Pub Date : 2023-02-09DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3010007
Negar Taheri, Egan L. Choi, V. T. Nguyen, Abhishek Chandra, Y. Hayashi
Wnt signaling involves multiple pathways that contribute to organ development, cell fate, inflammation, and normal stem cell renewal and maintenance. Although the homeostasis of stem cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract highly depends on the Wnt signaling pathway, this regulation is impaired in cancers and in aging. Overactive (uncontrolled) Wnt signaling can induce GI epithelial cancers such as colon and gastric cancer. Overactive Wnt signaling can also contribute to the initiation and progression of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, which is the most common human sarcoma occurring in the walls of the digestive organs, mainly the stomach and small intestine. Wnt expression is positively associated not only with the progression of oncogenesis but also with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, recent reports show that decreased Wnt signaling is related to intestinal stem cell aging and that overactivated Wnt signaling leads to gastric pacemaker stem cell aging in tunica muscularis. These findings indicate that Wnt signaling has different crucial aspects of cell fate determination with age in GI tunica mucosa and muscularis. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of Wnt signaling pathways and their role in regulating key aspects during development, carcinogenesis, inflammation, and aging, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapies.
{"title":"Wnt Signaling in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Health and Disease","authors":"Negar Taheri, Egan L. Choi, V. T. Nguyen, Abhishek Chandra, Y. Hayashi","doi":"10.3390/physiologia3010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3010007","url":null,"abstract":"Wnt signaling involves multiple pathways that contribute to organ development, cell fate, inflammation, and normal stem cell renewal and maintenance. Although the homeostasis of stem cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract highly depends on the Wnt signaling pathway, this regulation is impaired in cancers and in aging. Overactive (uncontrolled) Wnt signaling can induce GI epithelial cancers such as colon and gastric cancer. Overactive Wnt signaling can also contribute to the initiation and progression of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, which is the most common human sarcoma occurring in the walls of the digestive organs, mainly the stomach and small intestine. Wnt expression is positively associated not only with the progression of oncogenesis but also with resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Of note, recent reports show that decreased Wnt signaling is related to intestinal stem cell aging and that overactivated Wnt signaling leads to gastric pacemaker stem cell aging in tunica muscularis. These findings indicate that Wnt signaling has different crucial aspects of cell fate determination with age in GI tunica mucosa and muscularis. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in our understanding of Wnt signaling pathways and their role in regulating key aspects during development, carcinogenesis, inflammation, and aging, with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapies.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45248160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3010006
Susana Vilariño, M. Florido, José Luis García, M. Cantos
Background: Secondary metabolites in stevia leaves offer important therapeutic benefits. The germination problems of stevia seeds and the high heterogeneity of the resulting populations make micropropagation the preferred tool for obtaining a large number of plants in a short time. Until now, studies have focused on optimizing the action of growth regulators for the improvement of stevia micropropagated plantlets. In this project, we study alternative mineral nutrients in the substrate and two culture systems on micropropagated stevia plantlets to obtain proper amounts of enhanced plantlets. Methods: Criolla and Morita varieties; MS, MSM, and G substrates, and temporary immersion (TIS) and agar-medium systems were used. Biometric variables and damage to the cell membrane of the resulting plantlets were tested. Results: More productivity in the Criolla plantlets growing in MS solid medium and TIS. The Morita plantlets presented higher productivity in the solid MS, MSM, and G substrates and TIS. The explants growing in MS and MSM presented the highest productivity. The solid substrate was generally better than TIS. No damage to the cell membrane was found. Conclusions: The micropropagation efficiency of stevia plantlets of the two varieties has been enhanced without negative effects on their physiological condition. Consequently, any of the culture systems used, including bioreactors, can be of industrial application on a large scale.
{"title":"Effects of Culture System and Substrate Composition on Micropropagated Plantlets of Two Varieties of Stevia rebaudiana Bert","authors":"Susana Vilariño, M. Florido, José Luis García, M. Cantos","doi":"10.3390/physiologia3010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3010006","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Secondary metabolites in stevia leaves offer important therapeutic benefits. The germination problems of stevia seeds and the high heterogeneity of the resulting populations make micropropagation the preferred tool for obtaining a large number of plants in a short time. Until now, studies have focused on optimizing the action of growth regulators for the improvement of stevia micropropagated plantlets. In this project, we study alternative mineral nutrients in the substrate and two culture systems on micropropagated stevia plantlets to obtain proper amounts of enhanced plantlets. Methods: Criolla and Morita varieties; MS, MSM, and G substrates, and temporary immersion (TIS) and agar-medium systems were used. Biometric variables and damage to the cell membrane of the resulting plantlets were tested. Results: More productivity in the Criolla plantlets growing in MS solid medium and TIS. The Morita plantlets presented higher productivity in the solid MS, MSM, and G substrates and TIS. The explants growing in MS and MSM presented the highest productivity. The solid substrate was generally better than TIS. No damage to the cell membrane was found. Conclusions: The micropropagation efficiency of stevia plantlets of the two varieties has been enhanced without negative effects on their physiological condition. Consequently, any of the culture systems used, including bioreactors, can be of industrial application on a large scale.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45356682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-17DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3010005
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
高质量的学术出版建立在严格的同行评审的基础上[…]
{"title":"Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Physiologia in 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/physiologia3010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3010005","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47207953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3010004
A. Roka, Isaac Burright
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by disorganized rapid atrial electrical activity, which leads to impaired atrial function, adverse hemodynamic effects, and increased thromboembolic risk. The paroxysmal forms of AF can be effectively treated with current pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities by targeting the arrhythmia triggers. Persistent AF, however, is more difficult to treat due to remodeling processes which may become major factors in the maintenance of the arrhythmia, rendering trigger-targeting treatment options less effective. We will systematically review the recent findings of the development and maintenance of persistent AF, including genetic, cellular, organ level, and systemic processes. As AF remains the most common sustained arrhythmia with the ongoing need to find effective treatment, we will also discuss potential treatment options targeting the remodeling processes.
{"title":"Remodeling in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Targets—A Systematic Review","authors":"A. Roka, Isaac Burright","doi":"10.3390/physiologia3010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3010004","url":null,"abstract":"Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by disorganized rapid atrial electrical activity, which leads to impaired atrial function, adverse hemodynamic effects, and increased thromboembolic risk. The paroxysmal forms of AF can be effectively treated with current pharmacological and non-pharmacological modalities by targeting the arrhythmia triggers. Persistent AF, however, is more difficult to treat due to remodeling processes which may become major factors in the maintenance of the arrhythmia, rendering trigger-targeting treatment options less effective. We will systematically review the recent findings of the development and maintenance of persistent AF, including genetic, cellular, organ level, and systemic processes. As AF remains the most common sustained arrhythmia with the ongoing need to find effective treatment, we will also discuss potential treatment options targeting the remodeling processes.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43852688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-09DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3010003
Z. U. Abdullahi, S. Musa, Hammoda Abu-Odah, Ayman Ahmed, A. A. Lawan, U. Bello
Background: Infections caused by multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains are potentially fatal public health issues worldwide that need pressing attention. Previous reports suggested using snake venom fractions as an effective alternative mechanism to the already available antibacterial drugs. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to analyze the bactericidal effects of snake venom phospholipases (PLA2s). Methods: From the beginning through 30 March 2022, we searched the PubMed and Embase databases in accordance with the most recent PRISMA recommendations. We also conducted a manual search to identify relevant reports to improve literature coverage. Results: A total of 24 studies were included based on the selection criteria to compile this review. Of them, 16 studies were obtained from the abovementioned databases and eight through manual searches. The other 8 studies were obtained through the references of the included studies. According to the review, we reported that some PLA2s showed more vigorous bactericidal activity on some Gram-negative and a moderate effect on Gram-negative and Gram-positive. Furthermore, we reported that the presence of p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPP) showed a significant decrease in enzymatic and associated antibacterial activities. Moreover, we observed that about 80% of the PLA2s reported in our systematic review study were those from the Viperidae family, whereas 20% came from the Elapidae family. Moreover, some variations were revealed in the current study regarding the mechanism of actions of the snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s). Conclusion: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the bactericidal effect of snake venom PLA2s and the analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PLA2s for bacterial strains. Varying bactericidal effects from various snake species and South American rattlesnakes were reported, presenting compelling concepts to the alternative search for therapies against bacterial resistance. Thus, further analysis of the bactericidal effects of other snake venoms PLA2s considering different strains is needed. Moreover, more data are needed to investigate other bacteria of public health priority using peptides and other purified snake toxins.
{"title":"Bactericidal Effects of Snake Venom Phospholipases A2: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration","authors":"Z. U. Abdullahi, S. Musa, Hammoda Abu-Odah, Ayman Ahmed, A. A. Lawan, U. Bello","doi":"10.3390/physiologia3010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3010003","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Infections caused by multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains are potentially fatal public health issues worldwide that need pressing attention. Previous reports suggested using snake venom fractions as an effective alternative mechanism to the already available antibacterial drugs. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to analyze the bactericidal effects of snake venom phospholipases (PLA2s). Methods: From the beginning through 30 March 2022, we searched the PubMed and Embase databases in accordance with the most recent PRISMA recommendations. We also conducted a manual search to identify relevant reports to improve literature coverage. Results: A total of 24 studies were included based on the selection criteria to compile this review. Of them, 16 studies were obtained from the abovementioned databases and eight through manual searches. The other 8 studies were obtained through the references of the included studies. According to the review, we reported that some PLA2s showed more vigorous bactericidal activity on some Gram-negative and a moderate effect on Gram-negative and Gram-positive. Furthermore, we reported that the presence of p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPP) showed a significant decrease in enzymatic and associated antibacterial activities. Moreover, we observed that about 80% of the PLA2s reported in our systematic review study were those from the Viperidae family, whereas 20% came from the Elapidae family. Moreover, some variations were revealed in the current study regarding the mechanism of actions of the snake venom PLA2s (svPLA2s). Conclusion: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of the bactericidal effect of snake venom PLA2s and the analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of PLA2s for bacterial strains. Varying bactericidal effects from various snake species and South American rattlesnakes were reported, presenting compelling concepts to the alternative search for therapies against bacterial resistance. Thus, further analysis of the bactericidal effects of other snake venoms PLA2s considering different strains is needed. Moreover, more data are needed to investigate other bacteria of public health priority using peptides and other purified snake toxins.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46078872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-04DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3010002
S. Sarkar
With colon cancer being one of the deadliest and most common cancers, understanding the mechanisms behind colon cancer is crucial in improving therapies. One of the newest approaches in cancer research is the concept of proteogenomics. While genomic data is not sufficient to understand cancer, the integration of multi-omics data including proteomics in conjugation with protein modeling has a better potential to elucidate protein structural alterations and characterize tumors. This enables a more efficient diagnosis of cancer and improves remedial strategies. In this review, we aim to discuss the linkage between gene mutations and protein structural alterations that lead to colon cancer. Topics include alterations in the glycoproteome and structures of proteases that impact colon cancer development. Additionally, we highlight the importance of precision oncology with an emphasis on proteogenomic approaches, protein modeling, and the potential impact on colon cancer therapy.
{"title":"Proteogenomic Approaches to Understand Gene Mutations and Protein Structural Alterations in Colon Cancer","authors":"S. Sarkar","doi":"10.3390/physiologia3010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3010002","url":null,"abstract":"With colon cancer being one of the deadliest and most common cancers, understanding the mechanisms behind colon cancer is crucial in improving therapies. One of the newest approaches in cancer research is the concept of proteogenomics. While genomic data is not sufficient to understand cancer, the integration of multi-omics data including proteomics in conjugation with protein modeling has a better potential to elucidate protein structural alterations and characterize tumors. This enables a more efficient diagnosis of cancer and improves remedial strategies. In this review, we aim to discuss the linkage between gene mutations and protein structural alterations that lead to colon cancer. Topics include alterations in the glycoproteome and structures of proteases that impact colon cancer development. Additionally, we highlight the importance of precision oncology with an emphasis on proteogenomic approaches, protein modeling, and the potential impact on colon cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48621438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.3390/physiologia3010001
J. W. Farrell, Shelby R. Shipman, Christopher D. Black, C. Ade, Rebecca D. Larson
Persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) experience a variety of physical impairments that can present in an asymmetrical pattern, resulting in significant differences between contralateral limbs (i.e., >10%). Asymmetries in PwMS have been associated with walking impairment and postural instability. Exercise intensity has been shown to influence the degree of asymmetry outcomes in healthy populations, and may have an impact on appropriate exercise prescriptions. The purpose of the current pilot study was to investigate the potential presence of asymmetry in metabolic events demarcating exercise intensity domains during single-leg cycling in PwMS. Five PwMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale range 2.0 to 4.5) completed a single leg incremental cycling test (SLICT) and a series of single-leg constant power time-to-exhaustion trials to determine gas exchange threshold (GET), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), peak power output (PPO), critical power (CP), and W’ (exercise tolerance above CP) for both lower limbs. Statistical analysis revealed no significant between-limb differences for VO2peak, GET, CP, PPO, and W’. Only W’ asymmetry score was significantly (49.5 ± 28.7 vs. 10.0, p = 0.04) greater than 10%. No significant differences between asymmetry scores at the GET, CP, and PPO were observed. Results from the current pilot investigation suggest that exercise intensity may not influence asymmetry outcomes in PwMS. Future studies with larger sample sizes and those with higher disability levels are required to fully understand the influence of exercise intensity on asymmetry in PwMS.
{"title":"Assessing Asymmetry in Exercise Intensity Domains between Lower Limbs in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study","authors":"J. W. Farrell, Shelby R. Shipman, Christopher D. Black, C. Ade, Rebecca D. Larson","doi":"10.3390/physiologia3010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia3010001","url":null,"abstract":"Persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) experience a variety of physical impairments that can present in an asymmetrical pattern, resulting in significant differences between contralateral limbs (i.e., >10%). Asymmetries in PwMS have been associated with walking impairment and postural instability. Exercise intensity has been shown to influence the degree of asymmetry outcomes in healthy populations, and may have an impact on appropriate exercise prescriptions. The purpose of the current pilot study was to investigate the potential presence of asymmetry in metabolic events demarcating exercise intensity domains during single-leg cycling in PwMS. Five PwMS (Expanded Disability Status Scale range 2.0 to 4.5) completed a single leg incremental cycling test (SLICT) and a series of single-leg constant power time-to-exhaustion trials to determine gas exchange threshold (GET), peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), peak power output (PPO), critical power (CP), and W’ (exercise tolerance above CP) for both lower limbs. Statistical analysis revealed no significant between-limb differences for VO2peak, GET, CP, PPO, and W’. Only W’ asymmetry score was significantly (49.5 ± 28.7 vs. 10.0, p = 0.04) greater than 10%. No significant differences between asymmetry scores at the GET, CP, and PPO were observed. Results from the current pilot investigation suggest that exercise intensity may not influence asymmetry outcomes in PwMS. Future studies with larger sample sizes and those with higher disability levels are required to fully understand the influence of exercise intensity on asymmetry in PwMS.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48329909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-12DOI: 10.3390/physiologia2040016
A. Gay, J. Ruiz-Navarro, F. Cuenca-Fernández, Ó. López-Belmonte, J. Abraldes, R. Fernandes, R. Arellano
This systematic review aims to summarize the effects of wearing different types of wetsuits and swimsuits in front crawl swimming performance and physiological- and biomechanical-related variables. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming databases were searched from inception to 25th March 2022. From the 1398 studies initially found, 26 studies were included in the review. The quality assessment and inter-rater reliability between researchers were conducted. The full body was the most studied wetsuit, with its use allowing 3.2–12.9% velocity increments in distances ranging from 25 to 1500 m, in incremental tests, in 5 and 30 min continuous swimming and in open water events. The sleeveless long vs. the full-body wetsuit led to a 400–800 m performance enhancement. Higher stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index were observed while using three different covered body part wetsuits vs. a regular swimsuit, with a lower energy cost being observed when swimming with the full-body wetsuit compared to a swimsuit. These findings provide useful information for coaches, swimmers and triathletes about the full-body and sleeveless long/short wetsuit use, since these three wetsuits allow improving swimming performance in different distances in diverse aquatic environments.
{"title":"The Impact of Wetsuit Use on Swimming Performance, Physiology and Biomechanics: A Systematic Review","authors":"A. Gay, J. Ruiz-Navarro, F. Cuenca-Fernández, Ó. López-Belmonte, J. Abraldes, R. Fernandes, R. Arellano","doi":"10.3390/physiologia2040016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia2040016","url":null,"abstract":"This systematic review aims to summarize the effects of wearing different types of wetsuits and swimsuits in front crawl swimming performance and physiological- and biomechanical-related variables. The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming databases were searched from inception to 25th March 2022. From the 1398 studies initially found, 26 studies were included in the review. The quality assessment and inter-rater reliability between researchers were conducted. The full body was the most studied wetsuit, with its use allowing 3.2–12.9% velocity increments in distances ranging from 25 to 1500 m, in incremental tests, in 5 and 30 min continuous swimming and in open water events. The sleeveless long vs. the full-body wetsuit led to a 400–800 m performance enhancement. Higher stroke rate, stroke length and stroke index were observed while using three different covered body part wetsuits vs. a regular swimsuit, with a lower energy cost being observed when swimming with the full-body wetsuit compared to a swimsuit. These findings provide useful information for coaches, swimmers and triathletes about the full-body and sleeveless long/short wetsuit use, since these three wetsuits allow improving swimming performance in different distances in diverse aquatic environments.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47278371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-09DOI: 10.3390/physiologia2040015
M. Ç. Oğuz, Murat Aycan, Ezgi Oğuz, Irem Poyraz, M. Yıldız
Drought is an important abiotic stress factor limiting crop productivity worldwide and its impact is increasing with climate change. Regardless of the plant growth period, drought has a deadly and yield-reducing effect on the plant at every stage of development. As with many environmental stressors, drought-exposed plants trigger a series of molecular, biochemical, and physiological responses to overcome the effect of drought stress. Currently, researchers are trying to determine the complex functioning of drought stress response in plants with different approaches. Plants are more sensitive to drought stress during certain critical stages like germination, seedling formation, flowering, fertilization, and grain formation periods. Plants have high success in reducing the effects of drought stress in vegetative development periods with the activity of tolerance mechanisms. On the other hand, drought stress during the generative period can cause irreversible losses in yield. This review focuses on the progression of molecular, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms involved in the drought stress tolerance in plants and the responses of field crops to drought stress at different development stages.
{"title":"Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants: Interplay of Molecular, Biochemical and Physiological Responses in Important Development Stages","authors":"M. Ç. Oğuz, Murat Aycan, Ezgi Oğuz, Irem Poyraz, M. Yıldız","doi":"10.3390/physiologia2040015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia2040015","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is an important abiotic stress factor limiting crop productivity worldwide and its impact is increasing with climate change. Regardless of the plant growth period, drought has a deadly and yield-reducing effect on the plant at every stage of development. As with many environmental stressors, drought-exposed plants trigger a series of molecular, biochemical, and physiological responses to overcome the effect of drought stress. Currently, researchers are trying to determine the complex functioning of drought stress response in plants with different approaches. Plants are more sensitive to drought stress during certain critical stages like germination, seedling formation, flowering, fertilization, and grain formation periods. Plants have high success in reducing the effects of drought stress in vegetative development periods with the activity of tolerance mechanisms. On the other hand, drought stress during the generative period can cause irreversible losses in yield. This review focuses on the progression of molecular, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms involved in the drought stress tolerance in plants and the responses of field crops to drought stress at different development stages.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41944850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-07DOI: 10.3390/physiologia2040014
R. Fernandez-Gonzalo, C. Willis, T. Etheridge, C. Deane
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function is critical to health and wellbeing throughout the lifespan. However, disuse through reduced physical activity (e.g., sedentarism), immobilisation, bed rest or microgravity has significant adverse effects on skeletal muscle health. Conversely, resistance exercise training (RET) induces positive muscle mass and strength adaptations. Several studies have employed microarray technology to understand the transcriptional basis of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy after disuse and RET, respectively, to devise fully effective therapeutic interventions. More recently, rapidly falling costs have seen RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) increasingly applied in exploring muscle adaptations to RET and disuse. The aim of this review is to summarise the transcriptional responses to RET or disuse measured via RNA-seq in young and older adults. We also highlight analytical considerations to maximise the utility of RNA-seq in the context of skeletal muscle research. The limited number of muscle transcriptional signatures obtained thus far with RNA-seq are generally consistent with those obtained with microarrays. However, RNA-seq may provide additional molecular insight, particularly when combined with data-driven approaches such as correlation network analyses. In this context, it is essential to consider the most appropriate study design parameters as well as bioinformatic and statistical approaches. This will facilitate the use of RNA-seq to better understand the transcriptional regulators of skeletal muscle plasticity in response to increased or decreased use.
{"title":"RNA-Sequencing Muscle Plasticity to Resistance Exercise Training and Disuse in Youth and Older Age","authors":"R. Fernandez-Gonzalo, C. Willis, T. Etheridge, C. Deane","doi":"10.3390/physiologia2040014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia2040014","url":null,"abstract":"Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function is critical to health and wellbeing throughout the lifespan. However, disuse through reduced physical activity (e.g., sedentarism), immobilisation, bed rest or microgravity has significant adverse effects on skeletal muscle health. Conversely, resistance exercise training (RET) induces positive muscle mass and strength adaptations. Several studies have employed microarray technology to understand the transcriptional basis of muscle atrophy and hypertrophy after disuse and RET, respectively, to devise fully effective therapeutic interventions. More recently, rapidly falling costs have seen RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) increasingly applied in exploring muscle adaptations to RET and disuse. The aim of this review is to summarise the transcriptional responses to RET or disuse measured via RNA-seq in young and older adults. We also highlight analytical considerations to maximise the utility of RNA-seq in the context of skeletal muscle research. The limited number of muscle transcriptional signatures obtained thus far with RNA-seq are generally consistent with those obtained with microarrays. However, RNA-seq may provide additional molecular insight, particularly when combined with data-driven approaches such as correlation network analyses. In this context, it is essential to consider the most appropriate study design parameters as well as bioinformatic and statistical approaches. This will facilitate the use of RNA-seq to better understand the transcriptional regulators of skeletal muscle plasticity in response to increased or decreased use.","PeriodicalId":93484,"journal":{"name":"Physiologia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41496137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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