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Altered Neural Responses to Punishment Learning in Conduct Disorder. 行为障碍患者对惩罚学习的神经反应改变。
Pub Date : 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.01.003
Erik M Elster, Ruth Pauli, Graeme Fairchild, Maria McDonald, Sarah Baumann, Justina Sidlauskaite, Stephane De Brito, Christine M Freitag, Kerstin Konrad, Veit Roessner, Inti A Brazil, Patricia L Lockwood, Gregor Kohls

Objective: Conduct disorder (CD) is associated with deficits in the use of punishment for reinforcement learning (RL) and subsequent decision-making, contributing to reckless, antisocial, and aggressive behaviors. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine whether differences in behavioral learning rates derived from computational modeling, particularly for punishment, are reflected in aberrant neural responses in youths with CD compared to typically-developing controls (TDCs).

Methods: 75 youths with CD and 99 TDCs (9-18 years, 47% girls) performed a probabilistic RL task with punishment, reward, and neutral contingencies. Using fMRI data in conjunction with computational modeling indices (learning rate α), we investigated group differences for the three learning conditions in whole-brain and regions-of-interest (ROI) analyses, including the ventral striatum and insula.

Results: Whole-brain analysis revealed typical neural responses for RL in both groups. However, linear regression models for the ROI analyses revealed that only the response pattern of the (anterior) insula during punishment learning was different in CD compared to TDCs.

Conclusions: Youths with CD have atypical neural responses to learning from punishment (but not from reward), specifically in the insula. This suggests a selective dysfunction of RL mechanisms in CD thereby contributing to 'punishment insensitivity/hyposensitivity' as a hallmark of the disorder. As the (anterior) insula is involved in avoidance behaviors related to negative affect or arousal, insula dysfunction in CD may contribute to inappropriate behavioral decision-making, which increases the risk for reckless, antisocial, and aggressive behaviors in affected youth.

目的:行为障碍(CD)与强化学习(RL)和后续决策的惩罚使用缺陷有关,导致鲁莽、反社会和攻击行为。在这里,我们使用功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)来检查计算模型产生的行为学习率的差异,特别是对惩罚的差异,是否反映在患有CD的青少年与正常发育的对照组(TDCs)的异常神经反应中。方法:75名患有CD的青少年和99名患有tdc的青少年(9-18岁,其中47%为女孩)执行一项带有惩罚、奖励和中性偶然性的概率RL任务。利用fMRI数据结合计算建模指数(学习率α),研究了三种学习条件下全脑和兴趣区(ROI)分析的组间差异,包括腹侧纹状体和脑岛。结果:全脑分析显示两组RL的典型神经反应。然而,ROI分析的线性回归模型显示,与tdc相比,CD在惩罚学习过程中只有(前)脑岛的反应模式不同。结论:患有乳糜泻的青少年对从惩罚中学习(而不是从奖励中学习)有非典型的神经反应,特别是在脑岛。这表明CD中RL机制的选择性功能障碍,从而导致了作为该疾病标志的“惩罚不敏感/低敏感性”。由于(前)脑岛参与与消极情绪或觉醒相关的回避行为,乳糜泄患者的脑岛功能障碍可能导致不适当的行为决策,从而增加患青少年鲁莽、反社会和攻击行为的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Inter-network Effective Connectivity During An Emotional Working Memory Task in Two Independent Samples of Young Adults. 两个独立样本青年情绪工作记忆任务中的网络有效连通性。
Pub Date : 2025-01-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.01.006
Renata Rozovsky, Michele Bertocci, Vaibhav Diwadkar, Richelle S Stiffler, Genna Bebko, Alexander S Skeba, Haris Aslam, Mary L Phillips

Background: Effective connectivity (EC) analysis provides valuable insights into the directionality of neural interactions, which are crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying cognitive and emotional regulation in depressive and anxiety disorders. In this study, we examined EC within key neural networks during working memory (WM) and emotional regulation (ER) tasks in young adults, both healthy individuals and those seeking help from mental health professionals for emotional distress.

Methods: Dynamic causal modeling was used to analyze EC in 2 independent samples (n = 97 and n = 94). Participants performed an emotional n-back task to assess EC across the central executive network (CEN), default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and face processing network. Group-level parametric empirical Bayes analyses were conducted to examine EC patterns, with subanalyses comparing individuals with and without depression and anxiety.

Results: Consistent patterns of positive (posterior probability > .95) DMN→CEN and DMN→SN EC were observed in both samples, predominantly in low and high WM conditions without ER. However, individuals without depressive or anxiety disorders exhibited a significantly greater number of preserved connections that were replicated across both samples.

Conclusions: This study highlights the different patterns of DMN→CEN EC in conditions with high and low WM loads with and without ER, suggesting that in higher WM loads with ER, the integration of the DMN with the CEN is reduced to facilitate successful cognitive task performance. The findings also suggest that DMN→CEN and DMN→SN EC are significantly reduced in depressive and anxiety disorders, highlighting this pattern of reduced EC as a potential neural marker of these disorders.

背景:有效连接(EC)分析为神经相互作用的方向性提供了有价值的见解,对于理解抑郁和焦虑障碍的认知和情绪调节机制至关重要。本研究检测了年轻成年人在工作记忆(WM)和情绪调节(ER)任务中关键神经网络中的EC,这些年轻人既健康,也因情绪困扰寻求心理健康专家的帮助。方法:采用动态因果模型(DCM)对两个独立样本(n=97和n=94)的EC进行分析。参与者通过一项情绪n-back任务来评估EC在中央执行网络(CEN)、默认模式网络(DMN)、显著性网络(SN)和面部处理网络中的表现。群体水平参数经验贝叶斯(PEB)分析用于检查EC模式,并对有和没有抑郁和焦虑的个体进行了亚分析。结果:在两个样本中都观察到一致的阳性模式(后验概率> 0.95)DMN→CEN和DMN→SN - EC,主要是在无ER的低WM和高WM条件下。然而,没有抑郁或焦虑障碍的个体表现出明显更多的保存连接,这些连接在两个样本中都被复制。结论:本研究突出了在有ER和没有ER的高和低WM负荷条件下DMN→CEN EC的不同模式,表明在有ER的高WM负荷下,DMN与CEN的整合减少,有助于成功的认知任务表现。研究结果还表明,DMN→CEN和DMN→SN EC在抑郁症和焦虑症中显著减少,强调这种减少的EC模式是这些疾病的潜在神经标志物。
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引用次数: 0
Default mode network functional connectivity as a transdiagnostic biomarker of cognitive function. 默认模式网络功能连通性作为认知功能的跨诊断生物标志物。
Pub Date : 2025-01-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.016
Vaibhav Tripathi, Ishaan Batta, Andre Zamani, Daniel A Atad, Sneha K S Sheth, Jiahe Zhang, Tor D Wager, Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli, Lucina Q Uddin, Ruchika S Prakash, Clemens C C Bauer

The default mode network (DMN) is intricately linked with processes such as self-referential thinking, episodic memory recall, goal-directed cognition, self-projection, and theory of mind. Over recent years, there has been a surge in examining its functional connectivity, particularly its relationship with frontoparietal networks (FPN) involved in top-down attention, executive function, and cognitive control. The fluidity in switching between these internal and external modes of processing-highlighted by anti-correlated functional connectivity-has been proposed as an indicator of cognitive health. Due to the ease of estimation of functional connectivity-based measures through resting state fMRI paradigms, there is now a wealth of large-scale datasets, paving the way for standardized connectivity benchmarks. This review delves into the promising role of DMN connectivity metrics as potential biomarkers of cognitive state across attention, internal mentation, mind wandering and meditation states, and investigating deviations in trait-level measures across aging and in clinical conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, depression, ADHD, and others. Additionally, we tackle the issue of reliability of network estimation and functional connectivity and share recommendations for using functional connectivity measures as a biomarker of cognitive health.

默认模式网络(DMN)与自我参照思维、情景记忆回忆、目标导向认知、自我投射和心智理论等过程有着复杂的联系。近年来,对其功能连通性的研究激增,特别是其与涉及自上而下注意力、执行功能和认知控制的额顶叶网络(FPN)的关系。在这些内部和外部处理模式之间切换的流动性-由反相关功能连接突出-已被提出作为认知健康的指标。由于通过静息状态fMRI范式易于估计基于功能连接的测量,现在有大量的大规模数据集,为标准化连接基准铺平了道路。这篇综述深入探讨了DMN连接指标作为认知状态的潜在生物标志物的潜在作用,包括注意力、内部心理状态、走神和冥想状态,并调查了不同年龄和临床条件(如阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、抑郁症、多动症等)中特征水平测量的偏差。此外,我们解决了网络估计和功能连接的可靠性问题,并分享了使用功能连接测量作为认知健康生物标志物的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Multi-scale Analysis Reveals Hippocampal Subfield Vulnerabilities to Chronic Cortisol Overexposure: Evidence from Cushing's Disease. 多尺度分析揭示海马子野对慢性皮质醇过度暴露的脆弱性:来自库欣病的证据。
Pub Date : 2025-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.015
Guosong Shang, Tao Zhou, Xinyuan Yan, Kunyu He, Bin Liu, Zhebin Feng, Junpeng Xu, Xinguang Yu, Yanyang Zhang

Background: Chronic cortisol overexposure plays a significant role in the development of neuropathological changes associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The hippocampus, the primary target of cortisol, may exhibit characteristic regional responses due to its internal heterogeneity. This study explores structural and functional alterations of hippocampal subfields in Cushing's disease (CD), an endogenous model of chronic cortisol overexposure.

Methods: Utilizing structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 169 participants (86 CD patients and 83 healthy controls) recruited from a single center, we investigated specific structural changes in hippocampal subfields and explored the functional connectivity alterations driven by these structural abnormalities. We also analyzed potential associative mechanisms between these changes and biological attributes, neuropsychiatric representations, cognitive function, and gene expression profiles.

Results: Compared to healthy controls, CD patients exhibited significant bilateral volume reductions in multiple hippocampal subfields. Notably, volumetric decreases in the left hippocampal body and tail subfields were significantly correlated with cortisol levels, Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores, and quality of life measures. Disrupted connectivity between the structurally abnormal hippocampal subfields and ventromedial prefrontal cortex may impair reward-based decision making and emotional regulation, with this dysconnectivity linked to structural changes in right hippocampal subfields. Additionally, another region exhibiting dysconnectivity was located in the left pallidum and putamen. Gene expression patterns associated with synaptic components may underlie these macrostructural alterations.

Conclusions: Our findings elucidate the subfield-specific effects of chronic cortisol overexposure on the hippocampus, enhancing understanding of shared neuropathological traits linked to cortisol dysregulation in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

背景:慢性皮质醇过度暴露在与神经精神和神经退行性疾病相关的神经病理改变的发展中起着重要作用。海马是皮质醇的主要目标,由于其内部异质性,可能表现出特征性的区域反应。本研究探讨慢性皮质醇过度暴露的内源性模型库欣病(CD)海马亚区结构和功能改变。方法:利用来自单个中心的169名参与者(86名CD患者和83名健康对照)的结构和静息状态功能磁共振成像数据,研究了海马亚区特定的结构变化,并探讨了这些结构异常驱动的功能连接改变。我们还分析了这些变化与生物学特性、神经精神表征、认知功能和基因表达谱之间的潜在关联机制。结果:与健康对照相比,CD患者在多个海马亚区表现出明显的双侧体积减少。值得注意的是,左侧海马体和尾子野的体积减少与皮质醇水平、蒙特利尔认知评估得分和生活质量指标显著相关。结构异常的海马体亚区和腹内侧前额叶皮层之间的连接中断可能会损害基于奖励的决策和情绪调节,这种连接障碍与右侧海马体亚区结构变化有关。此外,另一个表现出连接障碍的区域位于左侧苍白球和壳核。与突触成分相关的基因表达模式可能是这些宏观结构改变的基础。结论:我们的研究结果阐明了慢性皮质醇过度暴露对海马的亚场特异性影响,增强了对神经精神和神经退行性疾病中与皮质醇失调相关的共同神经病理特征的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Individualized Spectral Features in First-episode and Drug-naïve Major Depressive Disorder: Insights from Periodic and Aperiodic EEG Analysis. 首发和Drug-naïve重度抑郁症的个体化频谱特征:来自周期性和非周期性脑电图分析的见解。
Pub Date : 2025-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.014
Jiaxin Li, Dongsheng Xiong, Chenyang Gao, Yuanyuan Huang, Zhaobo Li, Jing Zhou, Yuping Ning, Fengchun Wu, Kai Wu

Background: The detection of abnormal brain activity plays an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent studies have shown that the decomposition of the electroencephalography (EEG) spectrum into periodic and aperiodic components is useful for identifying the drivers of electrophysiologic abnormalities and avoiding individual differences.

Methods: This study aimed to elucidate the pathologic changes in individualized periodic and aperiodic activities and their relationships with the symptoms of MDD. EEG data in the eyes-closed resting state were continuously recorded from 97 first-episode and drug-naïve patients with MDD and 90 healthy control (HC) participants. Both periodic oscillations and aperiodic components were obtained via the "fitting oscillations and one-over f" (FOOOF) algorithm and then used to compute individualized spectral features.

Results: MDD patients presented higher canonical alpha and beta band power but lower aperiodic-adjusted alpha and beta power. Furthermore, we found that alpha power was strongly correlated with the age of patients but not with disease symptoms. The aperiodic intercept was lower in the parietal‒occipital region and was positively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score after accounting for age and sex. In the asymmetry analysis, alpha activity appeared asymmetrical only in the HC group, whereas aperiodic activity was symmetrical in both groups.

Conclusions: The findings of this study provide insights into the role of abnormal neural spiking activity and impaired neuroplasticity in MDD progression and suggest that the aperiodic intercept in resting-state EEG may be a potential biomarker of MDD.

背景:异常脑活动的检测对重度抑郁症(MDD)的早期诊断和治疗具有重要意义。最近的研究表明,将脑电图(EEG)频谱分解为周期和非周期成分有助于识别电生理异常的驱动因素并避免个体差异。方法:本研究旨在阐明个体化周期性和非周期性活动的病理变化及其与重度抑郁症症状的关系。连续记录97例首发和drug-naïve MDD患者以及90例健康对照(HC)参与者闭眼静息状态下的脑电图数据。通过“拟合振荡和1 / f”(FOOOF)算法获得周期振荡和非周期分量,然后计算个性化的频谱特征。结果:重度抑郁症患者的典型α和β波段功率较高,而非周期性调节α和β波段功率较低。此外,我们发现alpha功率与患者的年龄密切相关,但与疾病症状无关。顶枕区非周期截距较低,且在考虑年龄和性别后与汉密尔顿抑郁评定量表(HAMD)得分呈正相关。在不对称分析中,α活性仅在HC组呈现不对称,而非周期活性在两组均呈现对称。结论:本研究的发现提供了异常神经尖峰活动和神经可塑性受损在MDD进展中的作用,并提示静息状态脑电图的非周期性截获可能是MDD的潜在生物标志物。
{"title":"Individualized Spectral Features in First-episode and Drug-naïve Major Depressive Disorder: Insights from Periodic and Aperiodic EEG Analysis.","authors":"Jiaxin Li, Dongsheng Xiong, Chenyang Gao, Yuanyuan Huang, Zhaobo Li, Jing Zhou, Yuping Ning, Fengchun Wu, Kai Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The detection of abnormal brain activity plays an important role in the early diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent studies have shown that the decomposition of the electroencephalography (EEG) spectrum into periodic and aperiodic components is useful for identifying the drivers of electrophysiologic abnormalities and avoiding individual differences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study aimed to elucidate the pathologic changes in individualized periodic and aperiodic activities and their relationships with the symptoms of MDD. EEG data in the eyes-closed resting state were continuously recorded from 97 first-episode and drug-naïve patients with MDD and 90 healthy control (HC) participants. Both periodic oscillations and aperiodic components were obtained via the \"fitting oscillations and one-over f\" (FOOOF) algorithm and then used to compute individualized spectral features.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MDD patients presented higher canonical alpha and beta band power but lower aperiodic-adjusted alpha and beta power. Furthermore, we found that alpha power was strongly correlated with the age of patients but not with disease symptoms. The aperiodic intercept was lower in the parietal‒occipital region and was positively correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score after accounting for age and sex. In the asymmetry analysis, alpha activity appeared asymmetrical only in the HC group, whereas aperiodic activity was symmetrical in both groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings of this study provide insights into the role of abnormal neural spiking activity and impaired neuroplasticity in MDD progression and suggest that the aperiodic intercept in resting-state EEG may be a potential biomarker of MDD.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142960150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Racial Discrimination-related Interoceptive Network Disruptions: A Pathway to Disconnection. 种族歧视相关的内感受网络中断:通往断开的途径。
Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.011
Aziz Elbasheir, Rachel Bond, Nathaniel G Harnett, Alfonsina Guelfo, Maya C Karkare, Travis M Fulton, Timothy D Ely, Timothy J McDermott, Ruth A Lanius, Vishwadeep Ahluwalia, Bekh Bradley, Greg J Siegle, Negar Fani

Background: Racial discrimination (RD) disrupts regulatory systems in minoritized individuals, particularly those that govern attention, including attention to visceral signals (interoception). RD frequency is linked to physiological "shut down" responses, characterized clinically by dissociation. We examined associations between RD frequency and functional connectivity of attention and interoceptive networks in sample of trauma-exposed Black women, investigating how connectivity alterations associate with dissociation severity.

Methods: Seventy-two Black women completed MRI scanning and dissociation measures as part of two trauma studies. RD was examined in relation to seed-to-voxel (seeds: bilateral amygdala and insula) functional connectivity in attentional control and interoceptive brain networks during performance of an affective Stroop task; we examined connectivity during viewing of threat-relevant vs neutral distractor images. Connectivity values were extracted from significant clusters and examined in association with dissociative symptoms. We also examined connectivity in association with PTSD symptoms for comparison analyses.

Results: During attention to threat-relevant affective Stroop trials, greater RD frequency was associated with lesser insula connectivity to several medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) clusters (FDR-corrected ps <.05). Insula-mPFC connectivity significantly and negatively associated with derealization symptoms (r = -.31, p = .009), but not PTSD (r = -.16, p = .182).

Discussion: RD frequency linked to lesser functional connectivity between the insula and mPFC, two interoceptive network nodes, during attention to threat, and diminished connectivity was linked to more severe dissociation. RD may interrupt interoceptive network functioning, and these network alterations may, in turn, influence mind-body disconnection, or physiological "shut down" response in Black individuals.

背景:种族歧视(RD)扰乱了少数民族个体的调节系统,特别是那些控制注意力的系统,包括对内脏信号的注意(内感受)。RD频率与生理“关闭”反应有关,其临床特征是分离。我们在创伤暴露的黑人女性样本中研究了RD频率与注意和内感受网络功能连通性之间的关系,研究了连通性改变与分离严重程度的关系。方法:72名黑人女性完成了MRI扫描和分离测量,作为两项创伤研究的一部分。在执行情感Stroop任务时,RD与种子到体素(种子:双侧杏仁核和脑岛)在注意控制和内感受性脑网络中的功能连通性有关;我们检查了在观看威胁相关和中性干扰图像时的连通性。从显著集群中提取连通性值,并检查其与分离症状的关联。我们还检查了与创伤后应激障碍症状相关的连通性,以进行比较分析。结果:在关注威胁相关的情感Stroop试验中,更高的RD频率与几个内侧前额叶皮层(mPFC)簇的较弱的脑岛连通性有关(fsr校正的ps)讨论:RD频率与注意威胁期间脑岛和两个内感受网络节点mPFC之间的较弱的功能连通性有关,连接减弱与更严重的分离有关。RD可能会中断内感受网络的功能,而这些网络的改变可能反过来影响黑人个体的身心脱节或生理“关闭”反应。
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引用次数: 0
Deconstructing delay discounting in human cocaine addiction using computational modelling and neuroimaging. 用计算模型和神经成像解构人类可卡因成瘾的延迟折扣。
Pub Date : 2024-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.010
Michal M Graczyk, Rudolf N Cardinal, Tsen Vei Lim, Salvatore Nigro, Elijah Mak, Karen D Ersche

Background: A preference for sooner-smaller over later-larger rewards, known as delay discounting, is a candidate transdiagnostic marker of waiting impulsivity and a research domain criterion. While abnormal discounting rates have been associated with many psychiatric diagnoses and abnormal brain structure, the underlying neuropsychological processes remain largely unknown. Here, we deconstruct delay discounting into choice and rate processes by testing different computational models and investigate their associations with white matter tracts.

Methods: Patients with cocaine use disorder (CUD, n=107) and healthy participants (n=81) completed the Monetary Choice Questionnaire. We computed their discounting rate using the well-known Kirby method, plus logistic regression, single-subject and full hierarchical Bayesian models. In Bayesian models, we additionally included a choice sharpness parameter. Seventy CUD patients and 69 healthy participants also underwent diffusion tensor imaging tractography to quantify streamlines connecting the executive control and valuation brain networks.

Results: CUD patients showed significantly higher discounting rates, and lower choice sharpness, suggesting greater indifference in their choices. Importantly, the full Bayesian model had the greatest reliability for parameter recovery compared with Kirby and logistic regression methods. Using Bayesian estimates, we found that white matter streamlines connecting executive control network with the nucleus accumbens predicted discounting rate in healthy participants, but not in CUD patients.

Conclusions: We demonstrate that measuring delay discounting and choice sharpness directly with a novel computational model explains impulsive choices in CUD patients better than standard hyperbolic discounting. Our findings highlight a distinct neuropsychological phenotype of impulsive discounting, which may be generalizable to other patient groups.

背景:偏好早小奖励而非晚大奖励,被称为延迟折扣,是等待冲动的候选跨诊断标记,也是一个研究领域标准。虽然异常的折现率与许多精神病诊断和异常的大脑结构有关,但潜在的神经心理学过程在很大程度上仍然未知。在这里,我们通过测试不同的计算模型将延迟贴现分解为选择和速率过程,并研究它们与白质束的关系。方法:可卡因使用障碍患者(CUD, n=107)和健康者(n=81)分别填写金钱选择问卷。我们使用著名的Kirby方法,再加上逻辑回归、单受试者和全层次贝叶斯模型来计算它们的贴现率。在贝叶斯模型中,我们附加了一个选择锐度参数。70名CUD患者和69名健康参与者也接受了弥散张量成像神经束造影,以量化连接执行控制和评估脑网络的流线。结果:CUD患者的折扣率显著高于其他患者,而选择敏锐度明显低于其他患者,表明他们在选择时表现出更大的冷漠。重要的是,与Kirby和logistic回归方法相比,全贝叶斯模型在参数恢复方面具有最大的可靠性。使用贝叶斯估计,我们发现连接执行控制网络和伏隔核的白质流线预测了健康参与者的折现率,但在CUD患者中却没有。结论:我们证明了用一个新的计算模型直接测量延迟折现和选择锐度比标准双曲折现更好地解释了CUD患者的冲动选择。我们的研究结果强调了冲动性折扣的一种独特的神经心理学表型,这可能适用于其他患者群体。
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引用次数: 0
Amygdala-centered emotional processing in Prolonged Grief Disorder: Relationship with clinical symptomatology. 延长悲伤障碍的杏仁核中心情绪加工:与临床症状的关系。
Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.008
Gyujoon Hwang, Nutta-On P Blair, B Douglas Ward, Timothy L McAuliffe, Stacy A Claesges, Abigail R Webber, Keri R Hainsworth, Yang Wang, Charles F Reynolds, Elliot A Stein, Joseph S Goveas

Background: Prolonged Grief Disorder is a multidimensional condition with adverse health consequences. We hypothesized that enhanced negative emotional bias characterizes this disorder and underlies its key clinical symptoms.

Methods: In a cross-sectional design, chronically grieving older adults (61.5±8.9 years old) experiencing probable Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD; n=33) were compared with demographic- and time since loss-equated integrated (adaptive) grief participants (n=38). To probe generalized negative affective reactivity, participants performed an emotional face-matching task during fMRI scanning, and demographic and clinical assessments. Contrast maps (fearful + angry faces (-) shapes) were generated to determine group differences in brain activity within hypothesized affective and regulatory processing regions (amygdala, anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and in exploratory whole-brain regression analyses.

Results: The PGD group showed higher right amygdala activation to negative emotional stimuli, compared to the integrated grief group (pcorr<0.05), which positively correlated with intrusive thoughts. Generalized psychophysiological interaction analysis revealed lower task-dependent functional connectivity between the right amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus in PGD (pcorr<0.05), which negatively correlated with avoidance of loss reminders. Resting-state functional connectivity between the identified right amygdala and thalamus was higher in PGD (pcorr<0.05), which negatively correlated with loneliness.

Conclusions: Dysregulated amygdala-centric neural activity and functional connectivity during processing of negative affective stimuli and at rest appear to differentiate prolonged from integrated grief in older adults. Future investigations using interventions to target amygdala-centric neural circuit abnormalities may provide new insights into the role of enhanced negative bias and related mechanisms underlying PGD and support treatment efficacy.

背景:长期悲伤障碍是一种具有不良健康后果的多维状况。我们假设,增强的负面情绪偏见是这种疾病的特征,也是其关键临床症状的基础。方法:在横断面设计中,慢性悲伤的老年人(61.5±8.9岁)经历可能的延长悲伤障碍(PGD;N =33)与人口统计学和自损失相等的综合(适应性)悲伤参与者(N =38)以来的时间进行比较。为了探究广义的消极情感反应,参与者在fMRI扫描、人口统计和临床评估期间进行了情绪面部匹配任务。生成对比图(恐惧+愤怒脸(-)形状),以确定在假设的情感和调节加工区域(杏仁核、岛叶前部、前扣带背侧、背外侧前额叶皮质)和探索性全脑回归分析中,大脑活动的组间差异。结果:与综合悲伤组相比,PGD组表现出更高的右侧杏仁核对负性情绪刺激的激活。结论:在处理负性情感刺激和休息时,杏仁核中心神经活动和功能连接的失调似乎是老年人长期悲伤和综合悲伤的区别。未来针对杏仁核中心神经回路异常的干预研究可能会为PGD的负偏倚增强及其相关机制提供新的见解,并支持治疗效果。
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引用次数: 0
Delusional Unreality and Predictive Processing. 妄想性非现实性和预测性处理。
Pub Date : 2024-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.006
Santiago Castiello, Rosa Rossi-Goldthorpe, Siyan Fan, Joshua Kenney, James A Waltz, Molly Erickson, Sonia Bansal, James M Gold, Philip R Corlett

Background: Phenomenological psychopathologists have recently highlighted how people with delusions experience multiple realities (delusional and non-delusional) and have suggested this double bookkeeping cannot be explained via predictive processing. Here, we present data from Kamin blocking and extinction learning that show how predictive processing might, in principle, explain a pervasive sense of dual reality.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved three participant groups: patients with schizophrenia (SZ; n=42), healthy participants with elevated esoteric beliefs (EEB; clairaudient psychics; n=31), and heathy controls (with neither illness nor significant delusional ideation, n=62). We examined belief formation using a Kamin blocking causal learning task with extinction, and delusions with the 40-item Peters Delusion Inventory, specifically the unreality item: "Do things around you ever feel unreal, as though it was all part of an experiment?" as a proxy for unreality experiences and beliefs. A clinician also assessed symptoms with a structured clinical interview.

Results: Some people with schizophrenia did not report a sense of unreality, and some people with EEB (but no psychotic illness) reported unreality experiences. No HC endorsed them (despite endorsing other delusion-like beliefs). Unreality experiences in clinical delusions and non-clinical delusion-like beliefs were associated with different types of aberrant prediction error processing.

Conclusions: These data suggest how predictive processing might explain the sense of unreality. They indicate that different prediction error dysfunctions are associated with delusions with different contents. In this case we have used predictive processing to address a salient issue raised by phenomenological colleagues, namely the impact of psychosis on experiences of and beliefs about reality.

背景:现象学精神病理学家最近强调了妄想患者如何经历多重现实(妄想和非妄想),并提出这种双重记账不能通过预测处理来解释。在这里,我们展示了来自卡明阻断和灭绝学习的数据,这些数据显示了预测处理在原则上如何解释普遍存在的双重现实感。方法:本横断面研究分为三个参与者组:精神分裂症患者(SZ;n=42),具有高深奥信仰的健康参与者(EEB;顺风耳心理学;N =31)和健康对照(无疾病或明显妄想,N =62)。我们用卡明阻断因果学习任务来检验信念的形成,用彼得斯错觉清单来检验错觉,其中有40个项目,特别是不真实的项目:“你周围的事情是否感觉不真实,就好像这是一个实验的一部分?”作为不真实经历和信念的代表。临床医生还通过结构化的临床访谈评估症状。结果:一些精神分裂症患者没有报告不真实的感觉,一些EEB患者(但没有精神病)报告了不真实的经历。没有高等法院支持他们(尽管支持其他类似妄想的信仰)。临床妄想和非临床妄想样信念中的不真实经历与不同类型的异常预测错误处理相关。结论:这些数据提示了预测处理如何解释不真实感。结果表明,不同的预测误差功能障碍与不同内容的妄想相关联。在这种情况下,我们使用预测处理来解决现象学同事提出的一个突出问题,即精神病对现实经验和信念的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing Equanimity with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: A Novel Framework for Mindfulness Interventions. 非侵入性脑刺激增强平静:正念干预的新框架。
Pub Date : 2024-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.005
Brian Lord, John Jb Allen, Shinzen Young, Jay Sanguinetti

Mindfulness has gained widespread recognition for its benefits to mental health, cognitive performance, and wellbeing. However, the multifaceted nature of mindfulness, encompassing elements like attentional focus, emotional regulation, and present-moment awareness, complicates its definition and measurement. A key component that may underlie its broad benefits is equanimity - the ability to maintain an open and non-reactive attitude toward all sensory experiences. Empirical research suggests that mindfulness works through a combination of top-down attentional control and bottom-up sensory and emotional processes, and that equanimity's role in regulating those bottom-up processes drives the psychological and physiological benefits, making it a promising target for both theoretical and practical exploration. Given these findings, the development of interventions that specifically augment equanimity could improve the impact of mindfulness practices. Research into non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) suggests that it is a potential tool for altering neural circuits involved in mindfulness. However, most NIBS studies to date have focused on improving cognitive control systems, leaving equanimity relatively unexplored. Preliminary findings from focused ultrasound interventions targeting the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) suggest that NIBS can directly facilitate equanimity by inhibiting self-referential processing in the default mode network (DMN) to promote a more present-centered state of awareness. Future research should prioritize the integration of NIBS with well-defined mindfulness training protocols, focusing on equanimity as a core target. This approach could provide a novel framework for advancing both contemplative neuroscience and clinical applications, offering new insights into the mechanisms of mindfulness and refining NIBS methodologies to support individualized, precision wellness interventions.

正念因其对心理健康、认知表现和幸福的益处而获得了广泛的认可。然而,正念的多面性,包括注意力集中、情绪调节和当下意识等元素,使其定义和测量变得复杂。其广泛益处的一个关键组成部分可能是平静——对所有感官体验保持开放和无反应态度的能力。实证研究表明,正念通过自上而下的注意力控制和自下而上的感觉和情绪过程的结合而起作用,而平静在调节这些自下而上的过程中的作用驱动了心理和生理上的益处,使其成为理论和实践探索的一个有希望的目标。鉴于这些发现,专门增强平静的干预措施的发展可以改善正念练习的影响。对非侵入性脑刺激(NIBS)的研究表明,它是一种潜在的工具,可以改变与正念有关的神经回路。然而,迄今为止,大多数NIBS研究都集中在改善认知控制系统上,而对平静的探索相对较少。针对后扣带皮层(PCC)的聚焦超声干预的初步结果表明,NIBS可以通过抑制默认模式网络(DMN)中的自我参照加工,直接促进平静,从而促进更以现在为中心的意识状态。未来的研究应优先考虑将NIBS与明确的正念训练协议相结合,并将平静作为核心目标。这种方法可以为推进冥想神经科学和临床应用提供一个新的框架,为正念机制和完善NIBS方法提供新的见解,以支持个性化、精确的健康干预。
{"title":"Enhancing Equanimity with Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation: A Novel Framework for Mindfulness Interventions.","authors":"Brian Lord, John Jb Allen, Shinzen Young, Jay Sanguinetti","doi":"10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mindfulness has gained widespread recognition for its benefits to mental health, cognitive performance, and wellbeing. However, the multifaceted nature of mindfulness, encompassing elements like attentional focus, emotional regulation, and present-moment awareness, complicates its definition and measurement. A key component that may underlie its broad benefits is equanimity - the ability to maintain an open and non-reactive attitude toward all sensory experiences. Empirical research suggests that mindfulness works through a combination of top-down attentional control and bottom-up sensory and emotional processes, and that equanimity's role in regulating those bottom-up processes drives the psychological and physiological benefits, making it a promising target for both theoretical and practical exploration. Given these findings, the development of interventions that specifically augment equanimity could improve the impact of mindfulness practices. Research into non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) suggests that it is a potential tool for altering neural circuits involved in mindfulness. However, most NIBS studies to date have focused on improving cognitive control systems, leaving equanimity relatively unexplored. Preliminary findings from focused ultrasound interventions targeting the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) suggest that NIBS can directly facilitate equanimity by inhibiting self-referential processing in the default mode network (DMN) to promote a more present-centered state of awareness. Future research should prioritize the integration of NIBS with well-defined mindfulness training protocols, focusing on equanimity as a core target. This approach could provide a novel framework for advancing both contemplative neuroscience and clinical applications, offering new insights into the mechanisms of mindfulness and refining NIBS methodologies to support individualized, precision wellness interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":93900,"journal":{"name":"Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging
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