Snow algae are photosynthetic microbes growing on snowpacks and are commonly observed in mountain areas in Japan. In this study, we report the snow algal blooms observed in Mt. Echigo-Komagatake located in Niigata prefecture, Japan. Field investigation was conducted in late June of 2021 on a snow patch located in an alpine zone at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level. Patches of snow with red, green, or brown color were observed on the snowpack. Microscopic observation showed that the colored snow contained various morpho-types of snow algal cells, which appeared to be similar to those previously reported in Japan. The algal communities of the colored snow were mostly dominated by red spherical cells, which is likely to be Sanguina nivaloides, and consistent with those of the red snow reported in other alpine snowpacks in Japan. However, some samples showed a community consisting of various cell types, including multiple species of genus Chloromonas. The difference in community structure may be due to distance from vegetation around the snow patch, nutrient conditions of the snow, and/or growth period of the algae. The snow algal blooms of Mt. Echigo-Komagatake can be characterized by the appearance of various colors and algal communities on a snowpack.
{"title":"Snow algal blooms observed in Mt. Echigo-Komagatake, Niigata prefecture, Japan（新潟県の越後駒ヶ岳で観察された雪氷藻類の大繁殖）","authors":"Suzunosuke USUBA, Tsubasa TAKAHASHI, Nozomu TAKEUCHI","doi":"10.5331/bgr.23r01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.23r01","url":null,"abstract":"Snow algae are photosynthetic microbes growing on snowpacks and are commonly observed in mountain areas in Japan. In this study, we report the snow algal blooms observed in Mt. Echigo-Komagatake located in Niigata prefecture, Japan. Field investigation was conducted in late June of 2021 on a snow patch located in an alpine zone at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level. Patches of snow with red, green, or brown color were observed on the snowpack. Microscopic observation showed that the colored snow contained various morpho-types of snow algal cells, which appeared to be similar to those previously reported in Japan. The algal communities of the colored snow were mostly dominated by red spherical cells, which is likely to be Sanguina nivaloides, and consistent with those of the red snow reported in other alpine snowpacks in Japan. However, some samples showed a community consisting of various cell types, including multiple species of genus Chloromonas. The difference in community structure may be due to distance from vegetation around the snow patch, nutrient conditions of the snow, and/or growth period of the algae. The snow algal blooms of Mt. Echigo-Komagatake can be characterized by the appearance of various colors and algal communities on a snowpack.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135057021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Assessments of long-term precipitation and temperature variations during snow cover periods using high-elevation AMeDAS data in central Japan","authors":"K. Ueno","doi":"10.5331/bgr.22a01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.22a01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daiki Nomura, H. Ikawa, Y. Kawaguchi, N. Kanna, T. Kawakami, Yuichi Nosaka, S. Umezawa, Manami Tozawa, Takahito Horikawa, Reishi Sahashi, Taichi Noshiro, Ibuki Kaba, Makoto Ozaki, F. Kondo, K. Ono, I. Yabe, E. Y. Son, T. Toyoda, S. Kameyama, Changqing Wang, H. Obata, A. Ooki, H. Ueno, A. Kasai
An atmosphere-sea ice-ocean interaction study was conducted at the Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan from 27 February to 9 March 2021. Air-sea ice CO2 flux measurements were conducted by eddy covariance and chamber methods together with meteorological observations. Sea ice cores were collected to understand the interaction between the atmosphere and under-ice water with respect to fluxes of heat and biogeochemical components. Physical and biogeochemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, ice structure, environmental DNA, and concentrations of gases, nutrients, and trace metals were measured. Under-ice water properties were monitored to quantify heat budgets and interactions with sea ice biogeochemical properties. Incubation experiments with ice algae were conducted. Equipment such as airsea ice CO2/CH4 flux chambers, an eddy covariance system, a trace metal analyzer, and a pump and sampler for environmental DNA were tested and compared to prepare for future Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. In addition, movies and pictures were taken under the auspices of the educational program of Hokkaido University (LASBOS) to enhance educational programs in ocean science. The field campaign activities provided useful information for inter-comparison research and future studies of sea ice in polar oceans.
{"title":"Atmosphere-sea ice-ocean interaction study in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan 2021","authors":"Daiki Nomura, H. Ikawa, Y. Kawaguchi, N. Kanna, T. Kawakami, Yuichi Nosaka, S. Umezawa, Manami Tozawa, Takahito Horikawa, Reishi Sahashi, Taichi Noshiro, Ibuki Kaba, Makoto Ozaki, F. Kondo, K. Ono, I. Yabe, E. Y. Son, T. Toyoda, S. Kameyama, Changqing Wang, H. Obata, A. Ooki, H. Ueno, A. Kasai","doi":"10.5331/bgr.21r02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.21r02","url":null,"abstract":"An atmosphere-sea ice-ocean interaction study was conducted at the Saroma-ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan from 27 February to 9 March 2021. Air-sea ice CO2 flux measurements were conducted by eddy covariance and chamber methods together with meteorological observations. Sea ice cores were collected to understand the interaction between the atmosphere and under-ice water with respect to fluxes of heat and biogeochemical components. Physical and biogeochemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, ice structure, environmental DNA, and concentrations of gases, nutrients, and trace metals were measured. Under-ice water properties were monitored to quantify heat budgets and interactions with sea ice biogeochemical properties. Incubation experiments with ice algae were conducted. Equipment such as airsea ice CO2/CH4 flux chambers, an eddy covariance system, a trace metal analyzer, and a pump and sampler for environmental DNA were tested and compared to prepare for future Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. In addition, movies and pictures were taken under the auspices of the educational program of Hokkaido University (LASBOS) to enhance educational programs in ocean science. The field campaign activities provided useful information for inter-comparison research and future studies of sea ice in polar oceans.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"192 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Iizuka, S. Matoba, M. Minowa, Tetsuhide Yamasaki, K. Kawakami, Ayako Kakugo, Morihiro Miyahara, A. Hashimoto, M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, K. Fujita, T. Aoki
In order to construct reliable deposited-aerosol database on the Anthropocene (from 1850 to 2020), we obtained a 250-meter-long ice core from the Southeastern Greenland Dome on May and June 2021, where is one of the highest accumulation domes in Greenland. The age of the ice core at a depth of 250 m was roughly estimated to be AD 1827 based on the timescale from a previously analyzed shallower ice core. The age of the sampled ice core satisfied the prerequisite conditions for constructing aerosol deposition database for Anthropocene. In addition, surface elevation, borehole temperatures, and internal stratigraphy of the ice sheet were performed, and meteorological and snow-pit observations were also conducted. Furthermore, we sampled aerosol and snow from the ice sheet for chemical and physical analyses.
{"title":"Ice Core Drilling and the Related Observations at SE-Dome site, southeastern Greenland Ice Sheet","authors":"Y. Iizuka, S. Matoba, M. Minowa, Tetsuhide Yamasaki, K. Kawakami, Ayako Kakugo, Morihiro Miyahara, A. Hashimoto, M. Niwano, T. Tanikawa, K. Fujita, T. Aoki","doi":"10.5331/bgr.21r01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.21r01","url":null,"abstract":"In order to construct reliable deposited-aerosol database on the Anthropocene (from 1850 to 2020), we obtained a 250-meter-long ice core from the Southeastern Greenland Dome on May and June 2021, where is one of the highest accumulation domes in Greenland. The age of the ice core at a depth of 250 m was roughly estimated to be AD 1827 based on the timescale from a previously analyzed shallower ice core. The age of the sampled ice core satisfied the prerequisite conditions for constructing aerosol deposition database for Anthropocene. In addition, surface elevation, borehole temperatures, and internal stratigraphy of the ice sheet were performed, and meteorological and snow-pit observations were also conducted. Furthermore, we sampled aerosol and snow from the ice sheet for chemical and physical analyses.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daiki Nomura, P. Wongpan, T. Toyota, T. Tanikawa, Y. Kawaguchi, Takashi Ono, Tomoni Ishino, Manami Tozawa, Tetsuya P. Tamura, I. Yabe, E. Y. Son, F. Vivier, A. Lourenço, Marion Lebrun, Yuichi Nosaka, T. Hirawake, Atshushi Ooki, S. Aoki, B. Else, F. Fripiat, J. Inoue, M. Vancoppenolle
Saroma-ko Lagoon, located on the Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido, is seasonally covered by flat, homogeneous, easily accessible and safe sea ice. As such, it proves a very useful experimental site for the study of sea ice processes, the inter-comparison of methods, the testing of equipment and the training to polar regions. In this contribution, we describe the a physical, chemical, and ecosystem survey at Saroma-ko Lagoon, conducted over February 23–28, 2019 under the auspices of the SLOPE2019 (Saroma-ko Lagoon Observations for sea ice Physico-chemistry and Ecosystems 2019) program. Sea ice cores were collected to examine temperature, salinity, oxygen isotopic ratio, thin sections, and chemical and biological parameters such as carbonate chemistry, CH 4 , nutrients, chlorophyll a concentrations, and ice algae community assemblage. Broadband and spectral irradiance measurements were carried out above/under the sea ice, and different sensors were inter-compared at close positions and environments. Equipment such as spectrometers, air–sea ice CO 2 /CH 4 flux chamber, and under-ice turbulent heat flux systems were tested for future Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. Finally, an artificial pool was dug into the sea ice to understand the effect of snow particles on ice growth and to compare the gas exchange process over sea ice with an ice-free water surface. Our SLOPE2019 field campaign activities provided useful information for inter-comparison work and future sea ice research in the polar oceans.
{"title":"Saroma-ko Lagoon Observations for sea ice Physico-chemistry and Ecosystems 2019 (SLOPE2019)","authors":"Daiki Nomura, P. Wongpan, T. Toyota, T. Tanikawa, Y. Kawaguchi, Takashi Ono, Tomoni Ishino, Manami Tozawa, Tetsuya P. Tamura, I. Yabe, E. Y. Son, F. Vivier, A. Lourenço, Marion Lebrun, Yuichi Nosaka, T. Hirawake, Atshushi Ooki, S. Aoki, B. Else, F. Fripiat, J. Inoue, M. Vancoppenolle","doi":"10.5331/bgr.19r02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.19r02","url":null,"abstract":"Saroma-ko Lagoon, located on the Okhotsk Sea coast of Hokkaido, is seasonally covered by flat, homogeneous, easily accessible and safe sea ice. As such, it proves a very useful experimental site for the study of sea ice processes, the inter-comparison of methods, the testing of equipment and the training to polar regions. In this contribution, we describe the a physical, chemical, and ecosystem survey at Saroma-ko Lagoon, conducted over February 23–28, 2019 under the auspices of the SLOPE2019 (Saroma-ko Lagoon Observations for sea ice Physico-chemistry and Ecosystems 2019) program. Sea ice cores were collected to examine temperature, salinity, oxygen isotopic ratio, thin sections, and chemical and biological parameters such as carbonate chemistry, CH 4 , nutrients, chlorophyll a concentrations, and ice algae community assemblage. Broadband and spectral irradiance measurements were carried out above/under the sea ice, and different sensors were inter-compared at close positions and environments. Equipment such as spectrometers, air–sea ice CO 2 /CH 4 flux chamber, and under-ice turbulent heat flux systems were tested for future Arctic and Antarctic expeditions. Finally, an artificial pool was dug into the sea ice to understand the effect of snow particles on ice growth and to compare the gas exchange process over sea ice with an ice-free water surface. Our SLOPE2019 field campaign activities provided useful information for inter-comparison work and future sea ice research in the polar oceans.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42252611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Aniya, Alejandro Dusaillant, J. O'kuinghttons, G. Barcaza, Sidi Bravo
Glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF) at Laguna de los Témpanos, a glacier-dammed side lake of Glaciar Steffen, Hielo Patagónico Norte, were documented for a period between December 1974 and February 2020. With manual interpretation of 150 remote sensing images of aerial surveys, vertical aerial photographs, Landsat MSS, TM, ETM and OLI, ALOS, and ASTER images, 19 GLOFs were captured/inferred by focusing on icebergs and water levels, except two periods in the 1980 s and the 1990 s for which no image was available. This translates to the occurrence of the GLOF on average once ca. every 14 months. Many GLOFs occurred in late summer to early fall, with a few in late spring: but one GLOF was inferred to have occurred in wintertime. The causes of GLOFs were supposed to be heavy rainfalls, probably accompanied with rapid snow/ice melting by warm air temperatures, judging from the general weather condition over the laguna area. The latest two GLOFs (2016 & 2017) were very large, enough to have completely exposed the lake floor in the middle section. The GLOF of 2017 (Mar. 31) was registered in a hydrograph set up at Lower Río Huemules. After this GLOF, the water level has become stable with a more or less continuous outlet stream along the glacier sidewall and there has been no GLOF to date. So probably the prospect of another GLOF has considerably diminished by now. As Glaciar Steffen receded about 6 km during this study period, the glacier has thinned accordingly, to which the water level adjusted with three distinctive relatively stable states while fluctuating frequently.
1974年12月至2020年2月期间，研究人员记录了拉古纳德洛斯特姆帕诺斯冰川湖爆发洪水(GLOF)，拉古纳德洛斯特姆帕诺斯冰川湖是位于Patagónico北部的斯特芬冰川的一个冰川大坝侧湖。通过人工解译150幅遥感图像，包括航空调查、垂直航空照片、Landsat MSS、TM、ETM和OLI、ALOS和ASTER图像，除了20世纪80年代和90年代两个没有图像的时期外，通过聚焦冰山和水位捕获/推断出了19幅GLOFs。这意味着GLOF平均每14个月发生一次。许多GLOF发生在夏末至初秋，少数发生在晚春，但据推测，有一次GLOF发生在冬季。从拉古纳地区的一般天气状况来看，GLOFs的原因应该是暴雨，可能伴随着温暖的空气温度导致的冰雪快速融化。最近的两次GLOFs(2016年和2017年)非常大，足以完全暴露中段的湖底。2017年(3月31日)的GLOF在Lower Río Huemules设立的水道中注册。此后，水位趋于稳定，沿冰川侧壁有一条或多或少连续的出水口流，迄今为止没有发生过GLOF。因此，到目前为止，另一次全球大萧条的前景可能已经大大减弱。随着Steffen冰川在本研究期间后退约6 km，冰川随之变薄，水位在频繁波动的同时以三种不同的相对稳定状态进行调整。
{"title":"GLOFs of Laguna de los Témpanos, glacier-dammed side lake of Glaciar Steffen, Hielo Patagónico Norte, Chile, since 1974","authors":"M. Aniya, Alejandro Dusaillant, J. O'kuinghttons, G. Barcaza, Sidi Bravo","doi":"10.5331/bgr.20r01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.20r01","url":null,"abstract":"Glacier lake outburst floods (GLOF) at Laguna de los Témpanos, a glacier-dammed side lake of Glaciar Steffen, Hielo Patagónico Norte, were documented for a period between December 1974 and February 2020. With manual interpretation of 150 remote sensing images of aerial surveys, vertical aerial photographs, Landsat MSS, TM, ETM and OLI, ALOS, and ASTER images, 19 GLOFs were captured/inferred by focusing on icebergs and water levels, except two periods in the 1980 s and the 1990 s for which no image was available. This translates to the occurrence of the GLOF on average once ca. every 14 months. Many GLOFs occurred in late summer to early fall, with a few in late spring: but one GLOF was inferred to have occurred in wintertime. The causes of GLOFs were supposed to be heavy rainfalls, probably accompanied with rapid snow/ice melting by warm air temperatures, judging from the general weather condition over the laguna area. The latest two GLOFs (2016 & 2017) were very large, enough to have completely exposed the lake floor in the middle section. The GLOF of 2017 (Mar. 31) was registered in a hydrograph set up at Lower Río Huemules. After this GLOF, the water level has become stable with a more or less continuous outlet stream along the glacier sidewall and there has been no GLOF to date. So probably the prospect of another GLOF has considerably diminished by now. As Glaciar Steffen receded about 6 km during this study period, the glacier has thinned accordingly, to which the water level adjusted with three distinctive relatively stable states while fluctuating frequently.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Miyashita, Ryoko Minamino, Koichiro Sawakami, Takafumi Katsushima, M. Tateno
The load created by snow greatly affects forest trees; however, almost no studies have reported on the mechanical stress in tree trunks due to snow under field conditions. In this study, we monitored trunk bending stresses using strain gauges during the snowfall season at two sites, Tadami and Kaneyama, both in a cool-temperate forest in Japan. Measurements were made of the various sizes and trunk shapes of beech trees at Tadami, and of beech trees and Japanese cedars at Kaneyama. Young’s modulus and bending strength were also measured. At Tadami, beech trees with substantially curved trunks often bent down to the ground surface soon after snowfall started. The strain no longer increased once a tree had lodged; however, individuals with larger diameters had stresses exceeding the proportional limit stress. By contrast, among beech trees with erect trunks, those with larger diameters had smaller maximum strain and estimated stress values. These results imply that in areas greatly affected by snow, beech trees struggle both to remain erect and to grow to diameters of 10 cm or more. At Kaneyama, large strain values exceeding 1 % were observed in trees with a diameter at breast height ≤7 cm, all of which were cedars. Among trees of the same diameter, strain values were lower in beech trees than in cedars, and Young’s modulus was three times larger for beech trees. These results indicate that it is more difficult to grow erect cedars compared to erect beech trees in regions with deep snow.
{"title":"Monitoring bending stress of trees during a snowy period using strain gauges","authors":"A. Miyashita, Ryoko Minamino, Koichiro Sawakami, Takafumi Katsushima, M. Tateno","doi":"10.5331/bgr.20a01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.20a01","url":null,"abstract":"The load created by snow greatly affects forest trees; however, almost no studies have reported on the mechanical stress in tree trunks due to snow under field conditions. In this study, we monitored trunk bending stresses using strain gauges during the snowfall season at two sites, Tadami and Kaneyama, both in a cool-temperate forest in Japan. Measurements were made of the various sizes and trunk shapes of beech trees at Tadami, and of beech trees and Japanese cedars at Kaneyama. Young’s modulus and bending strength were also measured. At Tadami, beech trees with substantially curved trunks often bent down to the ground surface soon after snowfall started. The strain no longer increased once a tree had lodged; however, individuals with larger diameters had stresses exceeding the proportional limit stress. By contrast, among beech trees with erect trunks, those with larger diameters had smaller maximum strain and estimated stress values. These results imply that in areas greatly affected by snow, beech trees struggle both to remain erect and to grow to diameters of 10 cm or more. At Kaneyama, large strain values exceeding 1 % were observed in trees with a diameter at breast height ≤7 cm, all of which were cedars. Among trees of the same diameter, strain values were lower in beech trees than in cedars, and Young’s modulus was three times larger for beech trees. These results indicate that it is more difficult to grow erect cedars compared to erect beech trees in regions with deep snow.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow were measured in eastern Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The sources of these PAHs were the snow mobiles and diesel electric generators used for scientific research from 29th December 2015 to 4th February 2016. Most of the measured PAH concentrations were low before the research campaign (lower than the detection limit or quantification limit), then increased due to the research activities, and finally decreased to a low level (lower than the quantification limit), probably because of strong blizzard winds. In addition, photolysis of the PAHs in the polluted snow samples under Antarctic conditions was investigated. The snow samples polluted by diesel electric generators were collected before and after irradiation under Antarctic sunlight (11 days); however, a decrease in PAH concentration was not observed. It was concluded that photolysis was not the main sink of the PAHs in Antarctic snow, but the occurrence of blizzard/drifting snow decreased the PAH concentration. In this paper, the preservation method for the snow samples to measure the PAHs correctly was also evaluated. To stabilize the PAHs in snow, hexane had to be added to the snow sample. Even if the snow sample was kept in a freezer, PAHs evaporated without hexane.
{"title":"Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Antarctic snow polluted by research activities using snow mobiles and diesel electric generators","authors":"Oanh Pham Kim（ファンキムオアン）, Kazushi NORO（野呂和嗣）, Yoshie NABESHIMA（鍋島愛絵）, Tatsuya TANIGUCHI（谷口達也）, Yusuke FUJII（藤井佑介）, Miho ARAI（荒井美穂）, Toshimitsu SAKURAI（櫻井俊光）, Kenji KAWAMURA（川村賢二）, Hideaki MOTOYAMA（本山秀明）, Hien To Thi（トティヒエン）, Norimichi TAKENAKA（竹中規訓）","doi":"10.5331/bgr.19a02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.19a02","url":null,"abstract":"The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow were measured in eastern Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The sources of these PAHs were the snow mobiles and diesel electric generators used for scientific research from 29th December 2015 to 4th February 2016. Most of the measured PAH concentrations were low before the research campaign (lower than the detection limit or quantification limit), then increased due to the research activities, and finally decreased to a low level (lower than the quantification limit), probably because of strong blizzard winds. In addition, photolysis of the PAHs in the polluted snow samples under Antarctic conditions was investigated. The snow samples polluted by diesel electric generators were collected before and after irradiation under Antarctic sunlight (11 days); however, a decrease in PAH concentration was not observed. It was concluded that photolysis was not the main sink of the PAHs in Antarctic snow, but the occurrence of blizzard/drifting snow decreased the PAH concentration. In this paper, the preservation method for the snow samples to measure the PAHs correctly was also evaluated. To stabilize the PAHs in snow, hexane had to be added to the snow sample. Even if the snow sample was kept in a freezer, PAHs evaporated without hexane.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5331/bgr.19a02","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The operational results for the Cryospheric Environment Simulator (CES) of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) compiled over a 20-year period from October 1997 to March 2017, during which a total of 598 projects were conducted, are reported herein. These projects were instigated by four types of institutions: official institutes, universities, companies, and the NIED itself. In terms of international cooperative use, 12 institutes or universities from 9 countries have conducted various investigations using the CES. The present specifications, performances, and operations of CES are described herein; some of the scientific results and future considerations are also presented.
{"title":"Twenty-year operation of the Cryospheric Environment Simulator","authors":"O. Abe, K. Kosugi","doi":"10.5331/bgr.16sr01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.16sr01","url":null,"abstract":"The operational results for the Cryospheric Environment Simulator (CES) of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) compiled over a 20-year period from October 1997 to March 2017, during which a total of 598 projects were conducted, are reported herein. These projects were instigated by four types of institutions: official institutes, universities, companies, and the NIED itself. In terms of international cooperative use, 12 institutes or universities from 9 countries have conducted various investigations using the CES. The present specifications, performances, and operations of CES are described herein; some of the scientific results and future considerations are also presented.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71025905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Uchida, Maho Furukawa, T. Kikawada, K. Yamazaki, K. Gohara
Trehalose acts as a non-toxic cryoprotectant agent (CPA) to CHO-TRET1 cells, which are CHO-K1 cells that express the trehalose transporter. This study examines the viabilities during long-term storage at 193 K of cryopreserved CHO-TRET1 cells with trehalose, and compares them to the corresponding viabilities with 10 wt%-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The cryopreserved samples are selected to have a 1-week storage viability exceeding 0.7. Results show that this high viability with trehalose is maintained at the same level for about one year of storage, and gradually decrease to about 0.55 ± 0.16 after about 2.5 years. Comparison of this result with the corresponding case with DMSO suggests that the cryoprotective ability of trehalose is slightly weaker than that of DMSO at this temperature. We discuss the effect of recrystallization of ice, and also the biological damaging, on the viabilities. Then we concluded that the cell membrane slowly degrades at 193 K, with the rate being a little faster with trehalose than with DMSO.
{"title":"Viabilities of long-term cryopreserved CHO-TRET1 cells with trehalose and DMSO","authors":"T. Uchida, Maho Furukawa, T. Kikawada, K. Yamazaki, K. Gohara","doi":"10.5331/bgr.18a03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5331/bgr.18a03","url":null,"abstract":"Trehalose acts as a non-toxic cryoprotectant agent (CPA) to CHO-TRET1 cells, which are CHO-K1 cells that express the trehalose transporter. This study examines the viabilities during long-term storage at 193 K of cryopreserved CHO-TRET1 cells with trehalose, and compares them to the corresponding viabilities with 10 wt%-dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The cryopreserved samples are selected to have a 1-week storage viability exceeding 0.7. Results show that this high viability with trehalose is maintained at the same level for about one year of storage, and gradually decrease to about 0.55 ± 0.16 after about 2.5 years. Comparison of this result with the corresponding case with DMSO suggests that the cryoprotective ability of trehalose is slightly weaker than that of DMSO at this temperature. We discuss the effect of recrystallization of ice, and also the biological damaging, on the viabilities. Then we concluded that the cell membrane slowly degrades at 193 K, with the rate being a little faster with trehalose than with DMSO.","PeriodicalId":9345,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of glaciological research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71026006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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