Rate curves have been determined for the reaction of ammonium nitrate with formaldehyde in glacial acetic acid solution at 25 °C., 35 °C., 45 °C., and 55 °C. over a range of Initial mole ratios (formaldehyde: ammonia) of 0.75:1 to 9.0:1. Data obtained at 25 °C. show a definite induction period in the formation of hexamine. The length of the induction period is not changed by increasing ammonium nitrate concentrations above the theoretical (1.5:1), but may be appreciably shortened by initial additions of excess formaldehyde or of sodium acetate. From 35 °C. upward, the induction period is not apparent. The order of the reaction with respect to formaldehyde has been determined from initial rate data, and an activation energy calculated. The reactions in general appear analogous to those found in slightly acid aqueous systems.
{"title":"Studies on the formation of hexamine.","authors":"M. L. Boyd, C. A. Winkler","doi":"10.1139/V52-081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/V52-081","url":null,"abstract":"Rate curves have been determined for the reaction of ammonium nitrate with formaldehyde in glacial acetic acid solution at 25 °C., 35 °C., 45 °C., and 55 °C. over a range of Initial mole ratios (formaldehyde: ammonia) of 0.75:1 to 9.0:1. Data obtained at 25 °C. show a definite induction period in the formation of hexamine. The length of the induction period is not changed by increasing ammonium nitrate concentrations above the theoretical (1.5:1), but may be appreciably shortened by initial additions of excess formaldehyde or of sodium acetate. From 35 °C. upward, the induction period is not apparent. The order of the reaction with respect to formaldehyde has been determined from initial rate data, and an activation energy calculated. The reactions in general appear analogous to those found in slightly acid aqueous systems.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"140 1","pages":"387-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1952-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85275529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Addition of 0.005–0.500% citric acid to refined peanut oil caused a marked retardation of the oxygen absorption by the oil at 100 °C. Conversely, oxygen absorption was accelerated by the addition of from 0.11 to 10.00 p.p.m. iron in the form of iron stearate. When iron and citric acid were added together, the accelerating effect of iron on oxidation was overcome when the molar ratio of citric acid to iron was about 23:1; with higher concentrations of citric acid, oxidation was retarded still further.With distilled methyl esters of the fatty acids of peanut oil, further purified by passage through a column containing activated carbon, citric acid addition alone had only a small effect. Addition of iron caused acceleration of oxygen absorption which was compensated for by suitable addition of citric acid. Addition of hydroquinone caused a retardation of oxygen absorption, and still further retardation occurred when citric acid and hydroquinone were added together. It was concluded that citric acid has the p...
{"title":"THE EFFECT OF CITRIC ACID UPON THE OXIDATION OF PEANUT OIL AND OF THE METHYL ESTERS DERIVED FROM PEANUT OIL","authors":"H. Lemon, Ruth M. Knapp, A. Allman","doi":"10.1139/CJR50F-041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50F-041","url":null,"abstract":"Addition of 0.005–0.500% citric acid to refined peanut oil caused a marked retardation of the oxygen absorption by the oil at 100 °C. Conversely, oxygen absorption was accelerated by the addition of from 0.11 to 10.00 p.p.m. iron in the form of iron stearate. When iron and citric acid were added together, the accelerating effect of iron on oxidation was overcome when the molar ratio of citric acid to iron was about 23:1; with higher concentrations of citric acid, oxidation was retarded still further.With distilled methyl esters of the fatty acids of peanut oil, further purified by passage through a column containing activated carbon, citric acid addition alone had only a small effect. Addition of iron caused acceleration of oxygen absorption which was compensated for by suitable addition of citric acid. Addition of hydroquinone caused a retardation of oxygen absorption, and still further retardation occurred when citric acid and hydroquinone were added together. It was concluded that citric acid has the p...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"21 1","pages":"453-460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90575608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elongation of the vegetative branch of the blueberry ceases early in June owing to the death of both the apical meristem and the distal portion of the axis. Coincident with this is the development of a flowering branch primordium in the axil of the penultimate leaf. During July, the apical meristem of the flowering branch becomes inactive. It is either laterally displaced or it elongates as a minute unbranched columnar structure. Coincident with this inactivation, the proximal flower primordia develop florets in which all flower parts may be recognized, but the distal flower primordia, that is those adjacent to the inactivated apical meristem, are retarded in their development. The retarded distal flower primordia are developed in acropetal succession but the proximal flower primordia do not exhibit acropetal succession. All the stages are illustrated by line diagrams.
{"title":"Determinate growth in the blueberry.","authors":"H. P. Bell","doi":"10.1139/CJR50C-039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50C-039","url":null,"abstract":"Elongation of the vegetative branch of the blueberry ceases early in June owing to the death of both the apical meristem and the distal portion of the axis. Coincident with this is the development of a flowering branch primordium in the axil of the penultimate leaf. During July, the apical meristem of the flowering branch becomes inactive. It is either laterally displaced or it elongates as a minute unbranched columnar structure. Coincident with this inactivation, the proximal flower primordia develop florets in which all flower parts may be recognized, but the distal flower primordia, that is those adjacent to the inactivated apical meristem, are retarded in their development. The retarded distal flower primordia are developed in acropetal succession but the proximal flower primordia do not exhibit acropetal succession. All the stages are illustrated by line diagrams.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"2014 1","pages":"637-644"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74248991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferraris exists in nature in two distinct forms, termed the brown and the gray wild type, which are differentiated on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity on tobacco was found to be a function of the wild type culture used. All gray wild type cultures were less pathogenic than the brown. The brown wild type cultures consisted of at least two physiologic races. Race I is found in the "old belt" of Ontario, and in Quebec, Ohio, and Connecticut. Race II is present in the "new belt" of Ontario and in Kentucky. Race II and all gray wild type cultures are less pathogenic than Race I. All cultural mutants were less pathogenic than wild type cultures.
{"title":"THE BLACK ROOTROT DISEASE OF TOBACCO.: II. PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION OF THIELAVIOPSIS BASICOLA ON NICOTIANA TABACUM","authors":"R. H. Stover","doi":"10.1139/CJR50C-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50C-046","url":null,"abstract":"Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferraris exists in nature in two distinct forms, termed the brown and the gray wild type, which are differentiated on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity on tobacco was found to be a function of the wild type culture used. All gray wild type cultures were less pathogenic than the brown. The brown wild type cultures consisted of at least two physiologic races. Race I is found in the \"old belt\" of Ontario, and in Quebec, Ohio, and Connecticut. Race II is present in the \"new belt\" of Ontario and in Kentucky. Race II and all gray wild type cultures are less pathogenic than Race I. All cultural mutants were less pathogenic than wild type cultures.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"25 1","pages":"726-738"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82506321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biological and meteorological records were examined for periods when outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were known to have occurred in northeastern North America. The survey showed that the following significant events occurred during the period of three to four years preceding an outbreak. Decreasing annual numbers of low pressure centers passed over the area in which the outbreak later occurred. Therefore, the outbreak began at a time of decreased or minimal storminess. Drought occurred, chiefly in June and July, but also occasionally in spring and autumn. Annual increments of host trees on dry sites declined. Outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., occurred, particularly in Ontario. These events, in aggregate, occurred so consistently before spruce budworm outbreaks that they have future predictive value. In addition, they reinforce some suggestions made by earlier authors and suggest modifications of hypotheses concerning the behavior of deve...
{"title":"PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUTBREAKS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)","authors":"W. Wellington, J. Fettes, R. Belyea, K. Turner","doi":"10.1139/CJR50D-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50D-021","url":null,"abstract":"Biological and meteorological records were examined for periods when outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), were known to have occurred in northeastern North America. The survey showed that the following significant events occurred during the period of three to four years preceding an outbreak. Decreasing annual numbers of low pressure centers passed over the area in which the outbreak later occurred. Therefore, the outbreak began at a time of decreased or minimal storminess. Drought occurred, chiefly in June and July, but also occasionally in spring and autumn. Annual increments of host trees on dry sites declined. Outbreaks of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., occurred, particularly in Ontario. These events, in aggregate, occurred so consistently before spruce budworm outbreaks that they have future predictive value. In addition, they reinforce some suggestions made by earlier authors and suggest modifications of hypotheses concerning the behavior of deve...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"1 1","pages":"308-331"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90718852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hydrostatic pressures that silicone-coated sintered glass plates will withstand before permitting the passage of water are recorded, and a rough constancy in the product of rupturing pressure and porosity is indicated. Application as check-valves to pass gases but not water is suggested.
{"title":"THE WATER-REPELLENCY OF SILICONE-TREATED SINTERED GLASS PLATES","authors":"M. Barrington, D. Fleet, R. R. McLaughlin","doi":"10.1139/cjr50f-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjr50f-042","url":null,"abstract":"The hydrostatic pressures that silicone-coated sintered glass plates will withstand before permitting the passage of water are recorded, and a rough constancy in the product of rupturing pressure and porosity is indicated. Application as check-valves to pass gases but not water is suggested.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"1 1","pages":"461-463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90642271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In estimating bacterial populations by the colony count method increased accuracy is obtained by using large numbers of replicates. The high cost of Petri plates makes this difficult in many laboratories. A simple spinner is described which utilizes cheap, easily obtained screw-capped bottles to substitute for Petri plates. The method has proved satisfactory in estimating numbers of Rhizobia, and has resulted in significant savings in the cost of glassware and media, and in incubator space.
{"title":"A simple spinner for roll tubes used in estimating bacterial populations.","authors":"F. Newbould","doi":"10.1139/CJR50F-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50F-043","url":null,"abstract":"In estimating bacterial populations by the colony count method increased accuracy is obtained by using large numbers of replicates. The high cost of Petri plates makes this difficult in many laboratories. A simple spinner is described which utilizes cheap, easily obtained screw-capped bottles to substitute for Petri plates. The method has proved satisfactory in estimating numbers of Rhizobia, and has resulted in significant savings in the cost of glassware and media, and in incubator space.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"32 1","pages":"464-467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77504349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The kinetic equations of the adsorption wave were applied to the oxidation of carbon monoxide in an air stream by granular silver permanganate – zinc oxide reagent. The following relations have been investigated in this system: (a) the concentration of the escaping gas as a function of time, (b) the effect of initial concentration, column length, and flow rate on breakdown time, (c) the influence of granule size on breakdown time and rate of reaction. The critical column length was found to be dependent on flow rate and independent of initial concentration. Critical column lengths of approximately 0.4 cm. to 1 cm. were found for the range of flow rates studied. The relation found between granule size and breakdown time does not completely agree with the theoretical equations. As the mean diameters of the granules decreased from 2.2 mm. to 0.90 mm. the breakdown time increased, but a decrease in mean diameter from 0.90 to 0.30 mm. resulted in a reduction of breakdown time. Although the results are in gener...
{"title":"THE OXIDATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE BY SOLID SILVER PERMANGANATE REAGENTS: II. KINETIC STUDIES WITH SILVER PERMANGANATE – ZINC OXIDE","authors":"M. Katz, G. A. Grant, R. Riberdy","doi":"10.1139/CJR50B-097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50B-097","url":null,"abstract":"The kinetic equations of the adsorption wave were applied to the oxidation of carbon monoxide in an air stream by granular silver permanganate – zinc oxide reagent. The following relations have been investigated in this system: (a) the concentration of the escaping gas as a function of time, (b) the effect of initial concentration, column length, and flow rate on breakdown time, (c) the influence of granule size on breakdown time and rate of reaction. The critical column length was found to be dependent on flow rate and independent of initial concentration. Critical column lengths of approximately 0.4 cm. to 1 cm. were found for the range of flow rates studied. The relation found between granule size and breakdown time does not completely agree with the theoretical equations. As the mean diameters of the granules decreased from 2.2 mm. to 0.90 mm. the breakdown time increased, but a decrease in mean diameter from 0.90 to 0.30 mm. resulted in a reduction of breakdown time. Although the results are in gener...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"84 1","pages":"799-814"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77138646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The efficiency of a seed treating machine depends to a considerable extent on the uniformity with which the fungicide used for treatment is mixed with the seed. The uniformity of treatment may be ascertained by placing treated seeds, at 2-in. intervals, on large sheets of inoculated potato-sucrose agar. In the preparation of these sheets, melted, acidified agar is poured in a uniform layer over panes of glass and, when the agar has solidified, it is dusted heavily with spores of Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll. After the treated seed is placed on the agar, the culture is covered with a sheet of glass and incubated for two days at room temperature. The uniformity of treatment may then be determined from the variability in diameter of the zones of inhibition around the seeds. This technique may also be used for determining the comparative potency of different fungicides, and the rate at which they are lost from the seed.
{"title":"An agar-sheet method of testing the efficiency of seed treating machines.","authors":"J. Machacek","doi":"10.1139/CJR50C-047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50C-047","url":null,"abstract":"The efficiency of a seed treating machine depends to a considerable extent on the uniformity with which the fungicide used for treatment is mixed with the seed. The uniformity of treatment may be ascertained by placing treated seeds, at 2-in. intervals, on large sheets of inoculated potato-sucrose agar. In the preparation of these sheets, melted, acidified agar is poured in a uniform layer over panes of glass and, when the agar has solidified, it is dusted heavily with spores of Penicillium purpurogenum Stoll. After the treated seed is placed on the agar, the culture is covered with a sheet of glass and incubated for two days at room temperature. The uniformity of treatment may then be determined from the variability in diameter of the zones of inhibition around the seeds. This technique may also be used for determining the comparative potency of different fungicides, and the rate at which they are lost from the seed.","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"13 1","pages":"739-744"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82845240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carbonic anhydrase was found in leaf extracts prepared from 19 of 22 land and aquatic plant species examined. The most active preparations were obtained from Spinacia oleracea L., Tetragonia expansa Thunb., Tropaeolum majus L., and Sambucus canadensis L. Carbonic anhydrase is located in the leaf cytoplasm. Previously conflicting observations concerning its intracellular localization have been reconciled experimentally. Plant carbonic anhydrase is strongly inhibited by M/1000 azide, M/1000 cyanide, and M/2000 sulphanilamide and is weakly inhibited by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diethyldithiocarbamate, and o-phenanthroline. The white zones of variegated Tradescantia leaves contain 50% less carbonic anhydrase than their green counterparts. Albino barley leaves contain 75% less carbonic anhydrase than normal barley leaves of the same size and age. The carbonic anhydrase content of green leaves kept in darkness for four and five days was lowered by 30–50%. Very young leaves contain less enzyme than mature ...
{"title":"CARBONIC ANHYDRASE IN GREEN PLANTS","authors":"E. Waygood, K. A. Clendenning","doi":"10.1139/CJR50C-041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/CJR50C-041","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonic anhydrase was found in leaf extracts prepared from 19 of 22 land and aquatic plant species examined. The most active preparations were obtained from Spinacia oleracea L., Tetragonia expansa Thunb., Tropaeolum majus L., and Sambucus canadensis L. Carbonic anhydrase is located in the leaf cytoplasm. Previously conflicting observations concerning its intracellular localization have been reconciled experimentally. Plant carbonic anhydrase is strongly inhibited by M/1000 azide, M/1000 cyanide, and M/2000 sulphanilamide and is weakly inhibited by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diethyldithiocarbamate, and o-phenanthroline. The white zones of variegated Tradescantia leaves contain 50% less carbonic anhydrase than their green counterparts. Albino barley leaves contain 75% less carbonic anhydrase than normal barley leaves of the same size and age. The carbonic anhydrase content of green leaves kept in darkness for four and five days was lowered by 30–50%. Very young leaves contain less enzyme than mature ...","PeriodicalId":9392,"journal":{"name":"Canadian journal of research","volume":"11 1","pages":"673-689"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1950-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77651680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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