳米板固有频率的影响很大程度上取决于孔隙率分布模式。研究发现，将孔隙率参数从 0 增加到 0.6，自然频率的相对变化从降低 30% 到增加 6% 不等。

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引用次数: 0

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Forces in mechanics

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