Forces in mechanics最新文献

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Free vibration of beams using stochastic finite element method considering three-dimensional randomness of material properties

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100312

Diem Dang Nguyen , Hien Duy Ta

This study presents the development of the stochastic finite element method (SFEM) to investigate the random free vibrations of beams with three-dimensional (3D) random field of material properties. Material properties, such as mass density and Young's modulus, are modeled as 3D stationary univariate random fields, with their correlations considered in the dynamic analysis. The random material fields are discretized into random variables using the weighted integral method combined with the perturbation technique to obtain a first-order approximation of the eigenvalues of free vibration. Statistical quantities, including mean, variance, and coefficient of variation (COV), of the eigenvalues are derived. Monte Carlo simulations (MCs), based on standard FEM and the spectral representation method for stochastic fields, are employed to validate the SFEM solution. The three-dimensional randomness of material properties significantly affects the random dynamic response of the structure. Results reveal that as the correlation distance increases, the dispersion of the eigenvalues around the expected value also increases. A perfect positive correlation between the 3D random fields of Young's modulus and mass density results in a smaller COV, whereas a perfect negative correlation leads to a larger COV. As the correlation distance approaches infinity, the COV approaches the total standard deviation for a negative correlation, while it becomes negligible for a positive correlation. For independent random fields, the COV converges to approximately 70 % of the total standard deviation. The nearly linear relationship between COV and standard deviation enables the prediction of the random response of the structure once the material property randomness is defined.

{"title":"Free vibration of beams using stochastic finite element method considering three-dimensional randomness of material properties","authors":"Diem Dang Nguyen , Hien Duy Ta","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the development of the stochastic finite element method (SFEM) to investigate the random free vibrations of beams with three-dimensional (3D) random field of material properties. Material properties, such as mass density and Young's modulus, are modeled as 3D stationary univariate random fields, with their correlations considered in the dynamic analysis. The random material fields are discretized into random variables using the weighted integral method combined with the perturbation technique to obtain a first-order approximation of the eigenvalues of free vibration. Statistical quantities, including mean, variance, and coefficient of variation (COV), of the eigenvalues are derived. Monte Carlo simulations (MCs), based on standard FEM and the spectral representation method for stochastic fields, are employed to validate the SFEM solution. The three-dimensional randomness of material properties significantly affects the random dynamic response of the structure. Results reveal that as the correlation distance increases, the dispersion of the eigenvalues around the expected value also increases. A perfect positive correlation between the 3D random fields of Young's modulus and mass density results in a smaller COV, whereas a perfect negative correlation leads to a larger COV. As the correlation distance approaches infinity, the COV approaches the total standard deviation for a negative correlation, while it becomes negligible for a positive correlation. For independent random fields, the COV converges to approximately 70 % of the total standard deviation. The nearly linear relationship between COV and standard deviation enables the prediction of the random response of the structure once the material property randomness is defined.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A closed-form energy expression ensuring consistency in the atomistic-continuum coupling: A one-dimensional atomic chain study

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100311

Pouya Towhidi, Manouchehr Salehi

It is well known that coupling atomistic and continuum domains introduces inconsistencies near the interface. These inconsistencies manifest as nonphysical forces, known as “ghost forces,” which can lead to significant errors in the solution. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to achieve a consistent atomistic-continuum interface for the quasicontinuum method, applicable to two-body potentials with unlimited range of interaction. To this end, artificial nodes and elements are introduced located at specified positions, and appropriate constraints are applied. We show that in this way, not only ghost forces are eliminated but also the energy remains compatible through the interface. The method is applied to model surface effect and void defect in static problems, as well as to simulate wave propagation. The results demonstrate that the approach substantially improves accuracy in both static and dynamic problems.

引用次数: 0

Investigating the orthotropic damage and phase trans-formation for steel 316 at ambient temperature 研究常温下 316 钢的正交破坏和相变

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100310

Reza Barkhordari , Mehdi Ganjiani , Shahram Etemadi Haghighi

This research investigates the evolution of plastic strain-induced damage and martensite transformation at ambient temperature in austenitic stainless steels AISI-316. A constitutive model is developed within the Continuum Damage Mechanics framework to account for strain-induced phase transformation and damage growth during plastic deformation. This model is implemented using the UMAT subroutine in ABAQUS/STANDARD for numerical simulations. Experimental tests, including tensile and torsional tests with loading-unloading, have been conducted to assess the damage. X-ray diffraction has been used to measure the volume fraction of martensite. This 3D model accurately predicts the hardening behavior, martensite evolution, and damage growth at room temperature. Simulation results and experimental data have been compared for verification purposes.

引用次数: 0

Response characteristics analysis of a simply supported double-beam system under harmonic variable magnitude travelling load

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100307

B. Omolofe, N.P. Okafor

In this study, dynamic characteristics of a simply supported double-beam system under the actions of harmonic variable magnitude travelling load was investigated. The system is made up of two parallel prismatic thick beams connected constantly by a layer of viscoelastic material. The governing equations describing the motion of this double-beam when under the actions of a moving load is a set of two fourth order non homogeneous partial differential equations with singular and variable coefficients. To solve this coupled partial differential equations, a versatile method of solution capable of treating this class of problem for all variants of boundary conditions is employed. This involves the application of the Generalized Fourier Sine Transform Method (GFSTM), in conjunction with a modified Asymptotic Method of Struble (AMS) and the Differential Transform Method (DTM). The GFSTM was employed in the first instance to transform the set of partial differential equations of order four governing the motions of the structural members into a sequence of coupled second order ordinary differential equations. The transformed coupled ordinary differential equations was further simplified using AMS. The differential transform method was finally applied to obtain a mathematical expressions representing the coordinates in modal space. Thus, an approximate analytical solutions representing the displacement amplitude of the double-beam system under the action of the traversing load was obtained for the moving force and moving mass models respectively. Analysis of the approximate analytical solutions was presented. Various results were discussed and displayed in plotted curves. Effects of some vital load and structural parameters on the response characteristics of the beam-load system were examined and presented. Conditions under which the systems experiences resonance phenomenon were established and reported.

{"title":"Response characteristics analysis of a simply supported double-beam system under harmonic variable magnitude travelling load","authors":"B. Omolofe, N.P. Okafor","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, dynamic characteristics of a simply supported double-beam system under the actions of harmonic variable magnitude travelling load was investigated. The system is made up of two parallel prismatic thick beams connected constantly by a layer of viscoelastic material. The governing equations describing the motion of this double-beam when under the actions of a moving load is a set of two fourth order non homogeneous partial differential equations with singular and variable coefficients. To solve this coupled partial differential equations, a versatile method of solution capable of treating this class of problem for all variants of boundary conditions is employed. This involves the application of the Generalized Fourier Sine Transform Method (GFSTM), in conjunction with a modified Asymptotic Method of Struble (AMS) and the Differential Transform Method (DTM). The GFSTM was employed in the first instance to transform the set of partial differential equations of order four governing the motions of the structural members into a sequence of coupled second order ordinary differential equations. The transformed coupled ordinary differential equations was further simplified using AMS. The differential transform method was finally applied to obtain a mathematical expressions representing the coordinates in modal space. Thus, an approximate analytical solutions representing the displacement amplitude of the double-beam system under the action of the traversing load was obtained for the moving force and moving mass models respectively. Analysis of the approximate analytical solutions was presented. Various results were discussed and displayed in plotted curves. Effects of some vital load and structural parameters on the response characteristics of the beam-load system were examined and presented. Conditions under which the systems experiences resonance phenomenon were established and reported.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"19 ","pages":"Article 100307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Enhancing repair of cracked plate using fiber-reinforced composite patch: Experimental and simulation analysis

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100302

Abdul Aabid , Muhammad Nur Syafiq Bin Rosli , Meftah Hrairi , Muneer Baig

In this study, a fiber-reinforced composite patch was bonded to one side of a cracked aluminum plate using Araldite-2014 adhesive. Experimental tensile tests were conducted on both repaired and unrepaired plates, with further analysis of the effects of patch material and dimensions performed using ANSYS simulations. The effectiveness of the patch repair was evaluated through the stress intensity factor (SIF), as obtained from both experimental and finite element methods. To optimize patch parameters—such as material, thickness, width, and height design of experiments (DOE) approach was applied. Results indicate that the use of fiber-reinforced composite patches is an effective technique for repairing cracked aluminum structures, as it significantly reduces SIF. The findings suggest that repair efficiency can be further enhanced by carefully considering key factors such as patch dimensions, adhesive thickness, and crack length.

引用次数: 0

The effect of non-singular term (T-stress) on mode I/III cracking parameters of brittle materials, Numerical and experimental study using different beam and disc shape specimens made of marble rock

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100303

Amir Mousavi , M.R.M. Aliha , Hadi Khoramishad , Hamid Reza Karimi

This study focuses on less-studied mode I/III fracture cracking behaviour. Seven specimens (ENDC, DNDC, SCB, ENDB, ATPB, TPB-IC, and SENB) were analyzed numerically and experimentally. Results show in pure mode-I, the specimens show identical K_Ic values (1.22 to 1.54 MPa√m). Especially if the K_Ic was measured by compressive specimens (ENDC and DNDC with K_Ic of 1.22 and 1.30 MPa√m, respectively) and was neglected. In these cases, the difference in measured K_Ic values directly relates to the T-stress value in pure mode-I. So, higher T-stress values increase the K_Ic and vice versa. In pure mode-III, which can only simulated by ENDB, ENDC, and DNDC specimens, the difference in measured K_IIIc values was enormous, as 0.99 MPa√m for ENDB, 2.0 MPa√m for ENDC and 2.53 MPa√m for DNDC. Comparing the trend of K_IIIc for specimens shows the same as K_Ic, K_IIIc also has a direct relation with the T-stress. The affectability of fracture toughness from T-stress shows the importance of accounting for it in calculations. The trends show that the ENDB, ENDC, and DNDC specimens have considerably negative T-stress values, with different trends. Moving from pure mode-I to pure mode-III, the ENDB has a low-negative T-stress that becomes high-negative (about -0.32 to -2.5 MPa). Meanwhile, of DNDC, it is the opposite; the T-stress is high-negative for pure mode-I and becomes low-negative for pure mode-III (about -2.54 to -0.77 MPa). For ENDC, the T-stress is almost constant moderate-negative in all the mixed mode I/III conditions (about -2.1 MPa).

{"title":"The effect of non-singular term (T-stress) on mode I/III cracking parameters of brittle materials, Numerical and experimental study using different beam and disc shape specimens made of marble rock","authors":"Amir Mousavi , M.R.M. Aliha , Hadi Khoramishad , Hamid Reza Karimi","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study focuses on less-studied mode I/III fracture cracking behaviour. Seven specimens (ENDC, DNDC, SCB, ENDB, ATPB, TPB-IC, and SENB) were analyzed numerically and experimentally. Results show in pure mode-I, the specimens show identical <em>K</em><sub>Ic</sub> values (1.22 to 1.54 MPa√m). Especially if the <em>K</em><sub>Ic</sub> was measured by compressive specimens (ENDC and DNDC with <em>K</em><sub>Ic</sub> of 1.22 and 1.30 MPa√m, respectively) and was neglected. In these cases, the difference in measured <em>K</em><sub>Ic</sub> values directly relates to the <em>T</em>-stress value in pure mode-I. So, higher T-stress values increase the <em>K</em><sub>Ic</sub> and vice versa. In pure mode-III, which can only simulated by ENDB, ENDC, and DNDC specimens, the difference in measured <em>K</em><sub>IIIc</sub> values was enormous, as 0.99 MPa√m for ENDB, 2.0 MPa√m for ENDC and 2.53 MPa√m for DNDC. Comparing the trend of <em>K</em><sub>IIIc</sub> for specimens shows the same as <em>K</em><sub>Ic</sub>, <em>K</em><sub>IIIc</sub> also has a direct relation with the T-stress. The affectability of fracture toughness from <em>T</em>-stress shows the importance of accounting for it in calculations. The trends show that the ENDB, ENDC, and DNDC specimens have considerably negative <em>T</em>-stress values, with different trends. Moving from pure mode-I to pure mode-III, the ENDB has a low-negative T-stress that becomes high-negative (about -0.32 to -2.5 MPa). Meanwhile, of DNDC, it is the opposite; the T-stress is high-negative for pure mode-I and becomes low-negative for pure mode-III (about -2.54 to -0.77 MPa). For ENDC, the <em>T</em>-stress is almost constant moderate-negative in all the mixed mode I/III conditions (about -2.1 MPa).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamics of nonlocal stress-driven Rayleigh Beam

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100299

D. Indronil

This paper presents a novel investigation of the dynamic behavior of Rayleigh nanobeams using a nonlocal stress-driven differential elasticity model, extending the foundational work of Barretta. Unlike previous studies that exclusively employed the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and neglected rotary inertia, this work is the first to incorporate the rotary inertia term within the stress-driven nonlocal framework, providing a more accurate and comprehensive analysis of nanoscale beam dynamics. The equilibrium equations are derived using a variational approach and solved analytically via the Laplace transform technique, yielding closed-form expressions for the natural frequencies of nanobeams under various boundary conditions, including simply supported, clamped, and cantilevered configurations. The results demonstrate that nonlocal stress effects significantly increase the natural frequencies, particularly in higher vibrational modes, where sensitivity to size-dependent interactions is most pronounced. These findings highlight the inadequacy of classical elasticity models and the necessity of accounting for nonlocal and rotary inertia in dynamic analyses. The proposed model shows excellent agreement with existing literature, validating its robustness and offering valuable insights for designing and optimizing nanoscale devices such as MEMS, NEMS, and nanocomposites. This study sets a new benchmark in nonlocal elasticity by addressing rotary inertia, paving the way for more refined studies of nanoscale dynamics.

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引用次数: 0

An analytical solution for the evaluation of residual stresses in coiling of metal sheets

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100305

D.P. Yesane , R.S. Hingole , R.V. Bhortake

The coiling process is widely used in the manufacturing industry for the compact storage and transportation of metal sheets. However, this process can induce residual stress in the material, which significantly affects the mechanical properties and performance of the final product. This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for predicting residual stresses in steel sheets resulting from coiling before cold forming into sections. The study models the coiling process as an elastic-plastic plane-strain pure-bending problem, assuming that the steel obeys the Von Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. This paper explores the impact of coiling radius and steel yield stress on residual stresses, emphasizing the nonlinear variations in residual stresses across the thickness of steel sheets. The analytical predictions of residual stress were experimentally validated using X-ray diffraction, demonstrating close agreement with the finite element analysis (FEA) results. The impact of coiling radius and yield stress on the final residual stresses was also examined. The developed analytical method provides solutions for developed residual stresses during the coiling of metal sheets with higher accuracy, zero cost, and less time-consuming than current available experimental methods for measuring residual stresses.

{"title":"An analytical solution for the evaluation of residual stresses in coiling of metal sheets","authors":"D.P. Yesane , R.S. Hingole , R.V. Bhortake","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The coiling process is widely used in the manufacturing industry for the compact storage and transportation of metal sheets. However, this process can induce residual stress in the material, which significantly affects the mechanical properties and performance of the final product. This paper presents a closed-form analytical solution for predicting residual stresses in steel sheets resulting from coiling before cold forming into sections. The study models the coiling process as an elastic-plastic plane-strain pure-bending problem, assuming that the steel obeys the Von Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. This paper explores the impact of coiling radius and steel yield stress on residual stresses, emphasizing the nonlinear variations in residual stresses across the thickness of steel sheets. The analytical predictions of residual stress were experimentally validated using X-ray diffraction, demonstrating close agreement with the finite element analysis (FEA) results. The impact of coiling radius and yield stress on the final residual stresses was also examined. The developed analytical method provides solutions for developed residual stresses during the coiling of metal sheets with higher accuracy, zero cost, and less time-consuming than current available experimental methods for measuring residual stresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Residual stresses in 4D printed structures: A review on causes, effects, measurements, mitigations and its applications

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2024.100304

Chandramohan Abhishek, Nadimpalli Raghukiran

3D printing of stimulus responsive materials or smart materials are referred to as 4D printing. The ability of these materials to change their shape or properties over time is considered the fourth dimension. 4D printed parts possess residual stress just as any other manufactured object. Residual stress is that which remains in an object despite the absence of a load. It may develop during the printing process, or post printing. This paper presents an original review on the causes, adverse effects, measurement techniques, and mitigation of residual stresses in 4D printing. A simple sequence for checking the adverse effects of residual stress on 4D printed parts, and applying mitigation techniques is proposed. Building on the review, discussions on original results from design strategy, experimentation, characterization, and finite element analysis were presented. The applications of residual stress mitigation, and the prospects of this work are also discussed.

引用次数: 0

Residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections: An overview of influences and measurement techniques

IF 3.2 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Forces in mechanics

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100306

Ayad Mutafi , J.M. Irwan , Noorfaizal Yidris , Abdullah Faisal Alshalif , Yazid Saif , Hamdi Abdulrahman , Ala Mutaafi , Yasser Yahya Al-Ashmori , Mugahed Amran , Nelson Maureira-Carsalade , Siva Avudaiappan

Cold-formed steel (CFS) members offer significant advantages over hot-rolled sections, primarily due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and versatility in forming various cross-sectional shapes. These attributes make CFS an efficient choice for design and construction. This paper reviews current design methods for CFS, focusing on the impact of initial imperfections. It also examines various techniques for measuring residual stress in CFS sections, including analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. The study concludes that while analytical methods are effective, they become complex when accounting for material anisotropy. Laboratory techniques provide reliable measurements but are limited in detecting through-thickness residual stresses. Numerical approaches offer comprehensive insights but require further validation across different material and geometric configurations. The paper highlights the need for advanced analytical models, improved laboratory methods, and expanded numerical techniques to address existing knowledge gaps in residual stress assessment for CFS structures.

{"title":"Residual stresses in cold-formed steel sections: An overview of influences and measurement techniques","authors":"Ayad Mutafi , J.M. Irwan , Noorfaizal Yidris , Abdullah Faisal Alshalif , Yazid Saif , Hamdi Abdulrahman , Ala Mutaafi , Yasser Yahya Al-Ashmori , Mugahed Amran , Nelson Maureira-Carsalade , Siva Avudaiappan","doi":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.finmec.2025.100306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold-formed steel (CFS) members offer significant advantages over hot-rolled sections, primarily due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and versatility in forming various cross-sectional shapes. These attributes make CFS an efficient choice for design and construction. This paper reviews current design methods for CFS, focusing on the impact of initial imperfections. It also examines various techniques for measuring residual stress in CFS sections, including analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches. The study concludes that while analytical methods are effective, they become complex when accounting for material anisotropy. Laboratory techniques provide reliable measurements but are limited in detecting through-thickness residual stresses. Numerical approaches offer comprehensive insights but require further validation across different material and geometric configurations. The paper highlights the need for advanced analytical models, improved laboratory methods, and expanded numerical techniques to address existing knowledge gaps in residual stress assessment for CFS structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":93433,"journal":{"name":"Forces in mechanics","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143129659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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