A simplified model of the long-wave-reflecting region of the ionosphere, first considered in a previous paper, is used to calculate the theoretical variation of sky wave reflection coefficient with angle of incidence and with the angle of dip of the earth's magnetic field. The resulting curves are found to be in good agreement with experiment. They lead to the conclusion that theoretical results based on the assumption of a vertical magnetic field will not lead to errors in vertical incidence sky wave reflection coefficient greater than about 10%, even though the field is inclined at an angle of as much as 23° to the vertical.
{"title":"IONOSPHERIC REFLECTION OF VERY LONG RADIO WAVES","authors":"J. P. Stanley","doi":"10.1139/CJR50A-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50A-046","url":null,"abstract":"A simplified model of the long-wave-reflecting region of the ionosphere, first considered in a previous paper, is used to calculate the theoretical variation of sky wave reflection coefficient with angle of incidence and with the angle of dip of the earth's magnetic field. The resulting curves are found to be in good agreement with experiment. They lead to the conclusion that theoretical results based on the assumption of a vertical magnetic field will not lead to errors in vertical incidence sky wave reflection coefficient greater than about 10%, even though the field is inclined at an angle of as much as 23° to the vertical.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"5 1","pages":"549-557"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74362877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A number of 3-oxo-2-phenyl-4,4-disubstituted-5-pyrazolones and 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-monosubstituted-5-pyrazolones have been prepared by reacting ethyl di- and monosubstituted malonates with phenylhydrazine in the presence of sodium ethylate. The evidence of an oxo group in position 3 in the disubstituted pyrazolones has been obtained by hydrolyzing 4,4-dibenzyl-3-imino-2-phenyl-5-pyrazolone and identifying the product of the reaction with 4,4-dibenzyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-5-pyrazolone prepared from dibenzylmalonic ester and phenylhydrazine. A study of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the pyrazolones has been made and their ionization constants have been determined by potentiometric titrations.
{"title":"SYNTHESIS, POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS, AND ULTRAVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF 3-OXO-2-PHENYL-4, 4-DISUBSTITUTED-5-PYRAZOLONES AND 3-HYDROXY-2-PHENYL-4-MONOSUBSTITUTED-5-PYRAZOLONES","authors":"P. Gagnon, J. Boivin, P. Boivin","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-087","url":null,"abstract":"A number of 3-oxo-2-phenyl-4,4-disubstituted-5-pyrazolones and 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-4-monosubstituted-5-pyrazolones have been prepared by reacting ethyl di- and monosubstituted malonates with phenylhydrazine in the presence of sodium ethylate. The evidence of an oxo group in position 3 in the disubstituted pyrazolones has been obtained by hydrolyzing 4,4-dibenzyl-3-imino-2-phenyl-5-pyrazolone and identifying the product of the reaction with 4,4-dibenzyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-5-pyrazolone prepared from dibenzylmalonic ester and phenylhydrazine. A study of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of the pyrazolones has been made and their ionization constants have been determined by potentiometric titrations.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"23 1","pages":"720-730"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76001691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"ETUDES SUR LES RAYONS COSMIQUES A L'AIDE D'EMULSIONS PHOTOGRAPHIQUES SPECIALES","authors":"P. Demers","doi":"10.1139/CJR50A-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50A-052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"155 1","pages":"628-655"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79803201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the more interesting features of cosmic ray stars is that nuclei are ejected occasionally in the nuclear disintegrations. Such nuclei are characterized by the fact that, at the end of their range, they suffer radioactive decay (τ = 0.9 sec.) into , which immediately splits up into two oppositely directed α-particles, giving what is usually referred to as a hammer track. In this investigation numerous examples have been observed of the emission of such nuclei in stars in photographic emulsions, the stars having from 2 to 60 prongs. In particular, it has been shown that the energy spectrum of the α-particles forming the hammer tracks is in good agreement with that observed by other workers, and also with experiments made, using the cloud chamber technique, indicating that the in this disintegration is formed in the excited state. When an electron sensitive emulsion is used it is shown that the hammer track is accompanied by the disintegration electron. The energy spectrum of the nuclei is plotted, an...
{"title":"EMISSION OF NUCLEI IN COSMIC RAY STARS","authors":"E. Pickup, L. Voyvodic","doi":"10.1139/CJR50A-051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50A-051","url":null,"abstract":"One of the more interesting features of cosmic ray stars is that nuclei are ejected occasionally in the nuclear disintegrations. Such nuclei are characterized by the fact that, at the end of their range, they suffer radioactive decay (τ = 0.9 sec.) into , which immediately splits up into two oppositely directed α-particles, giving what is usually referred to as a hammer track. In this investigation numerous examples have been observed of the emission of such nuclei in stars in photographic emulsions, the stars having from 2 to 60 prongs. In particular, it has been shown that the energy spectrum of the α-particles forming the hammer tracks is in good agreement with that observed by other workers, and also with experiments made, using the cloud chamber technique, indicating that the in this disintegration is formed in the excited state. When an electron sensitive emulsion is used it is shown that the hammer track is accompanied by the disintegration electron. The energy spectrum of the nuclei is plotted, an...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"22 1","pages":"616-627"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90736244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maximum yields, of about 40%, of RDX were obtained with nitric acid of all concentrations down to 88%, providing the molar ratio of nitric acid to hexamine was sufficiently high. The rate of nitrolysis increased rapidly as the molar ratio of nitric acid to hexamine was increased and continued to do so after the molar ratio was raised above that required for maximum yields. The initial rate was shown to have an upper limit, however, at very high molar ratios. An intermediate in the nitrolysis reaction was isolated and identified as 3,5-dinitrocyclotrimethylenetriamine-1-nitrate (I). (I) was formed rapidly in sufficient quantities of 85 to 91% nitric acid at 0 °C., but had a high rate of decomposition which was independent of both acid concentration and ratio of nitric acid to (I) with 80 to 90% nitric acid. Under nitrolysis conditions some of the hexamine was converted to products not capable of giving RDX, owing apparently to hydrolysis of precursors to (I). The activation energy for the conversion of (I)...
{"title":"STUDIES ON RDX AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: I. THE DIRECT NITROLYSIS OF HEXAMINE TO RDX","authors":"A. Vroom, C. A. Winkler","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-085","url":null,"abstract":"Maximum yields, of about 40%, of RDX were obtained with nitric acid of all concentrations down to 88%, providing the molar ratio of nitric acid to hexamine was sufficiently high. The rate of nitrolysis increased rapidly as the molar ratio of nitric acid to hexamine was increased and continued to do so after the molar ratio was raised above that required for maximum yields. The initial rate was shown to have an upper limit, however, at very high molar ratios. An intermediate in the nitrolysis reaction was isolated and identified as 3,5-dinitrocyclotrimethylenetriamine-1-nitrate (I). (I) was formed rapidly in sufficient quantities of 85 to 91% nitric acid at 0 °C., but had a high rate of decomposition which was independent of both acid concentration and ratio of nitric acid to (I) with 80 to 90% nitric acid. Under nitrolysis conditions some of the hexamine was converted to products not capable of giving RDX, owing apparently to hydrolysis of precursors to (I). The activation energy for the conversion of (I)...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"47 1","pages":"701-714"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88672368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antioxidant Properties of an Ethylene Dichloride Extract of Cottonseed Meal","authors":"H. Lips","doi":"10.1139/CJR50F-040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50F-040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"34 1","pages":"451-452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88175723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The published methods for the determination of the degree of substitution of carboxymethylcellulose were found to be unsatisfactory for samples of high degree of substitution. Two methods were developed: one comprises the removal of the impurities from crude sodium carboxymethylcellulose by dialysis or washing with ethanol and determination of the sodium content; the other is based on the precipitation of cupric carboxymethylcellulose under controlled conditions, purification, and determination of the copper content.
{"title":"THE DETERMINATION OF THE DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION OF CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE OVER THE ENTIRE SUBSTITUTION RANGE","authors":"R. R. McLaughlin, J. Herbst","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-089","url":null,"abstract":"The published methods for the determination of the degree of substitution of carboxymethylcellulose were found to be unsatisfactory for samples of high degree of substitution. Two methods were developed: one comprises the removal of the impurities from crude sodium carboxymethylcellulose by dialysis or washing with ethanol and determination of the sodium content; the other is based on the precipitation of cupric carboxymethylcellulose under controlled conditions, purification, and determination of the copper content.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"36 1","pages":"737-744"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81140455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The preparation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose from cellulose, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloroacetate in the presence of water was investigated. The effects of temperature, excess of sodium h...
研究了纤维素、氢氧化钠和氯乙酸钠在水存在下制备羧甲基纤维素钠的工艺。温度的影响，过量的钠…
{"title":"THE PREPARATION OF SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE","authors":"R. R. McLaughlin, J. Herbst","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-088","url":null,"abstract":"The preparation of sodium carboxymethylcellulose from cellulose, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloroacetate in the presence of water was investigated. The effects of temperature, excess of sodium h...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"37 1","pages":"731-736"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89082753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Certain pentoses and hexoses were determined by measuring spectrophotometrically the yields of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural obtained on steam distilling with syrupy phosphoric acid. The yields, based on the theoretical recovery, were increased by increasing the temperature and the rate of steam distillation, and by decreasing the amount of sugar. At a steam rate producing 10 ml. per min. of distillate, at 195 °C. externally applied temperature, and with 2 mgm. sugar, the yields of aldehyde were from xylose 91.0%, ribose 74.9%, arabinose 60.6%, rhamnose 55.9%, galactose 20.0%, and glucose 15.5%. As little as 0.1 mgm. of each could be determined in this way, the mean deviation being usually less than ± 3% and the time required less than 10 min. Mixtures of sugars have been separated on a paper strip chromatogram and the individuals determined, without separate extraction, by steam distilling into phosphoric acid.
{"title":"A MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SUGARS","authors":"J. E. Stone, M. Blundell","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-082","url":null,"abstract":"Certain pentoses and hexoses were determined by measuring spectrophotometrically the yields of furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural obtained on steam distilling with syrupy phosphoric acid. The yields, based on the theoretical recovery, were increased by increasing the temperature and the rate of steam distillation, and by decreasing the amount of sugar. At a steam rate producing 10 ml. per min. of distillate, at 195 °C. externally applied temperature, and with 2 mgm. sugar, the yields of aldehyde were from xylose 91.0%, ribose 74.9%, arabinose 60.6%, rhamnose 55.9%, galactose 20.0%, and glucose 15.5%. As little as 0.1 mgm. of each could be determined in this way, the mean deviation being usually less than ± 3% and the time required less than 10 min. Mixtures of sugars have been separated on a paper strip chromatogram and the individuals determined, without separate extraction, by steam distilling into phosphoric acid.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"28 1","pages":"676-682"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78767503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heat conductivity of natural rubber and GR–S was studied in the range from + 50 °C. to − 170 °C. and from 0 to 100% stretch. The apparatus used was a greatly modified version of one designed by Schallamach. The conductivity of both types of rubber at 0% stretch lies in the range between 3.5 × 10−4 and 4.0 × 10−4 cal./sec. cm. deg. C. Stretching increases the rate of change of conductivity with temperature of both natural rubber and GR–S, and decreases the conductivity of the latter. On lowering the temperature and raising it again natural rubber exhibits a complicated hysteresis phenomenon, while GR–S shows a hysteresis loop caused by a second order transition near the brittle point. The hysteresis phenomena of both types of rubber near the second order transition temperature shows considerable similarity to the changes in specific heat observed by Bekkedahl and coworkers. Above and below the transition region the heat conductivity decreases approximately linearly with temperature as might be expected fro...
{"title":"The Thermal Conductivity of Elastomers Under Stretch and at Low Temperatures","authors":"T. Dauphinee, D. Ivey, H. Smith","doi":"10.1139/CJR50A-050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50A-050","url":null,"abstract":"Heat conductivity of natural rubber and GR–S was studied in the range from + 50 °C. to − 170 °C. and from 0 to 100% stretch. The apparatus used was a greatly modified version of one designed by Schallamach. The conductivity of both types of rubber at 0% stretch lies in the range between 3.5 × 10−4 and 4.0 × 10−4 cal./sec. cm. deg. C. Stretching increases the rate of change of conductivity with temperature of both natural rubber and GR–S, and decreases the conductivity of the latter. On lowering the temperature and raising it again natural rubber exhibits a complicated hysteresis phenomenon, while GR–S shows a hysteresis loop caused by a second order transition near the brittle point. The hysteresis phenomena of both types of rubber near the second order transition temperature shows considerable similarity to the changes in specific heat observed by Bekkedahl and coworkers. Above and below the transition region the heat conductivity decreases approximately linearly with temperature as might be expected fro...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"1 1","pages":"596-615"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82969949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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