Tsutomu Suda, Kazuki Takizawa, Nobuyoshi Konishi, S. Omiya, S. Tsutaki
The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses to intensive snow shoveling. The subjects were six males (25-71, 50±8 years) who participated in a snow removal volunteer tour. Prior to the tour, each subject engaged in a cycle ergometer test (Test 1) and a multistage shoveling test (Test 2) to evaluate the relationship between volume of oxygen consumption (V 4 O2) and heart rate. Field measurements were performed in Miruto of Iwamizawa City, Hokkaido, Japan on February 2, 2014. Average air temperatures of that day were -6.3 °C in the morning and -1.4 °C in the afternoon. The snow layer at the work site had various grain shapes and snow density linearly increased with snow depth. While snow hardness increased exponentially with increase in snow depth. Mean heart rate during working time in the afternoon (142±9 beats min) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that in the morning (131±9 beats min). These heart rates correspond 84 % and 77 % of the predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax), respectively. Ratings of perceived exertion were not different in the morning (12.9±0.4) and afternoon (12.4±0.3). The mean values of V 4 O2 in the total work period (111±3 min) was estimated to be 22.2±1.2 ml kg min (Metabolic equivalent; 6.4±0.3 METs). Estimated energy expenditure averaged 782±46 kcal. It is conceivable that increase in snow hardness and snow density caused an increase in work intensity.
本研究的目的是研究对高强度铲雪的生理反应。研究对象为6名男性，年龄25-71岁，50±8岁。在旅行之前，每个受试者都进行了一个循环劳力计测试(测试1)和一个多阶段铲雪测试(测试2)来评估耗氧量(v4o2)和心率之间的关系。2014年2月2日，在日本北海道Iwamizawa市Miruto进行了现场测量。当天上午平均气温为-6.3℃，下午平均气温为-1.4℃。工地雪层颗粒形状多样，雪密度随雪深呈线性增加。雪的硬度随雪深的增加呈指数增长。下午工作时间平均心率(142±9次/ min)显著高于上午(131±9次/ min) (p<0.01)。这些心率分别对应于预测最大心率(HRmax)的84%和77%。上午(12.9±0.4)和下午(12.4±0.3)的劳累感评分差异无统计学意义。在整个工作期间(111±3 min)， v4o2的平均值估计为22.2±1.2 ml kg min(代谢当量;6.4±0.3大都会)。估计能量消耗平均为782±46千卡，可以想象，雪硬度和雪密度的增加导致了工作强度的增加。
{"title":"Physiological responses to intensive snow shoveling performed by volunteers in heavy snowfall area","authors":"Tsutomu Suda, Kazuki Takizawa, Nobuyoshi Konishi, S. Omiya, S. Tsutaki","doi":"10.5331/bgr.19a01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.19a01","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses to intensive snow shoveling. The subjects were six males (25-71, 50±8 years) who participated in a snow removal volunteer tour. Prior to the tour, each subject engaged in a cycle ergometer test (Test 1) and a multistage shoveling test (Test 2) to evaluate the relationship between volume of oxygen consumption (V 4 O2) and heart rate. Field measurements were performed in Miruto of Iwamizawa City, Hokkaido, Japan on February 2, 2014. Average air temperatures of that day were -6.3 °C in the morning and -1.4 °C in the afternoon. The snow layer at the work site had various grain shapes and snow density linearly increased with snow depth. While snow hardness increased exponentially with increase in snow depth. Mean heart rate during working time in the afternoon (142±9 beats min) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that in the morning (131±9 beats min). These heart rates correspond 84 % and 77 % of the predicted maximum heart rate (HRmax), respectively. Ratings of perceived exertion were not different in the morning (12.9±0.4) and afternoon (12.4±0.3). The mean values of V 4 O2 in the total work period (111±3 min) was estimated to be 22.2±1.2 ml kg min (Metabolic equivalent; 6.4±0.3 METs). Estimated energy expenditure averaged 782±46 kcal. It is conceivable that increase in snow hardness and snow density caused an increase in work intensity.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Yamashita, Sento Nakai, H. Motoyoshi, Masaaki Ishizaka
{"title":"An improved snowfall monitoring system developed in central Niigata Prefecture, Japan","authors":"K. Yamashita, Sento Nakai, H. Motoyoshi, Masaaki Ishizaka","doi":"10.5331/bgr.18sr01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.18sr01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/bgr.18sr01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An overview of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) project “Study on Advanced Snow Information and its Application to Disaster Mitigation (ASDIM)” is described here. The Concentrated Snowfall Monitoring System (CSMS) was constructed, and observations of falling snow particles at remote sites of the CSMS were started within the observation range of an X-band multiparameter radar at the Snow and Ice Research Center (SIRC) in Nagaoka. A parameter for the quantitative description of falling snow particles was derived. Preferential flow within the snowpack was reproduced numerically. State-of-the-art microphysical technologies, such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray computerized tomography, were employed. Advanced snow information, such as center of mass flux distribution, liquid water fraction, specific surface area, and microstructure of the snowpack, were collected for falling and ground snow analyses. A regularly updated Real-time Hazard Map (RHM) displaying the areas affected by various snow and ice-related hazards was developed. The RHM serves as a platform for application of the Snow Disaster Forecasting System to hazards such as avalanches, snow accretion, and blowing snow. The utility of the RHMs was examined through experiments conducted in association with local governments and transport administrators.
{"title":"Study on advanced snow information and its application to disaster mitigation: An overview","authors":"Sento NAKAI（中井専人）, Kenji KOSUGI（小杉健二）, Satoru YAMAGUCHI（山口悟）, Katsuya YAMASHITA（山下克也）, Kengo SATO（佐藤研吾）, Satoru ADACHI（安達聖）, Yoichi ITO（伊藤陽一）, Masaki NEMOTO（根本征樹）, Kazuki NAKAMURA（中村一樹）, Hiroki MOTOYOSHI（本吉弘岐）, Hiroyuki HIRASHIMA（平島寛行）, Isao KAMIISHI（上石勲）, Kenichi ODA（小田憲一）, Masaaki ISHIZAKA（石坂雅昭）, Osamu ABE（阿部修）, Takeshi SATO（佐藤威）","doi":"10.5331/bgr.18sw01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.18sw01","url":null,"abstract":"An overview of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) project “Study on Advanced Snow Information and its Application to Disaster Mitigation (ASDIM)” is described here. The Concentrated Snowfall Monitoring System (CSMS) was constructed, and observations of falling snow particles at remote sites of the CSMS were started within the observation range of an X-band multiparameter radar at the Snow and Ice Research Center (SIRC) in Nagaoka. A parameter for the quantitative description of falling snow particles was derived. Preferential flow within the snowpack was reproduced numerically. State-of-the-art microphysical technologies, such as nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray computerized tomography, were employed. Advanced snow information, such as center of mass flux distribution, liquid water fraction, specific surface area, and microstructure of the snowpack, were collected for falling and ground snow analyses. A regularly updated Real-time Hazard Map (RHM) displaying the areas affected by various snow and ice-related hazards was developed. The RHM serves as a platform for application of the Snow Disaster Forecasting System to hazards such as avalanches, snow accretion, and blowing snow. The utility of the RHMs was examined through experiments conducted in association with local governments and transport administrators.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/bgr.18sw01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wataru Shigeyama, Naoko Nagatsuka, T. Homma, Morimasa Takata, K. Goto‐Azuma, I. Weikusat, M. Drury, Ernst-Jan N. Kuiper, Ramona Valentina Mateiu, N. Azuma, D. Dahl-Jensen, S. Kipfstuhl
Mass loss from ice sheets contributes to global sea level rise, and accelerated ice flow to the oceans is one of the major causes of rapid ice sheet mass loss. To understand flow dynamics of polar ice sheets, we need to understand deformation mechanisms of the polycrystalline ice in ice sheets. Laboratory experiments have shown that deformation of polycrystalline ice occurs largely by dislocation glide, which mainly depends on crystal orientation distribution. Grain size and impurities are also important factors that determine ice deformation mechanisms. Compared with ice formed during interglacial periods, ice formed during glacial periods, especially ice that forms cloudy bands, exhibits finer grain sizes and higher impurity concentrations. A previous report suggests the deformation rate of ice containing cloudy bands is higher than that of ice without cloudy bands. To examine the microstructures and deformation histories of ice in cloudy bands, we applied the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique to samples from the Greenland Ice Sheet using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) equipped with cold stages. Prior to the EBSD analysis, we optimised our ESEM/EBSD system and performed angular error assessment using artificial ice. In terms of c- and a-axis orientation distributions and grain orientation spread, we found little difference between samples taken from a cloudy band and those taken from an adjacent layer of clear ice. However, subgrain boundary density and orientation gradients were higher in the cloudy band, suggesting that there are more dislocations in the cloudy band than in the clear ice layer.
{"title":"Microstructural analysis of Greenland ice using a cryogenic scanning electron microscope equipped with an electron backscatter diffraction detector","authors":"Wataru Shigeyama, Naoko Nagatsuka, T. Homma, Morimasa Takata, K. Goto‐Azuma, I. Weikusat, M. Drury, Ernst-Jan N. Kuiper, Ramona Valentina Mateiu, N. Azuma, D. Dahl-Jensen, S. Kipfstuhl","doi":"10.5331/bgr.19r01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.19r01","url":null,"abstract":"Mass loss from ice sheets contributes to global sea level rise, and accelerated ice flow to the oceans is one of the major causes of rapid ice sheet mass loss. To understand flow dynamics of polar ice sheets, we need to understand deformation mechanisms of the polycrystalline ice in ice sheets. Laboratory experiments have shown that deformation of polycrystalline ice occurs largely by dislocation glide, which mainly depends on crystal orientation distribution. Grain size and impurities are also important factors that determine ice deformation mechanisms. Compared with ice formed during interglacial periods, ice formed during glacial periods, especially ice that forms cloudy bands, exhibits finer grain sizes and higher impurity concentrations. A previous report suggests the deformation rate of ice containing cloudy bands is higher than that of ice without cloudy bands. To examine the microstructures and deformation histories of ice in cloudy bands, we applied the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique to samples from the Greenland Ice Sheet using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) equipped with cold stages. Prior to the EBSD analysis, we optimised our ESEM/EBSD system and performed angular error assessment using artificial ice. In terms of c- and a-axis orientation distributions and grain orientation spread, we found little difference between samples taken from a cloudy band and those taken from an adjacent layer of clear ice. However, subgrain boundary density and orientation gradients were higher in the cloudy band, suggesting that there are more dislocations in the cloudy band than in the clear ice layer.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents simulation schemes, developed by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), for stability indices and liquid water infiltration that may be applied to a range of numerical snowpack models for avalanche prediction. The schemes were originally developed in the SNOWPACK model, and are introduced for wider application using flow charts, equations, and parameter tables for simulation of the natural stability index, shear strength, and water content. Validation of the stability indices was performed through simulations of eight recent surface avalanche accidents. Even though the simulations did not explicitly consider the weak layer formed by brittle precipitation particles that triggered most of the recent avalanches, they show that avalanche risks are high when stability indices are below a threshold of 2. This result supports previous work and demonstrates the wider applicability of the schemes for providing information on snowpack stability. However, estimation of avalanche risk could be improved through incorporation of information on snow crystal type and associated metamorphism parameterization in numerical snowpack models.
{"title":"Numerical snowpack model simulation schemes for avalanche prediction in Japan","authors":"H. Hirashima","doi":"10.5331/bgr.18sw02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.18sw02","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents simulation schemes, developed by National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED), for stability indices and liquid water infiltration that may be applied to a range of numerical snowpack models for avalanche prediction. The schemes were originally developed in the SNOWPACK model, and are introduced for wider application using flow charts, equations, and parameter tables for simulation of the natural stability index, shear strength, and water content. Validation of the stability indices was performed through simulations of eight recent surface avalanche accidents. Even though the simulations did not explicitly consider the weak layer formed by brittle precipitation particles that triggered most of the recent avalanches, they show that avalanche risks are high when stability indices are below a threshold of 2. This result supports previous work and demonstrates the wider applicability of the schemes for providing information on snowpack stability. However, estimation of avalanche risk could be improved through incorporation of information on snow crystal type and associated metamorphism parameterization in numerical snowpack models.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Minowa, Marius Schaefer, P. Skvarca, S. Matoba, G. Gacitúa
To better understand the temporal variation of the ice surface elevation and the spatio-temporal variation of snow accumulation in the accumulation area of the Southern Patagonian Icefield, we carried out a glaciological traverse in October 2018. This included measurements of surface elevation, firn layers, and sampling of snow in the accumulation areas of Glaciar Viedma and Glaciar Pío XI. The main results from the traverse are: i) during the period of 2000-2018 the surface elevation in the accumulation area of Glaciar Viedma decreased by 1.7 m a, but increased at Glaciar Pío XI by 0.4 m a, ii) ground-penetrating radar revealed numerous firn layers with a continuous water aquifer at 20-40 m depth, iii) the water isotope ratio of surface snow samples varied with wind direction. Repeating the traverse in the area will provide an opportunity to answer questions about the contrasting glacier behavior and the snow accumulation rate, a necessary step to make reliable projections of future glacier behavior in Patagonia.
{"title":"Glaciological traverse across the Southern Patagonian Icefield","authors":"M. Minowa, Marius Schaefer, P. Skvarca, S. Matoba, G. Gacitúa","doi":"10.5331/bgr.19r03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.19r03","url":null,"abstract":"To better understand the temporal variation of the ice surface elevation and the spatio-temporal variation of snow accumulation in the accumulation area of the Southern Patagonian Icefield, we carried out a glaciological traverse in October 2018. This included measurements of surface elevation, firn layers, and sampling of snow in the accumulation areas of Glaciar Viedma and Glaciar Pío XI. The main results from the traverse are: i) during the period of 2000-2018 the surface elevation in the accumulation area of Glaciar Viedma decreased by 1.7 m a, but increased at Glaciar Pío XI by 0.4 m a, ii) ground-penetrating radar revealed numerous firn layers with a continuous water aquifer at 20-40 m depth, iii) the water isotope ratio of surface snow samples varied with wind direction. Repeating the traverse in the area will provide an opportunity to answer questions about the contrasting glacier behavior and the snow accumulation rate, a necessary step to make reliable projections of future glacier behavior in Patagonia.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/bgr.19r03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of a magnetic resonance imaging system for wet snow samples","authors":"S. Adachi, S. Yamaguchi, Toshihiro Ozeki, K. Kose","doi":"10.5331/bgr.17sr01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.17sr01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/bgr.17sr01","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71025612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental change due to climate warming, resulting in snow condition changes. Passive microwave observation is a useful tool to monitor these changes. However, the ground conditions in boreal regions, comprised of forest, permafrost, and lakes, are complex. The rapid change of season from winter to spring is also important information obtained through snow observations when studying the Arctic climate. This study introduces previous attempts to retrieve Arctic microwave observations, examples of flight observations, and the use of the low-frequency 6 GHz band to improve the assessment of snow conditions. Flight observations carried out over a forest, wetland, and lake using an airborne microwave radiometer provides detailed brightness temperature variations of the Arctic and winter ‒ spring changes. Flight and satellite microwave observations were used to monitor warming in spring and indicated the early warming of lowlands and late warming of mountainous areas. The diurnal amplitude variation (DAV) is useful to monitor snowmelt in the Arctic. During the short winter‒spring transition in the Arctic, microwave emissions showed local and temporal variations with forest, permafrost, and lake. They are available for further discussion on microwave observation of snow in the Arctic and implementation of changing Arctic cryospheric environment.
{"title":"A review of passive microwave observations of snow-covered areas over complex Arctic terrain","authors":"N. Alimasi","doi":"10.5331/BGR.18W01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.18W01","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic is experiencing rapid environmental change due to climate warming, resulting in snow condition changes. Passive microwave observation is a useful tool to monitor these changes. However, the ground conditions in boreal regions, comprised of forest, permafrost, and lakes, are complex. The rapid change of season from winter to spring is also important information obtained through snow observations when studying the Arctic climate. This study introduces previous attempts to retrieve Arctic microwave observations, examples of flight observations, and the use of the low-frequency 6 GHz band to improve the assessment of snow conditions. Flight observations carried out over a forest, wetland, and lake using an airborne microwave radiometer provides detailed brightness temperature variations of the Arctic and winter ‒ spring changes. Flight and satellite microwave observations were used to monitor warming in spring and indicated the early warming of lowlands and late warming of mountainous areas. The diurnal amplitude variation (DAV) is useful to monitor snowmelt in the Arctic. During the short winter‒spring transition in the Arctic, microwave emissions showed local and temporal variations with forest, permafrost, and lake. They are available for further discussion on microwave observation of snow in the Arctic and implementation of changing Arctic cryospheric environment.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, the characteristics of snowmelt in the Norikura highland were investigated using an energy balance analysis to calculate the amount of snowmelt. Meteorological observations were conducted on the Norikura highland (1590 m a.s.l.) and an energy balance analysis was carried out on the snow surface during the snow cover seasons. The result showed that multi-year datasets of meteorological observations revealed characteristics such as low air temperature and vapor pressure, and weak wind speed. Throughout each season of snow cover averaged net radiation, the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux were 88.9 %, 16.4 % and -6.3 % energy ratio to the total snowmelt energy, respectively. Each day, conditions were classified as rainy or non-rainy. The result for rainy conditions showed that net shortwave radiation decreased, while net longwave radiation increased greatly. Latent heat and sensible heat flux also increased. Although there was little precipitation heat flux, larger snowmelt energy was provided when it rained. In the late snowmelt period, the snowmelt rate calculated from the energy balance analysis was compared to the observed value, and the two were almost consistent.
本研究采用能量平衡分析方法，研究了北仓县高原融雪的特征，并对融雪量进行了计算。在Norikura高原(1590 m a.s.l.)进行了气象观测，并在积雪季节对雪面进行了能量平衡分析。结果表明，多年气象观测资料呈现出气温、水汽压低、风速弱等特征。各季节积雪平均净辐射的感热通量和潜热通量分别占融雪总能量的88.9%、16.4%和- 6.3%。每天，情况被划分为下雨或不下雨。在多雨条件下，净短波辐射减少，而净长波辐射显著增加。潜热和感热通量也有所增加。虽然降水热通量较小，但降雨时提供了较大的融雪能量。在融雪后期，将能量平衡分析计算的融雪速率与观测值进行比较，两者基本一致。
{"title":"Energy Balance Variation on the Snow Surface during the Snow Covered Season in the Norikura Highland, Japanese Alpine Area","authors":"Motoshi Nishimura, A. Sasaki, Keisuke Suzuki","doi":"10.5331/BGR.18A02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.18A02","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the characteristics of snowmelt in the Norikura highland were investigated using an energy balance analysis to calculate the amount of snowmelt. Meteorological observations were conducted on the Norikura highland (1590 m a.s.l.) and an energy balance analysis was carried out on the snow surface during the snow cover seasons. The result showed that multi-year datasets of meteorological observations revealed characteristics such as low air temperature and vapor pressure, and weak wind speed. Throughout each season of snow cover averaged net radiation, the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux were 88.9 %, 16.4 % and -6.3 % energy ratio to the total snowmelt energy, respectively. Each day, conditions were classified as rainy or non-rainy. The result for rainy conditions showed that net shortwave radiation decreased, while net longwave radiation increased greatly. Latent heat and sensible heat flux also increased. Although there was little precipitation heat flux, larger snowmelt energy was provided when it rained. In the late snowmelt period, the snowmelt rate calculated from the energy balance analysis was compared to the observed value, and the two were almost consistent.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"36 1","pages":"23-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71025792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Matoba, M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, Y. Iizuka, Tetsuhide Yamasaki, Y. Kurosaki, T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, M. Hosaka, S. Sugiyama
During spring 2017, we conducted research expeditions to the SIGMA-A site, which is located on the northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. We maintained an automated weather station (AWS) to enable continuous meteorological observations. We extended 1.5-m long poles of the AWS and replaced two aerovane sensors, two thermo-hydrometers and an ultrasonic snow gauge. We also drilled an ice core and recovered a core with a total length of 60.06 m, conducted stratigraphic observations, and measured the density of the ice core. In addition, we conducted snow-pit observations and snow sampling, measured the specific surface area of snow using near-infrared reflectance, performed sunphotometry observations, and measured the spectral albedo. To schedule research activities in the field camp and helicopter pick-up flights, we received weather forecasts from the Meteorological Research Institute of Japan through the Internet using a satellite phone every day. We took a male dog to the field camp to alert us to approaching animals.
{"title":"Field activities at the SIGMA-A site, northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet, 2017","authors":"S. Matoba, M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, Y. Iizuka, Tetsuhide Yamasaki, Y. Kurosaki, T. Aoki, A. Hashimoto, M. Hosaka, S. Sugiyama","doi":"10.5331/BGR.18R01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.18R01","url":null,"abstract":"During spring 2017, we conducted research expeditions to the SIGMA-A site, which is located on the northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet. We maintained an automated weather station (AWS) to enable continuous meteorological observations. We extended 1.5-m long poles of the AWS and replaced two aerovane sensors, two thermo-hydrometers and an ultrasonic snow gauge. We also drilled an ice core and recovered a core with a total length of 60.06 m, conducted stratigraphic observations, and measured the density of the ice core. In addition, we conducted snow-pit observations and snow sampling, measured the specific surface area of snow using near-infrared reflectance, performed sunphotometry observations, and measured the spectral albedo. To schedule research activities in the field camp and helicopter pick-up flights, we received weather forecasts from the Meteorological Research Institute of Japan through the Internet using a satellite phone every day. We took a male dog to the field camp to alert us to approaching animals.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"36 1","pages":"15-22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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