Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme最新文献

Most older adults want to age in place, and evidence-based health behaviours that support aging in place include healthy diets and physical activity. Healthcare professionals need training in the science and practice of nutrition and physical activity to support their older adult clients to age in place. In this study we investigated knowledge gaps among healthcare professionals and the organizations that employ them regarding exercise and nutrition for older adults. We also aimed to identify their perceptions of effective and ineffective continuing education approaches, how they choose continuing education opportunities, and what formats they prefer when engaging in continuing education. Using key informant interviews and an interpretive description approach, we identified four themes: "Being pragmatic about professional development", "Matching format to need", "Negotiating the tension between the convenience of online and the effectiveness of in-person learning", and "Focusing on practice is critical". Participants also identified current gaps in professional development offerings and desires for additional continuing education opportunities on certain topics, such as nutrition and aging, and dealing with multimorbidity. Participants indicated that continuing education offerings should reflect common health conditions that providers encounter in practice and that there should be a balance between online and in-person offerings. Participants also indicated that continuing education should focus on changing or improving practice, to assist healthcare providers in supporting older adults aging in place in their communities.

Our previous study revealed a significant anti-atherosclerotic effect of Kgengwe seed powder (KSP) in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDL-r-KO) mice. The importance of various lipid and protein metabolites, including certain amino acids and fatty acids on atherogenesis has been well established. Thus, we used plasma and fecal samples from our previous study to further study the association of such metabolites with atherosclerotic lesion development. Male LDL-r-KO mice were provided with an atherogenic diet supplemented with (treated, n = 10) or without (controls, n = 10) 10% (w/w) KSP for 20 weeks. The treated group showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher plasma levels of many amino acids plus propionic acid, indoleacetic acid, pyruvic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, trimethylamine N-oxide, LYSOC16:0, LYSOC18:0, and LYSOC18:2, as compared with those of the control group. Similarly, several oxylipins, including 15-keto prostaglandin E₂, 9,10,13-trihydroxy-octadecenoic acid, 9,10-epoxy-octadecenoic acid, and 12,13-epoxy-octadecenoic acid increased by approximately 2.0 log₂ folds (P < 0.05) in the plasma of the treated group. Other oxylipins, including 15,16-epoxy-octadecadieonic acid, 13-hydroxy-octadecadienoic acid, and prostaglandin E₂ showed also an increased level, but to a lesser extent. Furthermore, our findings showed a significant positive correlation between plasma concentrations of prostaglandin E₂ and IL-10 in the treated mice. We also observed a significant negative association between atherosclerotic lesion size and plasma levels of citrulline, lysine, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and 15,16 epoxy-octadecadienoic acid. Additional in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to explore the mechanisms of such associations.

Originally developed as a specific form of exhaustive intermittent training involving 6-8 × 20 s of supramaximal-intensity cycling exercises with 10 s of recovery for athletes, Tabata training has become universally recognized around the world. The purpose of this review article is to provide a perspective on Tabata training and discuss how this popular style of intermittent training has evolved and been applied over the last ∼30 years. The article will review the original motivation behind Tabata training with relevance to concepts such as maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o₂max) and discuss how Tabata training has been adapted to involve sport-specific training and cross training. Studies of Tabata training on physiological responses and adaptations in muscle, blood vessels, bone, and brain across different populations will be reviewed. Finally, research on how Tabata-style training was applied to counteract inactivity during the COVID19 pandemic will be discussed. Evolving from the study of athletes, Tabata training represents an example of how high-intensity intermittent/interval training can be adapted and applied in various settings to enhance performance and health.

We evaluated enterocyte damage (IFABP), immune activation (sCD14), and inflammatory responses (TNF-α, IL-6, CRP) in 16 older adults (66-78 years) during 8 h rest in conditions simulating homes maintained at 22 °C (control), the 26 °C indoor temperature upper limit proposed by health agencies, and homes without air-conditioning during heatwaves (31 °C, 36 °C). Relative to 22 °C, IFABP was elevated ∼181 pg/mL after exposure to 31 °C (P = 0.07), and by ∼378 pg/mL (P < 0.001) after exposure to 36 °C. No differences were observed for sCD14, TNF-α, IL-6, or CRP (all P ≥ 0.26). Our data support recommendations to maintain indoor temperatures ≤ 26 °C to preserve gastrointestinal barrier integrity in heat-vulnerable persons.

Key concepts: Little is known about physical literacy in older adults. Master athletes are unaware of the construct of physical literacy but they intuitively engage in high levels of PA. Social connection should be considered an integral component of physical literacy for older adults.

Heat exposure's effect on glucose tolerance depends on the amount of body exposed, likely relating to autonomic nervous system balance. We assessed how partial-body heat exposure at two different levels of the lower extremities affects glucose tolerance and autonomic nervous system balance, measured via heart rate variability. We hypothesized feet-heating would improve glucose tolerance without affecting heart rate variability, while calf-heating would worsen glucose tolerance and decrease heart rate variability compared to a thermoneutral control condition. In a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, healthy participants' (N = 31, 23(3) years, 45% male) glucose tolerance was measured in (A) thermoneutral; (B) feet-heating; and (C) calf-heating conditions. Every 30 min for 2 h, blood glucose, heart rate, heart rate variability, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort scores, and blood pressure were measured. There were significant interactions between condition and time for blood glucose (F (4.6,72.6) = 2.6, p = 0.036), heart rate (F (3.4, 54.5) = 3.5, p = 0.017), heart rate variability (F (4.3,63.2) = 7.5, p < .0001), tympanic temperature (F (8, 268) = 2.4, p = 0.014), and thermal comfort scores (F (8, 248) = 22.1, p < 0.0001). Calf-heating increased 90 min glucose (+12 (95% confidence interval, CI: 3-21) mg/dL, p = 0.013) and decreased heart rate variability throughout (mean decrease: 13%-22%, p < 0.007), while feet-heating lowered 90 min glucose (-7 (95% CI: -16 to +1) mg/dL, p = 0.090) without affecting heart rate variability (p = 0.14-0.99). Blood pressure and body temperature were similar between conditions, but heart rate and thermal comfort scores increased with heating. Calf-heating worsens, while feet-heating may improve, glucose tolerance. Changes in heart rate variability coincided with changes in glucose tolerance despite unchanged body temperature. Whether heart rate variability can be used to monitor autonomic nervous system balance during heating to optimize its acute effect on glycemic indices should be further explored.

We used data from NHANES 1988-1994 to examine associations between animal and plant protein usual intakes and IGF-1 concentration with mortality from all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Adult data (N = 15 937) were linked with mortality data (N = 3843 events) through 2006. Usual intakes for protein were estimated using the multivariate Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Hazard ratio (HR) models were fit for mortality types (all-cause, cancer, and CVD) with protein intake measures (per 1 g increase) and IGF-1 concentration (N = 5753). There were no associations between animal protein (HR = 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98-1.01; P = 0.29) or plant protein (HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.95-1.10; P = 0.55) intake for all-cause mortality. Similar results were seen for CVD mortality and animal protein (HR = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.99-1.04; P = 0.14) and plant protein (HR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.91-1.13; P = 0.81). There was an (inverse) association between cancer mortality and animal protein (HR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91-1.00; P = 0.04) but no relationship with plant protein (HR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.93-1.24; P = 0.30). We found no association between concentrations of IGF-1 (N = 5753) for all-cause mortality (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; P = 0.81), CVD mortality (HR = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; P = 0.53) or cancer mortality (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00; P = 0.76). Our results remained unchanged when the sample was separated into younger (<65 years) and older (>65, or between 50 and 65 years) cohorts. Our data do not support the thesis that source-specific protein intake is associated with greater mortality risk; however, animal protein may be mildly protective for cancer mortality. Mortality risk was not associated with circulating IGF-1 in any age group.

Monocarboxylates, transported by monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), have been proposed to influence energy homeostasis and exhibit altered metabolism during exercise. This study investigated the association between the Asp490Glu (T1470A) (rs1049434) polymorphism of the SLC16A1 (MCT1) gene and changes in body composition in males and females with overweight or obesity. The 173 participants (56.6% females) completed a 6-month randomized controlled trial, being assigned to the Supervised Exercise group (strength, endurance, or strength plus endurance training) or the Physical Activity (PA) Recommendations group. Participants were genotypically categorized as Asp/Asp (TT), Asp/Glu (TA), or Glu/Glu (AA). ANCOVA analysis showed main effects for genotype and interaction genotype × group (p < 0.05) for several variables, especially in females. Asp/Asp (TT) females showed greater reductions in total fat mass (-29.30 ± 8.75% change), percentage of body fat (-17.50 ± 8.06% change), and body weight (-13.90 ± 2.62% change) compared with Glu/Glu (AA) (p ≤ 0.020; d ≥ 0.18) and Asp/Glu (TA) (p ≤ 0.050; d ≥ 0.16) females, but only within the PA Recommendations group. Data indicated higher decreases in lean body mass of the Asp/Asp (TT) compared to Glu/Glu (AA) in females (p = 0.067, η² _p = 0.067) and to Asp/Glu (TA) in males (p = 0.026; η² _p = 0.101). Our investigation suggests an association of the single-nucleotide polymorphism with body composition changes especially in females following exercise recommendations, highlighting the importance of supervised training to offset genetic predisposition for different weight loss. Differences in males only appeared for lean body mass, suggesting sex differences for this genetic association. The study underscores the potential influence of MCT1 functionality on human adaptations to weight loss interventions. ClinicalTrials.gov information: registry name, Nutrition and Physical Activity for Obesity (PRONAF); registration number, NCT01116856.

Older adults (OA) accumulate a greater amount of sedentary time (ST) compared to other subgroups of the population, which is associated with deleterious effects on multiple health outcomes and mortality. This study compared absolute sedentary behavior time (ASBT), which is generally used in studies, to relative SB time (RSBT), defined as the percentage of daily wake time, for their respective association with health conditions and multimorbidity. Two-thousand-four-hundred-sixty-one older adults (65-79 years) participated in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (2007-2017) and wore an accelerometer for ≥4 days, including a weekend day. Information regarding six health condition categories was extracted: cancer, cardiovascular, metabolic, musculoskeletal, psychological, and pulmonary. We combined these health conditions to create a multimorbidity variable. Participants were divided into ASBT quartiles and RSBT quartiles. Comparing the most sedentary (Q4) to the least sedentary (Q1) groups, we found no significant associations with any health conditions for ASBT. However, the same comparison for RSBT showed that RSBT-Q4 (the most sedentary; n = 660), compared to RSBT-Q1 (n = 660), was associated with a significant (p < 0.01) greater prevalence of cancer (160 > 110), cardiovascular (422 > 326), metabolic (276 > 194), and musculoskeletal (407 > 345), as well as multimorbidity (462 > 350). After adjusting for confounding factors (moderate to vigorous physical activity, housing, income, education level, relationship status, accelerometer wear season, and status of drinking and smoking), these associations persisted with the exception of musculoskeletal conditions. These results demonstrate that RSBT could be more appropriate to capture the association between a sedentary lifestyle and health profiles in older adults.