K. Konya, T. Kadota, F. Nakazawa, G. Davaa, Kalsan Purevdagva, H. Yabuki, T. Ohata
Glaciological surveys and glacier balance studies in the Mongolian Altai Mountains are necessary for understanding the impact of climate change within the area. Such studies are important globally because the data can help expand the range of monitoring of the worldwide glacier observation network. We estimated the glacier-wide surface mass balance ( Δ (cid:9489)) of the Potanin Glacier in the Mongolian Altai Mountains by means of stake observations, pollen analyses, and pit observations. We estimated Δ (cid:9489) as − 0.97, − 1.23, and − 0.17 m w.e. (water equivalents) for the years 2005, 2008, and 2009, respectively. The high negative value of mass balance observed in 2008 was due to lower amounts of solid precipitation and higher summer temperatures in comparison with 2005 and 2009. A comparison of the Potanin Glacier with the Maliy Aktru Glacier in the Russian Altai Mountains, both locate in the slightly drier and warmer climate region, revealed that the two glaciers experienced similar mass balance fluctuations between 2005 and 2009, which was probably because these two glaciers are from the same regional climate system. However, the Δ (cid:9489) of the Potanin Glacier in 2008 ( − 1.23) was more negative than that of the Maliy Aktru Glacier ( − 0.87). Thus, we concluded that the lower value of Δ (cid:9489) at the Potanin Glacier compared with that of the Maliy Aktru Glacier was due to the smaller accumulation area ratio (AAR) as the higher equilibrium line altitude of the glacier.
{"title":"Surface mass balance of the Potanin Glacier in the Mongolian Altai Mountains and comparison with Russian Altai glaciers in 2005, 2008, and 2009","authors":"K. Konya, T. Kadota, F. Nakazawa, G. Davaa, Kalsan Purevdagva, H. Yabuki, T. Ohata","doi":"10.5331/BGR.31.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.31.9","url":null,"abstract":"Glaciological surveys and glacier balance studies in the Mongolian Altai Mountains are necessary for understanding the impact of climate change within the area. Such studies are important globally because the data can help expand the range of monitoring of the worldwide glacier observation network. We estimated the glacier-wide surface mass balance ( Δ (cid:9489)) of the Potanin Glacier in the Mongolian Altai Mountains by means of stake observations, pollen analyses, and pit observations. We estimated Δ (cid:9489) as − 0.97, − 1.23, and − 0.17 m w.e. (water equivalents) for the years 2005, 2008, and 2009, respectively. The high negative value of mass balance observed in 2008 was due to lower amounts of solid precipitation and higher summer temperatures in comparison with 2005 and 2009. A comparison of the Potanin Glacier with the Maliy Aktru Glacier in the Russian Altai Mountains, both locate in the slightly drier and warmer climate region, revealed that the two glaciers experienced similar mass balance fluctuations between 2005 and 2009, which was probably because these two glaciers are from the same regional climate system. However, the Δ (cid:9489) of the Potanin Glacier in 2008 ( − 1.23) was more negative than that of the Maliy Aktru Glacier ( − 0.87). Thus, we concluded that the lower value of Δ (cid:9489) at the Potanin Glacier compared with that of the Maliy Aktru Glacier was due to the smaller accumulation area ratio (AAR) as the higher equilibrium line altitude of the glacier.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"43 1","pages":"9-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/BGR.31.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71027366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Introduction Nuerasimuguli ALIMASI , Shuhei TAKAHASHI and Hiroyuki ENOMOTO Development of a mobile optical system to detect road-freezing conditions 41
{"title":"Development of a mobile optical system to detect road-freezing conditions","authors":"N. Alimasi, Shuhei Takahashi, H. Enomoto","doi":"10.5331/BGR.30.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.30.41","url":null,"abstract":". Introduction Nuerasimuguli ALIMASI , Shuhei TAKAHASHI and Hiroyuki ENOMOTO Development of a mobile optical system to detect road-freezing conditions 41","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"17 4 1","pages":"41-51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71027161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Introduction , Keisuke SUZUKI , Katsutaka YOKOYAMA and Hiroshi ICHIYANAGI Chemical survey of the snowpack in central Japan 25 Bulletin of Glaciological Research ( ) Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan (Received December , ; Revised manuscript accepted March , ) In order to elucidate the spatial variation of chemicals deposited with snowfall in central Japan and the chemical characteristics of the snowpack in the mountainous area, samples from new surface snow and from snow pits were collected during the winter season. There is a clear relationship between rising electric conductivity (EC) and falling pH for the new surface snow samples. The Na concentration correlates well with the Cl and Mg concentrations for new surface snow, suggesting that the contributions of sources other than sea salt are negligible. Thus, sea water is the predominant source of Na , Cl , and Mg in new surface snow in central Japan. The ratio of Cl /anions in new surface snow correlates well with latitude; there is a higher ratio of Cl /anions at the sampling locations near the Sea of Japan. On the other hand, the ratio of NO / nssSO is high in the southern locations. The pH value for the snow pit samples is determined by the acid index. The colored layers deposited during the Kosa event are characterized by high EC, high pH, and high ion concentrations. The EC and Cl concentration in new surface snow along roads are higher on the coastal plain than farther inland. On the other hand, the pH and ratio of NO /nssSO are lower on the coast than farther inland.
{"title":"Chemical survey of the snowpack in central Japan","authors":"Keisuke Suzuki, Katsutaka Yokoyama, Hiroshi Ichiyanagi","doi":"10.5331/BGR.30.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.30.25","url":null,"abstract":". Introduction , Keisuke SUZUKI , Katsutaka YOKOYAMA and Hiroshi ICHIYANAGI Chemical survey of the snowpack in central Japan 25 Bulletin of Glaciological Research ( ) Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan Department of Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan (Received December , ; Revised manuscript accepted March , ) In order to elucidate the spatial variation of chemicals deposited with snowfall in central Japan and the chemical characteristics of the snowpack in the mountainous area, samples from new surface snow and from snow pits were collected during the winter season. There is a clear relationship between rising electric conductivity (EC) and falling pH for the new surface snow samples. The Na concentration correlates well with the Cl and Mg concentrations for new surface snow, suggesting that the contributions of sources other than sea salt are negligible. Thus, sea water is the predominant source of Na , Cl , and Mg in new surface snow in central Japan. The ratio of Cl /anions in new surface snow correlates well with latitude; there is a higher ratio of Cl /anions at the sampling locations near the Sea of Japan. On the other hand, the ratio of NO / nssSO is high in the southern locations. The pH value for the snow pit samples is determined by the acid index. The colored layers deposited during the Kosa event are characterized by high EC, high pH, and high ion concentrations. The EC and Cl concentration in new surface snow along roads are higher on the coastal plain than farther inland. On the other hand, the pH and ratio of NO /nssSO are lower on the coast than farther inland.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"46 3 1","pages":"25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Koichi Watanabe, Daiki Nishimoto, Sachie Ishita, Nagisa Eda, Yoshitoshi Uehara, Goichiro Takahashi, N. Kunori, T. Kawakami, W. Shimada, Kazuma Aoki, K. Kawada
. Introduction , , Koichi WATANABE , Daiki NISHIMOTO , Sachie ISHITA , Nagisa EDA Yoshitoshi UEHARA , Goichiro TAKAHASHI , Noriyasu KUNORI , Tomonori KAWAKAMI , Wataru SHIMADA , Kazuma AOKI and Kunio KAWADA Formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the snow cover at Murododaira, Mt. Tateyama, Japan 33 s Bulletin of Glaciological Research ( ) Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama , Japan Earth Consultant Co., Ltd., Hibari, Imizu, Toyama , Japan Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Kasuya, Fukuoka , Japan University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama , Japan (Received February , ; Revised manuscript accepted April , ) cover was measured. Measurements of snow chemistry Measurements of the concentrations of formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H O ) as well as major ions in the snow pit ( . m deep) at Murododaira (altitude, m), Mt. Tateyama near the coast of the Japan Sea in Central Japan, were performed in April . The peaks of HCHO corresponded to the high nssSO layers above a . m depth. The concentrations of deposited HCHO might have been relatively well preserved in the spring layers. HCHO with sulfate aerosols may be transported to Mt. Tateyama from the Asian mainland. The highest concentration of H O was detected in the granular snow (coarse grain, melt forms) layer. The concentrations of H O were low in the layers of compacted snow (fine grain, rounded grains) and solid-type depth hoar (faceted crystals). Post-depositional modification of H O may be more significant than that of HCHO in snow in an alpine region.
{"title":"Formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the snow cover at Murododaira, Mt. Tateyama, Japan","authors":"Koichi Watanabe, Daiki Nishimoto, Sachie Ishita, Nagisa Eda, Yoshitoshi Uehara, Goichiro Takahashi, N. Kunori, T. Kawakami, W. Shimada, Kazuma Aoki, K. Kawada","doi":"10.5331/BGR.30.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.30.33","url":null,"abstract":". Introduction , , Koichi WATANABE , Daiki NISHIMOTO , Sachie ISHITA , Nagisa EDA Yoshitoshi UEHARA , Goichiro TAKAHASHI , Noriyasu KUNORI , Tomonori KAWAKAMI , Wataru SHIMADA , Kazuma AOKI and Kunio KAWADA Formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the snow cover at Murododaira, Mt. Tateyama, Japan 33 s Bulletin of Glaciological Research ( ) Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama , Japan Earth Consultant Co., Ltd., Hibari, Imizu, Toyama , Japan Kasuya Research Forest, Kyushu University, Kasuya, Fukuoka , Japan University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama , Japan (Received February , ; Revised manuscript accepted April , ) cover was measured. Measurements of snow chemistry Measurements of the concentrations of formaldehyde (HCHO) and hydrogen peroxide (H O ) as well as major ions in the snow pit ( . m deep) at Murododaira (altitude, m), Mt. Tateyama near the coast of the Japan Sea in Central Japan, were performed in April . The peaks of HCHO corresponded to the high nssSO layers above a . m depth. The concentrations of deposited HCHO might have been relatively well preserved in the spring layers. HCHO with sulfate aerosols may be transported to Mt. Tateyama from the Asian mainland. The highest concentration of H O was detected in the granular snow (coarse grain, melt forms) layer. The concentrations of H O were low in the layers of compacted snow (fine grain, rounded grains) and solid-type depth hoar (faceted crystals). Post-depositional modification of H O may be more significant than that of HCHO in snow in an alpine region.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"30 1","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. Introduction Kazuya AKIYAMA , Masaaki HANAOKA and Toshiya TAKESHI Video and seismometer observations of avalanche characteristics in a warm snowy district 9 Bulletin of Glaciological Research ( ) Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Niigata Experimental Laboratory, Public Works Research Institute, Arai, Japan [Now in Sabo Technical Center, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan] Niigata Experimental Laboratory, Public Works Research Institute, Arai, Japan [Now in Shinjo O ce of River, Shinjo, Japan] Public Works Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan (Received August , ; Revised manuscript accepted January , ) Observation stations were established on the east side of Mt. Gongendake, central Japan, in a warm snowy region where air temperature often exceeds in winter. Meteorological data were measured and avalanche events were recorded using a seismometer and three video cameras. Over four winters, avalanche tremors and avalanche video images were recorded. The video images included dry surface avalanches, four dry full-depth avalanches, wet surface avalanches, and wet full-depth avalanches. Among these avalanches, were on slope S , where a disastrous avalanche occurred on January , . Wet avalanches represented about of the avalanches and took place when the air temperature was high. Approximately of dry surface avalanches occurred while snow was falling. When dry surface avalanches occurred, calculated snow stability index ( ) values were below and conditions for avalanche release from within the snow cover were satisfied. Wet avalanches occurred frequently during and after March, when the air temperature continuously exceeded , and even occurred in January and February when the air temperature was high. Wet full-depth avalanches increased in frequency as snowmelt increased. Starting in midMarch, most avalanches were wet full-depth avalanches, whereas in April only wet full-depth avalanches occurred.
{"title":"Video and seismometer observations of avalanche characteristics in a warm snowy district","authors":"K. Akiyama, M. Hanaoka, Toshiya Takeshi","doi":"10.5331/BGR.30.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.30.9","url":null,"abstract":". Introduction Kazuya AKIYAMA , Masaaki HANAOKA and Toshiya TAKESHI Video and seismometer observations of avalanche characteristics in a warm snowy district 9 Bulletin of Glaciological Research ( ) Japanese Society of Snow and Ice Niigata Experimental Laboratory, Public Works Research Institute, Arai, Japan [Now in Sabo Technical Center, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan] Niigata Experimental Laboratory, Public Works Research Institute, Arai, Japan [Now in Shinjo O ce of River, Shinjo, Japan] Public Works Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan (Received August , ; Revised manuscript accepted January , ) Observation stations were established on the east side of Mt. Gongendake, central Japan, in a warm snowy region where air temperature often exceeds in winter. Meteorological data were measured and avalanche events were recorded using a seismometer and three video cameras. Over four winters, avalanche tremors and avalanche video images were recorded. The video images included dry surface avalanches, four dry full-depth avalanches, wet surface avalanches, and wet full-depth avalanches. Among these avalanches, were on slope S , where a disastrous avalanche occurred on January , . Wet avalanches represented about of the avalanches and took place when the air temperature was high. Approximately of dry surface avalanches occurred while snow was falling. When dry surface avalanches occurred, calculated snow stability index ( ) values were below and conditions for avalanche release from within the snow cover were satisfied. Wet avalanches occurred frequently during and after March, when the air temperature continuously exceeded , and even occurred in January and February when the air temperature was high. Wet full-depth avalanches increased in frequency as snowmelt increased. Starting in midMarch, most avalanches were wet full-depth avalanches, whereas in April only wet full-depth avalanches occurred.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"30 1","pages":"9-23"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71027299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Aniya, P. Skvarca, S. Sugiyama, T. Aoki, Takane Matsumoto, R. Anma, Nozomu Naito, H. Enomoto, K. Hori, S. Marinsek, K. Konya, T. Nuimura, S. Tsutaki, Kenta Tone, G. Barcaza
The Glaciological Research Project in Patagonia (GRPP) 2006-2009 was carried out with several objectives at Glaciar Perito Moreno of the Hielo Patagonico Sur (HPS), in the area of the Hielo Patagonico Norte (HPN) and along the Pacific coast. At Glaciar Perito Moreno, hot water drilling was carried out at about 5km upstream from the terminus, reaching the glacier bottom at ca. 515m, in order to monitor subglacial water pressure. Good positive correlations among air temperature, subglacial water pressure and glacier flow speed were found. Based on 14C dating of tree and organic samples, it is proposed that Glaciar Perito Moreno made two Little Ice Age (LIA) advances at AD1600-1700 and ca. 130-100y BP (AD1820-50). Fan deltas located at the mouth of big rivers around Lago General Carrera (Buenos Aires) and Lago Cochrane (Pueyrredon), in the area east of the HPN, were investigated to elucidate their development. The variations of 21 outlet glaciers of the HPN elucidated from aerial surveys for 2004/05-2008/09 revealed an areal loss of 8.67km2 in four years. A general slowing down of retreats was observed with a few exceptions. Meteorological measurements at Glaciar Exploradores of the HPN from 2005 to 2009 indicate that air temperature ranged from 17.4°C to -10.5°C. The total annual precipitation was about 3000mm. Glacier surface melt was observed at two spots. Sediment and water discharges from the glacier showed that while water discharge fluctuated a lot, suspended sediment concentration was rather stable in summer. A single channel seismic profiling during the JAMSTEC MR08-06 cruise identified a probable submerged moraine formed before the last glacial maximum (LGM) in the Golfo de Penas, south of Taitao Peninsula. Piston coring along the Chilean coast further indicates that ice-rafted debris recorded the LGM and earlier Late Pleistocene events of the glacial advance.
2006-2009年巴塔哥尼亚冰川学研究项目(GRPP)在南巴塔哥尼科海(HPS)、北巴塔哥尼科海(HPN)地区和太平洋沿岸的莫雷诺冰川边缘开展，有几个目标。在Perito Moreno冰川，在终点上游约5km处进行热水钻探，到达冰川底部约515m处，以监测冰下水压。气温、冰下水压和冰川流速呈良好的正相关关系。根据树木和有机样品的14C测年，认为莫雷诺冰川区在ad1600 ~ 1700年和约130 ~ 100y BP (ad1820 ~ 50年)发生了两次小冰期(LIA)推进。研究人员对位于HPN以东地区Lago General Carrera(布宜诺斯艾利斯)和Lago Cochrane (Pueyrredon)周围的大河河口的扇三角洲进行了调查，以阐明其发展情况。2004/05-2008/09年航测结果显示，青藏高原21个出口冰川的面积在4年内减少了8.67km2。除了少数例外，撤退的速度普遍放缓。2005年至2009年，HPN冰川探险队的气象测量显示，气温在17.4°C至-10.5°C之间。年总降水量约3000mm。在两个地点观测到冰川表面融化。冰川输沙量和水量表明，夏季输沙量波动较大，但悬沙浓度较为稳定。在JAMSTEC MR08-06巡航期间进行的单通道地震剖面分析中，在台陶半岛南部的佩纳斯湾(Golfo de Penas)发现了一个可能在末次冰期极大期(LGM)之前形成的淹没冰碛。沿智利海岸的活塞取心进一步表明，浮冰碎屑记录了LGM和晚更新世早期的冰川推进事件。
{"title":"Glaciological Research Project in Patagonia 2006-2009","authors":"M. Aniya, P. Skvarca, S. Sugiyama, T. Aoki, Takane Matsumoto, R. Anma, Nozomu Naito, H. Enomoto, K. Hori, S. Marinsek, K. Konya, T. Nuimura, S. Tsutaki, Kenta Tone, G. Barcaza","doi":"10.5331/BGR.29.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.29.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Glaciological Research Project in Patagonia (GRPP) 2006-2009 was carried out with several objectives at Glaciar Perito Moreno of the Hielo Patagonico Sur (HPS), in the area of the Hielo Patagonico Norte (HPN) and along the Pacific coast. At Glaciar Perito Moreno, hot water drilling was carried out at about 5km upstream from the terminus, reaching the glacier bottom at ca. 515m, in order to monitor subglacial water pressure. Good positive correlations among air temperature, subglacial water pressure and glacier flow speed were found. Based on 14C dating of tree and organic samples, it is proposed that Glaciar Perito Moreno made two Little Ice Age (LIA) advances at AD1600-1700 and ca. 130-100y BP (AD1820-50). Fan deltas located at the mouth of big rivers around Lago General Carrera (Buenos Aires) and Lago Cochrane (Pueyrredon), in the area east of the HPN, were investigated to elucidate their development. The variations of 21 outlet glaciers of the HPN elucidated from aerial surveys for 2004/05-2008/09 revealed an areal loss of 8.67km2 in four years. A general slowing down of retreats was observed with a few exceptions. Meteorological measurements at Glaciar Exploradores of the HPN from 2005 to 2009 indicate that air temperature ranged from 17.4°C to -10.5°C. The total annual precipitation was about 3000mm. Glacier surface melt was observed at two spots. Sediment and water discharges from the glacier showed that while water discharge fluctuated a lot, suspended sediment concentration was rather stable in summer. A single channel seismic profiling during the JAMSTEC MR08-06 cruise identified a probable submerged moraine formed before the last glacial maximum (LGM) in the Golfo de Penas, south of Taitao Peninsula. Piston coring along the Chilean coast further indicates that ice-rafted debris recorded the LGM and earlier Late Pleistocene events of the glacial advance.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Observations indicate that over the past few decades, valley glaciers and ice caps in the Nepalese Himalaya have been continuously shrinking in response to climate warming. The response timescales of these glaciers are not yet well understood. Considering the case of Glacier AX010, this paper examines several methods for estimating the rate of glacier response to changes in climate. In spite of having simple model physics and requiring only a few and often available field data, simpler analytical methods yield reasonable estimates of timescale. Detailed analytical and numerical ice-flow models suggest that the response times for Glacier AX010 are on the order of 50 years. These magnitudes are slightly larger than field evidence indicates for typical valley glaciers, indicating that Glacier AX010 responds relatively slowly to changing climate. Nonetheless, sustained century-scale warming as forecasted for the Nepalese Himalaya would provide sufficient time for Glacier AX010 to respond to this climatic disequilibrium. Given the fact that the glacier already lacks a persistent accumulation zone, we foresee a complete retreat of the glacier by 2100.
{"title":"On Characteristic Timescales of Glacier AX010 in the Nepalese Himalaya","authors":"S. Adhikari, S. Marshall, P. Huybrechts","doi":"10.5331/BGR.29.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.29.19","url":null,"abstract":"Observations indicate that over the past few decades, valley glaciers and ice caps in the Nepalese Himalaya have been continuously shrinking in response to climate warming. The response timescales of these glaciers are not yet well understood. Considering the case of Glacier AX010, this paper examines several methods for estimating the rate of glacier response to changes in climate. In spite of having simple model physics and requiring only a few and often available field data, simpler analytical methods yield reasonable estimates of timescale. Detailed analytical and numerical ice-flow models suggest that the response times for Glacier AX010 are on the order of 50 years. These magnitudes are slightly larger than field evidence indicates for typical valley glaciers, indicating that Glacier AX010 responds relatively slowly to changing climate. Nonetheless, sustained century-scale warming as forecasted for the Nepalese Himalaya would provide sufficient time for Glacier AX010 to respond to this climatic disequilibrium. Given the fact that the glacier already lacks a persistent accumulation zone, we foresee a complete retreat of the glacier by 2100.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"66 1","pages":"19-29"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/BGR.29.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Tanaka, Yumi Tokuyama, Yohei Terada, Kohta Kunimochi, Chika Mizumaki, Syoko Tamura, M. Wakabayashi, Kazuma Aoki, W. Shimada, Hitoshi Tanaka, S. Nakamura
Asian dust particles transported from Asian desert areas are trapped in spring snow on the western plateau of Mt. Tateyama, Japan. We investigated bacterial communities in snow layers containing Asian dust, and other underlying snow layers, on Mt. Tateyama during 2008 and 2009. Several genera of bacteria were present among isolates obtained from Asian dust-containing snow layers, including the presumed dust-associated bacterial genus Bacillus. In particular, we detected isolates with identical 16S rDNA sequences (AB500941) over 2 consecutive years, and these isolates were most closely related to Bacillus subtilis. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis showed that bacterial community profiles in the Asian dust-containing snow layers were similar over the 2 years. The bacterial communities differed between the Asian dust-containing layers and other layers. Total bacterial cell counts ranged from 6.85×10² to 2.39×105 cells ml-1, with higher values in the Asian dust-containing layers than in the other layers. A backward trajectory analysis showed that the possible source of Asian dust was similar each year. The bacterial community composition of the Asian dust-containing layers presumably reflected the long-distance transportation of microorganisms from dust source regions.
{"title":"Bacterial communities in Asian dust-containing snow layers on Mt. Tateyama, Japan","authors":"D. Tanaka, Yumi Tokuyama, Yohei Terada, Kohta Kunimochi, Chika Mizumaki, Syoko Tamura, M. Wakabayashi, Kazuma Aoki, W. Shimada, Hitoshi Tanaka, S. Nakamura","doi":"10.5331/BGR.29.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.29.31","url":null,"abstract":"Asian dust particles transported from Asian desert areas are trapped in spring snow on the western plateau of Mt. Tateyama, Japan. We investigated bacterial communities in snow layers containing Asian dust, and other underlying snow layers, on Mt. Tateyama during 2008 and 2009. Several genera of bacteria were present among isolates obtained from Asian dust-containing snow layers, including the presumed dust-associated bacterial genus Bacillus. In particular, we detected isolates with identical 16S rDNA sequences (AB500941) over 2 consecutive years, and these isolates were most closely related to Bacillus subtilis. PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis showed that bacterial community profiles in the Asian dust-containing snow layers were similar over the 2 years. The bacterial communities differed between the Asian dust-containing layers and other layers. Total bacterial cell counts ranged from 6.85×10² to 2.39×105 cells ml-1, with higher values in the Asian dust-containing layers than in the other layers. A backward trajectory analysis showed that the possible source of Asian dust was similar each year. The bacterial community composition of the Asian dust-containing layers presumably reflected the long-distance transportation of microorganisms from dust source regions.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"29 1","pages":"31-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/BGR.29.31","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Kadota, Davaa Gombo, Purevdagva Kalsan, Davaadorj Namgur, T. Ohata
{"title":"Glaciological research in the Mongolian Altai, 2003-2009","authors":"T. Kadota, Davaa Gombo, Purevdagva Kalsan, Davaadorj Namgur, T. Ohata","doi":"10.5331/BGR.29.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.29.41","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"29 1","pages":"41-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/BGR.29.41","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a physical model that accounts for the curl mechanism of a curling stone on ice pebbles. The evaporation-abrasion model is based on the two essential features of curling: pebbles and running band. The ice friction coefficient at the rear half of a running band is larger than that at the front half because of cooling due to evaporation of pebbles. The asymmetry of the friction force is enhanced by mechanical interactions of ice debris produced by the front running band with the rear band, and result in the curl, or lateral deflection of the stone.The asymmetry is larger, that is the curl distance is larger, at smaller velocity, higher temperature, lower humidity, and larger radius of a running band. However, it is independent of the angular velocity, that is the curl distance does not depend on the total number of rotations.
{"title":"Curl Mechanism of a Curling Stone on Ice Pebbles","authors":"N. Maeno","doi":"10.5331/BGR.28.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/BGR.28.1","url":null,"abstract":"We present a physical model that accounts for the curl mechanism of a curling stone on ice pebbles. The evaporation-abrasion model is based on the two essential features of curling: pebbles and running band. The ice friction coefficient at the rear half of a running band is larger than that at the front half because of cooling due to evaporation of pebbles. The asymmetry of the friction force is enhanced by mechanical interactions of ice debris produced by the front running band with the rear band, and result in the curl, or lateral deflection of the stone.The asymmetry is larger, that is the curl distance is larger, at smaller velocity, higher temperature, lower humidity, and larger radius of a running band. However, it is independent of the angular velocity, that is the curl distance does not depend on the total number of rotations.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/BGR.28.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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